UNIT-3 RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY 1.RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY IN ANCIENT INDIA 2.RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA 3.RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS IN MODERN INDIA Scanned by CamScannerMODULE - Iv Religion and Philosophy @ uct word dere wes dom RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY IN ANCIENT INDIA =. Ju quest 64 7. Auth * ssoonas Novemberand Decarber came inwe findnew calender flooding the matket Same calendasare very colourfill Theyaremarked with different colours, A i crecmcomenrnnts trannies forwarito them. Youalso look forwareto them. Yes, they arereligious festivals ornational festivals and India has plenty of religions that are flourishing, Processions on the road, good food, clothes, gifts, people worshipping in theirreligiousplaces, wishing eachother isa commonsight. Yes, India isa beautiful, lovely anda lively country tobe in. Thisis bacause religionhas always beena significant factor in influencing the lives of people in India fromthe eatliesttimes, Itwould, indeed, be very interesting to study religion in its diverse fonms trough the various stages ofits growth (Ihe relationshiphetweenreligion and philosophy has beenan intimate ane andhence their growthand developmentneedto bestudied inaninterelatedmanne rat) puiwrobhe, Jake ele vcinaieaiaiaaniy Puilosof ¢ Ec Ct btn @ | ava sceanataret ramen recess + explain the meaning of religion; * identify the characteristics of various religions movements in ancient India; + e@plain the ideas of the six schools of Vedic philosophy; * @amine the role played by the Charvaka School; OE hy Scanned by CamScannerMODULE -Iv Meigion and Philecaphy + explain the Jaina theory of reality; « exemine the cortrtntions of Buddhist pilosopto: 81 RELIGION ie . . ue ntesect on Mayes fein TS ; played an iregextant pat in he Tives of the Indians times. ligne formations: and fered among these groups, and a Cae eee cokpboe te varonsrolgias farsi cams oftrre. Religie ela eoreendeticin ceracter but was driven by an irberent dyramnic strength. ) 2 nindia isa quest for Truth, whichis oneand the same, abvaysande “Themmodks of approach differ, logic varies, but the purpose t jtobelang toareligion whichhas tmghtthe world toleranceandunivesal aaron Webern siyiirivaral leaton, bot weacosstll religions este” — Swami Vivekarancaat Parliament of world Religions in Chicago 1893 4 Indian girituality is deeply rooted in ancient philosophical andreligious traditions of the kad Philos aceinindiaasan encanto themnystery of lifeand existence. Indian sages called Rishis or ‘seers’, developed special techniques of transcending the senseand theordranyriird collectively called yogs. With thehelp ofthese tecrniques, they delved deep into the depths of consciousness and discovered important truths about the true (Meagetanttettemerecttehammbshgisnettebodyartemin uhich ver crenging ard pare tthe spr which sunchanging, irmnartal orusornen Teyallalittenten. " — laurbaeofAtrenaedtrimangtispastletbar chee eee ani conect ardattaina sete of rrmaxtality, Retiasting poace and fi mn Religion in ancient India meant a way of life whi . mre ardatiain Moksha, , alumentorealizehistue Peact Scanned by CamScannerRE MODULE -iv Religion anal ( ‘Thspilocopty providecla cored view of tei, while religion shwedlthe conect way me fife; oso y revided he vison whilerelighonbrcag tate flier hilary vaste theory andreigionwasthe practice, Thusinancent ind, piloacphyaedeligon cmplanntatcachate: “May webvar that which enlightens ourminds, may we ae Divinity. everywhere, Tay we feel the presence of the Almighty withinusandall theactionsofarbodies | | Notes andmindshein the saviceof tat Almighty Being: may we have penceunerding’. ~ (Rig-Veh 1-29) ATTA OAM huciut J Oe From the archaeological findings in the pre and proto-historic sites it seems that these People believed in the sanity of the creative force and venerated themale and female aspects of divinity. Itaypears that they were worshippers of the forces of nature like the suman theron. Thisbelief is also parly substantiated by the early literature of the of the religious beliefs and practices of he Aryarsisalsolmown frm the Rig Vech, lieved inmany gods like Indra, Varuna, ‘oro aoc oeniisticbelics Theses erteruined dudes of the Vedic ritualism. Polytheism was challengedby were introducedas different ways of ramming I i ‘ TheArryalaard Upmnicted socinsof the Vaticlteatureawizagea ; rogesiveoutlodke | 2 fr Upanishads, representthe inthe originand development of te reigins- af Cray re teeny san teaighanldeatgmeoltegis, anciertandmedieval India. Some of them followed the traditional lines while others Proceedadalong the pas of orthodoxy) riya tlostil scl ofteesaing, butalsoa discipline of canduct ard the contro of emotions acl passions. anaes 7 send iyi ée pandiigterrctiitnytiee ein ee © thatofweaem philosophy. . rake plin the spiritual aspirations of an pio bot signed rl rier Indian Culture and He Course Scanned by CamScannerISTE ea bane MODULE - Iv Religion and —aeaHiari as fagpapoel nite dan ofanrnfellowshiparchuniversal concord. «Thilosphyin tia isnot a producto speculation but of experience drectand| | Ante philosopher ishe whose life ane bchaviourbaar testimony tothe truthshepradhes. . Rel Notes : Coto | RSRUNYOse ne CODeLO SUC CO LUMO 2D prriteseylyy 4 | eT TET ‘Ave rligiousmovernents associated with persons like Mahavira and the Bueidha in aout Nedter themidile ofthe first Millennium BC fall under this category. There were many other Gudia ‘creeds chung this time aswell. The ceeds} Iby some of them contained elements thatwererotnlexpingwihthe Vedic ration (heyigroredthe nfaliltyanclsyparetural criginof the Vedas. Unlike the Vedic seers who were Brahmin sages remy of thesenew , sachaswee Kénttiya. Both Bucchisnand Jainismwere atheistic avec in thebegimiing. wareiet However, Buciariendorsal the doctrine ofthe Law of Karma and upheld the belief in rebitths of the avbodied skendhas and the inevitability of suffexing in the very existence of Seuw ’ beings) Many ofthese viewpoints areal fouein themajor Upanishads, Siebert Creat of theistic character evolvedalmost simultaneously with thenon-theisticreligions. ‘Theimpatatcities of these religions werenotprirarily Vedic ones but those that came fromunarthoriax sources. Infence of re-vedic ancl post vedic folk elements weremost cerspicun.s inthe igi The primary factor hatmotvated these ceeds was Bhakti, the single-sauled devotion ofthe worshipper toa personal god withsomemoral link. This led ‘twtheevolution of differentreligious secs lie Vaisinavisn, Shaivisnand Saldism, which came tobe regardedas components of orthodox Brahwrinism, These sects in course of tire cave tohavea significant impact on the popular formes of Bucchismand Jainism. Es ULTS Sr cena tip: Sutain Pais Astadpeyreisto he of Deval a papi ofthe sage Ghora Angra who ince ent Arsh, the son ‘e ‘worshipping priest. A Scanned by CamScannerPluto Womans ee MODULE - iv Religion and Philosoplyy grewsteadily, absorbing within its fold other Vedicand Brabrninic divinities like Vishru ((rimarily an aspect of the sum) and Narayana (a cosmic Goel). From the late Gupta period the name mostly used to designate this Bhakti caultwas Vaishnava, indicating the yredomninance of he Vedic Vishnu element in itwith emphasis anthedoctrine of incamations (avtares). As (Gost) 8.6 VAISHNAVA MOVEMENT IN THE SOUTH ‘Thehistory of the Vaishnava movement from the end of the Gupta period till the first decade of the thirteenth century AD is concemedmainly with South India. Vaishnava [poet-saints lnown as alvars (a Tamil word denoting those drowned in Vishnuu-bhakti) preached single-minded devotion (ekcatrika bhakti) for Vishruiand their songs were collectively nownasprabandhes. saws Unie Vaigravisn, Shaivisnhad ts orjgininantiquity Paninireferstoa group of Shiva- ‘worshippersas Shiva-bhagavatas, who were characterised by the iron lancesand chibs they caniedand their sn garments. Striva Moverentin the Sout The Stuivarnoverrentn te South flouishedat hebeginring ‘through theactivities of many of the 68 saints known in Tari as Nayanars (Siva-bhales). Theirappealing enotional songsin Tamill were called Tevarem Stotras, also lmownas Dravida Vedaand ceremonially sing in the local Shiva temples. The Nayarars hailed ‘romall cases. Thiswas supplemented on the doctinal side bya largerumber of Shaiva_ intellectuals whose remes were associated with several forms of Shaivamovernents like Agarana, Schad Vie-duivisn, ‘Thephilosophymust givea theory whichwillbe simplest in itsrature and, at the saretine, willesphinall te prindpleswhichare leftas insohubleby science. Atthe saretivewillhammizewith theulirrate condhsionsof scinceaswellas establish areligion whichisuniversaland isnot imitedby sects or doctrines ardogmas. Whenweare concaned withphilosophyasa science, itmeansaset of thaughts pit ‘intoa system, suchthat one of tham doesnot contradict another in the setand the entire set asa whole is coherent. Scanned by CamScannerMODULE -iv TOP LY Religion anxt Philosophy 8.8 MINOR RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS Worshipof the fernale principle (Shnlt) and of Surya didnot achieve equal importanceas theothertwornjorbratminical cults. The ferleaspect of the divinity mighthavebeen e Vedic times. Inthe Vedicage respect was shownalso tothe female iy ‘Mother, the Goddess of abundance and personified energy (Shakti). However, cleartefirnceto the exchisive worshippers of the Devi isnot tobe founduntil a cangaratively ateperioe. Asmentioneelenriie; Suryabas been venerated in India fram, theenttiest tines. m Vedicand epicmythology, Sunandhis variousaspectsplayeda very inportant part. The Fast Imnian (Shakadvipi) fom of the solar cult was introduced in pats of northem India in the early centuries of the Cristian era. But itwas only ata ‘courpatatively hte period that god figuredas the central object ineligious movements. 1. Which sections ofthe Vedic literature envisagea progressive outlook? 2. Which doctrine was endorsed by Buddhism? 3. Name the sects whichmade Bucthisnand Jainism popular? 4. Howdid Vedicagerespect female principle? 5. Whatare the different forms of Shaivamovemnents? a Aaa Religion ofthe Rig Vedicpeople was very sinple in the sence thatit consstedainly of warship ofrumerous deitiesrepresenting the vious phenomena ofratre through prayers. twas caring the later Veelic period that definite ideas andl philosophies about the true ature of soul orAtrranandthe cosicprinciple or Brahman who represented theultimate renlity were developed. These Vedic ilosophical concepts late on gaveriseto six diffrent schools of philosophies called shada darshana. They fallin the category of the orthodax: systems the final authority of the Vexhs is recognised byall of than. Letusnow/ind out mareabout these six schools of indian philosogity. Indian Culnare and Heritgge Secondary Course Scanned by CamScanner3k eso ip ee ter] MODULE - iv . 4 Religion and ide cation ) Philasoplyy sms Pkt : ——— ‘The Santiyephibaqiyhoks tetralty is crsthaad of woprindpkesarefaraleand iipmistadaebe Acuningotisssem Ansinismer anscasmess hace Rarothemodifedorcengad Preicti ante other handis arstiutedoftueeattritutes, tought meenetatite ding arasimminofteseatintestringsabanthe | Notes Gargeniallchecs The Sarityaphoephy tis tb athishsmershtiashipbewen Punsteand Pras foremphinrg te cestinof theunivers. The prpamd ofthis Thibosghy wes Kad who wrote te Santas. rc Savitye shoolegishad tephenomen of teat cfehtinadasweed alteqesinszumilytetinkesciinedys we (nd a body 4comcuckaton) ‘Yor mally ems thetrim ofte to pinchaleties The aignofyomisfardin tte Rgacera cf Parml believed tohavebeen writen inthe secand canny BC. By prreadornlirgdanesitemeeimedaisn ys ysennticllyhigsaat terckese ofprusha fampraltit. Yogic techniques canal the hody, mindandsense arpre. Tus tis philosophy isalo ansderedarmears of achieving feedam crak ‘This feedom couldbeattined by practisng self-control (yma), cbservationof les (riyara), fied postures (asa), breath coxtrl (pranayama), choosing an chject (rahaa) ad fing temind (Gara), cmomwaing athe cos chjec (dyer) andorrpice dskrio of elf maging temindand te object Sanath). Yormactits theetisencecf Godasateacherand guide Bee: [ Seed = hae ny is efined as te real knowledge, that i, one knows about the cbjectas itexist For example, itiswhen ore knowsa sale asa sake ora aupasa ap. Nyaya system of eilosopty considers Godwho cretes, sustains and destoys the niverse. Gantamais, siidtobetheauhor ofthe Nyaya Suras. Vetheshita puca bis | Kaci (olecds) . Vaiiestila syseris concderdas therealisicand objectiveptilosogty of rivers. The reality accoting to this philosophy hasmmany bases or categories whichare substance, aati acion gens distinct qulityard tere. Vaisheshla tirkersbeliewe tatall bjeat ofthe universe are carrposed of five elements-earth, water ar, fireand ether ‘Teyboleve tet Galistte ging principle The living ergs wererewated orprnishe accontling tothe law of karma, based an actions of meritand demerit. Cretion and of river wasa cyclic processardtookplace inagreerert with thewishes Of God. Karada wate the basic text of Vaicheshika philosophy. Scanned by CamScannerReligion andl Philosop Atanieroftinties wire written en thistext hut hobestamong thers the one writen by Dcastychintho sintheentry AD. Vaighaia School ofphilosephiyesphinod the pinta of theuniverse by theatamic toogy thocnbinaticn of ternsandmolocules intormatter and exphined themectemical pressot foerntionof Universe, 5 om i —— t Sulexpeatots Minensybileepityisbasically the analysis ofterpretation, applicationand theuse of the text of the Sent and Bralmnana portions of the Veh. According to Mimamsa philosophy Vecksare etermal and passessall knowledge, anclreligion means the fulfilment ‘ofdatesreseriburdy the Veehs, Thisphilosopy encornpasses the Nyaya-Vaisheshila syStersalanplusizes the concept of validlmowledge. Itstmain text is nownas the ‘Samssof Gaininiwhichhavebeenwitten diring the third century BC. Thenamesassociated With thisphilosophy are Sabar Swamiand Kumari Bhatia, Treeseneofttesystamaccating to Jainiini is Dhamma which isthe dispenser of fruits of ore’sactions, the lawvof righteousness itself. This systernays stress on theritualistic patof Vadis, Vedanta Pyahawerr Lye Tale rs = cl At ‘Vechrta inplies the philosophy of the Upanishad, the earch foh Vs. ‘Shankaracharya wrote the commentaries on the Upanishads, Bralunasutras and the HfogaralGRt Sx leche yas clcurertiaghongdual em ora elec as Advaita Vedanta, Advaita literally means non-dualism or belief in one reality, Shankaracharya expound thatultimaternaltyis one itbeing he Brakman. Accurding to Vechnia philosophy, ‘Brahemis tue, theworklis falseand selfand Brahran arenot differen, Shanlevadurya believes thatthe Brabmanisexistent, unchanging, the highest muthand theultimate Inowledlge. He also believes that there isno distinction ‘between Bratman the self. The knowexlge of Brahman isthe essence ofall thingsand theultimate existance. Rareruja was another well known Advaita scholar, Among cifferentschool of hilosophy wes found nephilosophy whichreacheclhe climax ofhilosophic thought that thelumanminel canpossiblyreach and ihatisnownasthe Veuinticphilosopty: Veekanaphilosopty has venture to dary the existence of theapparentego,asnownto us andinthisrespect Vedanta has its unique position inthe history of philosophies of the Veainia isaptilonptyandaieligin. Asaphilosophyitinalates hehighestuuhsttat tavebeendiscoverdby the; nether i apevtinieal greatest philosophers and themost advanced thinkers ofall pomraa) Heritage Seconekary Scanned by CamScannerMoDuLE-t4 Metigion at atria tlle tytn etal ine dria wine Manono ih Mitlonopy Jealtosamo goat, Vedhnia (heentof th Vishny) eet he Unde ch vagy sea theeofeach Vech witha divet perpen ofivally 9 ‘Thecoreressage of Vechuita ath exeryactlonnnattbe gavel ly ys hlect the | Notes Aiscrminating faculty. Mheminy tials italas at ede eau thenctins ur nterestorvot, Vela cables th peti racer tase yp hay {Helntellect, Whabey anemaws topline Yogev delay ustultiniely ayalizokto hes uke lny ivanell deeyysueclenllg use, Ry Brihasptlis supposed tobe te founderof the Charvala School of pllonaphy Ifa mention in he Velasane Bidtunylar Upanishads tsagpenedl tod thence inthe gowhofthe hilesophicallavwvledye Moktsbat axes lsthe echo combination of four elanesis which loaves no truavater death, Carvaluphllowpdty eas with thematerialiste philoso, salso lamas tes Lalay loopy th Piilosophy of themasses, According to Charvala there fsno other world, Hence, death isthe erdlof hurwnsardd Plsauetheuliiratecbjectin fe. Ceavalarcoognisesnocxlstnvotartten thsi ‘world, Since God, sou, and heave, carnot be perceived, theyarenatrecognlea by Ctarvalas. Out ofthe five elements auth, wate, fe, alrardl they the Chervalewso rot reeopnise ether asitisnot mown through perogaion. The whole uverveacconti to themisthus consisted of farrelanents, 8,11 JAIN PHILOSOPE Like the Charvalas, the Jains oo donot believe inthe Ves, but they ackritthe existence ofagoul. They alsoapree withthe erthocdox traction tat srry (pn) canbe stopp Dy contolling herindloraby secing rig tlowrodegeanel racy alcnenllyycbocavig, theright conduc. The Jaina philosophy was first propourdlelby the dbthunlar Ridin Deva. Thenames of Ajit Nath anv Aristaremiarealsomeationesl with Rishabhn Deva. ‘There were twenty-four tithankaras who actualy establidal the Jaina cersheat. The first tirthardar realised thatthe source of Jana philosophy was Aclnvat The twanty.- fourth andthe las tithandar was raved Vac aren Mahavira who gave great imps, 1o Jainism. Mahavira washom in599 BC, He left worldly feat tueageof thirty axle averyhard life to gain tue knowledge. After e attained! huh he was called Malvivita, Hestrongly believed in the importance of celilncy orbrahuncharyc, Scanned by CamScannerMODULE - Iv Religion and Philosophy rime mulated Jain’Theory of Reality: Seven Kindsof Fundamental Elements ‘He Jains believe thet theratural ard aupeeural things of the univers: canbe traced, Inc to seven furckrnestal elements, Theyare fiva, ajivaa, astikaya, bandha, sarvara, nirjana, andmokea Substances like boxy which exist and envelope (ikke a cover) are astikaya, Anastilayas like “time! Veave no body at all. The: substance is the basis of attrilaites (qualities). Theattribates that we: find ina snbstance are knowin as dharmas, ‘The Jainas beliewe that things or substance haveatnibantes. These attributesalso change with the dvnge of kala (time), From their point of view, the attrbates ofa substance are essential, arvletermal orunchengenhle. Without essential atisbates, a thing camnot exist. Sothey arealways present in everything, For example, consciousness (chetana) is the essence of the soul; desire, happinessand sonroware its changeable attributes, Qhsemsm 1, Howrany schools of Shada Darshan exist? 2, Name the founder of Samlinya Philosophy? 3. Whoisthe originator of Yoga? et ns er, 4. Whoissaidtobe the author of the nyaya Sutras? a Breet «Which school of philosophy says Vedas are eteraland possess all nowiedge? 6. Whatisthe philosophy of the Upanishad? 7. Which schoolholds that nowdedge Which leavesno trace after death? isthe produc of the combination of fourelaments 8. Howmeny ‘tithankaras’ does Jaina Darshanhave? me 9. Whenwas Mahavira bom? Scanned by CamScannerMODULE 1v Religion and 10. Which ‘tirthandera’ vec reamed Vardhrren Mavi? bs 11. Name the seven furcharental elesrests of Jairas? Cava ite EA eae Gaara Buta, who founded the Buddhist philosophy, wes bam in563 BCat Larbini, avillagenesr Kapilavecan in the foothills of Nepal. His childhoodname vas Siddhartha, ‘His mother, Mayadevi, died when he was hardly a few days old. He was married to ‘Yashodhara, a beaastifl princess, at the age of sbaeen. Aftera year of themamriage, hebed ason wham theyremed Rahul. Butat theage of twenty-nine, Gautara Buddharencunced family life to finda solution to the world's oortinuous sorrow of death, sickness, poverty, tc. He went to the forests and mestitated there for six years. Thereafter, he went to Bodh Gaya (in Bitar) and meditated under a pipal tree. It was at this place that he attained enlig tenet and cae tobe krowinas the Buddha. He then tavelleda lot to sreadhis message and helped people find the path of liberation or freedom. He died at theage of egy. x (Gatarre's threermain disciples inownas Upali, Anandaand Mahaleshyap remembered Nis wacingsand passa them cn tohtis followers. Itisbelieved that socnafter the Buctha’s deatha council vais called at Rajagriha where Upali recited the Vinaya Pitaka (rules of ‘the order) ard Ananda recited the Sutta Pitaka (Buddha's sermons or doctrines and ethics), Sometime later the Abhidhara Pitaka consisting of the Buddhist philosophy ‘a se Piidacaphy of Pudolhs - ( Buddha presented: ‘principles of life and practical ethics that people could follow j. He considered the world as full of misery. Man's duty is to seek liberation from this [Painful world. He strongly criticised blind faith in the traditional scriptures like the Veces. Buckha'staciingsare very practical and suggesthow toattain peace ofmindandultimate liberation from thisrretesial Realization of Four Noble Truths. The knowledge realized by Buddha isreflected in the follwing foxneblette: a, There is suffering in lusren life. When Buca sawturnan beings suffering from sideress, pinard death, he conclu thet there wns definitely suffering inhureniife. ‘There Is uin with birth, Separation fromthe pleasant is also painful. All the passions ‘hat rerrainurdlfillelare painful. Painialso comes when cbjects of sensuous pleasure are lord. Thus, life is all pain. Scanned by CamScanner_ MODULE - iv Religion and Philasopty a Tie acne There is cause of suffering, ‘he second Noble ‘Truth is related to the cause of ‘suffering, Itis desire thatmotivates the cycle of birth andl death. Therefore, desire js thefunctinanial cancofsutliring, Thais cessation of suffering. The third Noble Truth tells that when Passion, desire and ove of lifeare totally destroyed, pain stops. This Truth lends to the ened of sonpw, which causes pain in human life, [involves destruction of ego (ahamor hearer), attacment, jealousy, doubtand sorow. That state of minds the state of freedam from desire, pain and any kind of ‘altachrnent. Itis the state of complete axe, leading to nirvana, Path of Liberation. ‘The fourth Noble Truth leads toa way that takes to liberation, ‘Thus, initially stating with pessimism, the Buddhist philosophy leads to optimism, Although tha isa constant suffering in tum ife, itcan be ended finally. Buddha ‘stggests that the way or the path ending to iberation is eight-fol, through which ane canattain nirvana, Eight-fold Path to Liberation (Virvana) @ Right Vision. One canattainright vision by removing ignorance. Ignorance centes ‘wrong idea of the relationship between the world and the self. Ttisonaccountof wrong undlastanding of man tthe tales thenon-peamanent worldas parement ‘Thus therightview of the world andits cbjectsis theright vision, @® _ Right Resolve. Itis the strong will-power to destroy thoughts and desires that ham others. Itinchides sacrifice, sympathy andlkkindness towards others. Gi) Right Speech. Man should controlhis speechby rightresolve, Itmeans to avoid false orunplensintworsby citicizing others, Right Conduct. Itisto avoidactivities which beam life, ‘Tumeans tobe away from theft excessive cating, theuse official means of beauty, jewellery, comfortable beds, goldete. © Right Means of Livelihood. Right livelihood means to eam one’s bread and ‘utter by rightmeans, It isneverrightto cammoney by unfairmeans like ‘fraud, Inibay, theft, etc, (4) Right Effort Lisalso necessary to avoid bad feelings and bad i ions, It inchides self-control, stopping ornegation of sensuality andbad thoughts, and ‘awakening of good thoughts, (id) Right Mindfitness. tweans to keep one’s body, heart and mind in their eal foam. Bac thoug)is occupy theming whem thei fomnis forgotten, When acters take placeaccoraing to the had th pain: @) houghis, anehas to experience: pdary Course Scanned by CamScannerae Religion and Philosophy (viii) Right Concentration. If parson pursies the above seven Rights he will beable to concentrate property anc rightly. One canattain nina by right concentration Except for Charvaka school, realisation of soul has been the common goal of all Hillosophical schools of India. Noe Accarding to Victor Cousin, the great French Philosopher, ‘India oatains the whole History of philosophy inarutshell’, Againhe says: “Whenweread withattention the [poetical and philosophical monument of the East, aboveall those of India, which are begining to sread in Europe, we discover therernanya truth and truths so Profound, and whichrrake sucha contrast with the meanness of the results atwhich the European geniushas sometimes stopped. That we are constrained to bend the mee before the philosophy of the East, and to see in this cradle of the human race therative kndofthehighest philosophy” Tamare youwould keto knowmareabout Bucthism Wewillgoto Bodhgayain Bihar: ‘Treadreverentlyalong thisancient path. Begin with the Mahabodhi tree where something stangeheppened -realzation of ruth orpiriual iariration Tradition states that Buch ssayedin Bodhgaya for seven weeks afterhisenlighterment, ‘There yournustalso see the Animeshlocha Supa whichhousesa standing figure of the Bucidha withhis eyes fixed towards this tee. Bodhgaya isalsoreveredby the Hindus who gotothe Visrrupach temple toparfomn ‘Pind-chan’that ensurespance and solaceto the eparted soul. ‘You canalso visit Rajgirand erpathise with the Chinese traveller Fa-hein who visited this ‘place 900 years after the death of Buddha. He wept over the fact thathe wasnot fortunate ‘enough to listen to the samons of Bucicha that were delivered here, Many stories which ‘youmnighthavereadabout Buddha have their crigthare. Imagine Buctha anhis firstalms ‘begging missianwhile saying ina cavehere,, Ttwashere that the Mauryanking Bimbisara joind the Bucthists onde. Remember reading the story howa mad elephant as let loase byDevecma toll Buctha. Well thisincidenttookplacehare. Frallyitwasfiom Rajeir (tat Buck se out onhis it jomney: The first Buddhist Council was held in the Saptapami cavein which the unwritten teachings of Buridha were penned downafterhis death. Evan ‘theconeept ofmaresicinsinutions was hidat Rajgirwhich later developed into anacaclanic andreligous oxtre. Inyouresson on Architecure, youwill ead about Nalanda nivesity.Itwas established intheSthormury BC. Itisthe world's eaiest university, Since Buddha learning, Tronks and scholars gathered here for discourses. Somuchso thaty Sth B.C., Nakand ‘acquired the position of a well esiablishedmarasteryunder the Guptas, Scanned by CamScannerINTEXT QUESTIONS 8.3 1. Whetwasthe childhoodnane of Gautama Buddha? $e 2. Wheredid Gautama Buddhameditate? poe $$ $$$ 3. Wheredid Gautama Buddha get enlightenment? a Sa ec 4. Whatdoes the Sutta Pitaka contain? eh 5. Whorecited the Vinaya Pitaka? 6. Whatare the fournoble tuth of Gautama Buddha? 7. Whichphilosophical school of Indiahas difference of opinion about realization of soul? WHAT YOU HAVE L Origin of religion canbe traced to the pre-vedic society. . Developments inreligion ancient India proceeded along the traditional linesas well asalong the paths of unorthodoxy, + Thesystersof Indian philosophy that originated fromthe Vecasare called Orthodox sysars. . Samkdiya philosophy holds that reali ei ty is constituted of the self andnon-self that is + Yogaisa verypractical philosophy to realise the ‘Self’, * Nyayapresentsa technique of logical thinking, + Vaishestila givesus the principles ofreaity which constitute theuni Scanned by CamScannereligion and Philosophy m Ancient India Miramsarhilosophyis basically theanalysis of the Vedic scriptures. Charvakism, Jainismand Buddhismare knownas the orthodox systems. Charvala is thermaterialistic philosophy, it believes that there isno existence other thanratter According to Jainphilosophy, liberation is the escape of jiva frommatter (body). ‘Budkdhareflectedhisknowledgein fournoble Truths (i) There is suffering inhurran life ii) Thereis cause of suffering (iii) There is endo sufferingand (iv) There is way toend suffaring. Buddha suggested eight fold path for liberation. These are: (i) right vision (ii) right Tesolve (iii) right speech (iv) right conduct (v) rightmeans of livelihood (vi) right effort (vii) ightmindifulnessand (viii) right concentration. és TERMINAL EXERCISE 1. Define the various characteristics of eligiousmovements ofancient india? 2. Whatwastherole playedby Charvala School in he religiousmovementof India? 3. Howdoes the Charvala School differ from the otherphilosophical schools? 4, Explainhow Shach Darshan fllsin the category of an orthodox system. 5. Howdoes Buddhist philosophy contribute to became abetterhumenbeing? 6. Howanyousaytat Mimaneaphilosophy ishesically heanalysisof Vedicsciptres? ry is ANSWERS TO INTEXT QUESTIONS 81 1. TheAranyenkaand Upmistad 2. Lawof Kanna 3. Vaistravisn, Shaivisn, Saldisn 4. Divinernother, the goddess of abundance and personified negy(helti). 5. 5. Agarerta, Shudhaand Vira-shuivisn 82 1. Sik Scanned by CamScanner£ PAP Pw HN eee eee aRERRRInaaaenameaaiaatnesaaiee a. Kapila who wiote the Samkhya sutras. Yogasutra of Patanjali Gautama, Mimamsa school ‘Vedanta, the concluding portion of Vedas. Charvaka School 24 599 B.C. 10. Twenty fourth orthe last tirthankar, 11. Jiva, Ajivaa, Astikaya, Bandha, Samvara, Nirjana, Moksa. 83 ne Siddhartha 2. Undera Peepal tree at Bodh Gaya, Bihar 3. Bodh Gaya, Bihar 4. 5. 6. Bucdha’s sermons, or doctrines and ethics. _ Upali There is cause of suffering. ‘Thereis cessation of suffering. Path of Liberation, . Charvaka School Scanned by CamScannerRELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA early everymontha programme is going ‘on inany auditorium in the city where songs of the Sufi saints and Bhakti saints are sung, ‘The popularity of these by the goverment, by big business houses and even by indivicuals. The songsand| tn fh Salt a sui Do oui medieval period in India sawthe rise and growth of the Sufi movement and the BI movements anew fom of religious: jamangst MUslisafid Hinchs. The Sufis were mystics who called for: emphasised onan egalitarian society hased anuniversal love. The Bhaldi saints trmefoamed Hinduismby introducing devotion or bhakti as themeans to attain God. Forthem caste hadnomesning andall hurrenbeing’s were ecpal. The Sufi and Bhaldi saints playedan inportantiole inbringing the Mastinsare/ Hinds together: Byusing the local enguage of ‘repeeple,heymacereligionaccessleancimemingfitothecammanpeople,) i Afterreading this lesson you willbe able to: © understand the reasons for the rise of Sufism and Bhaktimovernents in Medieval India; © trace the growth of the Sufi movement; © identify the major silsilahs of the Sufis; * explain the main tenets of Sufism; * explain the philosophy of the Bhakti saints, Sant Kabir and Guru Nanak Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course : Scanned by CamScanneree © rise of Sikhisn; © explain the ideology of the Vaishnavite saints; © recognise the contribution of Sufi and Bhakti saints towards the growth of composite Indian culture, 9.1 THE SUFI MOVEME: Background-Rise of Islam ‘Youwillrecall that Islamwas founded by Prophet Muhanad. Islam saw the rise ofmany the interpretation of the Quran. There were twomajor sects that arose within Islam -the Sunnisand Shias. Our countryhasboth the sects, but inmmany other countries like Iran, Iraq, Pakistan etc. youwill find followers of only ane of tham. Among the Sunnis, thereare fourprincipal schools of Islamic Law, These are based upon, the Quranand Hadis (traditions of the Prophet's saying and doings). Of these the Hanafi school of the eighth century was adopted by the eastem Turks, who later cameto India, ‘The greatest challenge to orthodox Sunnism came from the rationalist philosophy or Mudazilas, who professed strict monotheism. According to them, Godis justandhas nothing to do withman’s evilactions. Menare endowed with free will andare responsible for their ownactions. The Muttazilas were opposed by the Ashari School. Founded by ‘Abul Hasan Ashari (873-935 AD), the Ashari school evolved its ownrationalistargument indefence of the orthodox doctrine (kalam). This school believes that God knows, sees and gpeaks. The Quam isetermal anduncreated. The greatest exponent of this school was ‘AbuHanidal-Ghazali (1058-1111 AD), whois credited withhaving reconciled orthodoxy withmysticism. Hewasa great theologian who in 1095 began to leada life ofa Sufi. Heis “both orthodox elamentsand Sufis. Al-Ghazali attackedallnan-athodox ‘Sumni schools. He said that positive knowledge carnothe gainedbyreasonbutbyrevelation. Sufis owed theirallegiance to the Quranasmuchas the Ulamas did. ‘The influence of the ideas of Ghazali was greater because of thenew educational system. setupby the state, Itprovided for setting up of seminaries of higher leaming (called madrasas) where scholars were familiarised with Ashari ideas. They were taughthowto munthe goverment inaccortance with orthodox Sunni ideas. These scholars were known. asulema. Ulemaplayedan importantrole in the politics of medieval India. ‘The Sufis Contrary to the ulemawere the Sufis, The Sufis weremystics. They were pious manwho ‘were shocked at the degeneration in political and religious life. They opposed the vulgar Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course Scanned by CamScannerdisplay of wealth in public life and the readiness of the ulema to serve “ungodly” rulers. Many began to lead aretired ascetic life, having nothing to do with the state. ‘The Sufi philosophy also differed from theulana. The Sufis laid errphasis upon free thoughtand liberal ideas. They were against formal worship, rigidity and fanaticism in religion. The Sufis tumed tomneditation in ortkr toachieve religious satisfaction. Like the Bhakti saints, the Sufis too interpreted religionas ‘love of god’ and service of humanity. Incourse of time, the Sufis were divided into different silsilahs (orders) with each silsilah having its ownpir (guide) called KTaseyja or Sheilth. The pir andhis disciples livedina khangah (hospice). A pirnominateda successor or wali frombhis disciples to carry onhis work. ‘The Suffis organised scrmas (arecital of holy songs) to arousemystical ecstasy. Basrain Iraqbecame the centre of Sufi activities. Itmustbenoted that the Sufi saints were not setting upanewreligion, butwere preparing amore liberal movement within the framework of Islam. They owed theirallegiance to the Quranasmmuchas the wenadid. Sufismin India a : (theaivertofsufisnin Indias said to bein te elevethardtwelfth ies‘ One of the early Suffis of eminence, who settled in India, was Al-Hujwari who died in 1089, popularly Imownas Data Ganj Baksh (Distributor of Unlimited Treasure). In the beginning, the Train centres of the Sufiswere Multanand Punjab. By the thirteenthand fourteenth centuries, the Sufishad spread to Kashmir, Bihar, Bengal and the Deccan. Itmay bementioned that Sufismhad already taken ona definite formbefore caming to India. Its fundamental and moral principles, teachingsand orders, system of fasting, prayersand practice of living in khanqahs had already been fixed. The Sufis came to India via Afghanistan on their own, freewill. Their emphasis upna pure life, devotional loveand service to humanitymade thempopularand eamed thema place ofhonour in Indian society. Abul Faz] while writing in the Ain-i-Akbari speaks of fourteen silsilahs of the Sufis. However, inthis lesson we shall outline only same of the important anes. These silsilahs were divided into two types: Ba-sharaand Be-shara. Ba-shara were those orders that followed the Islamic Law (Sharia) and its directives suchasnanzand raza. Chiefamangst sharasilsilahs were not bound by the Sharia. The Qalandars belonged to this group. The Chishti Silsilah Q oN (le chit one was four vilage called Kaj Chishti (near Herat). In India, the Chishti silsilahwas founded by Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti (bom. 1142) who came to India around 1192. Hemade Ajmer the main centre forhis teaching\He believed that serving mankind was the best form of devotion and therefore he w amongst the downtrodden. He died in Ajmer in 1236, During Mughal times, Ajmerbecamea leading pilgrim centre because the emperors regularly visited the Sheikh’s tomb. The extent ofhis ‘popularity canbe seenby the fact that even today, millions of Muslimsand Hindus visithis Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course Scanned by CamScannererga for fufilment oftheir wishes. Among his disciples were Sheikh Hamicuckin of ‘Nagaurand Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, The former lived the life of a poor peasant, aultivated land and refused Itutmish’s offer of a grant of villages. The khangah of (Qutuinxtin Bald tiyar Kaki wasalso visitedby people framall walls oflife Suan Thurish dedicated the Qutub Minarto this Saint. Sheikh Fariducdin of Ajodhen (Pattan in Pakistan) popularised the Chishti silsilah inmodem Haryana and Punjab. He opened his door of loveand generosity to all. Baba Farid, ashe was called, was respected by both Hindus and Muslims. His verses, written in Punjabi, are quoted in the Adi Granth. Baba Farid'smost famous disciple Shaikh Nizarnuchiin Auliya (1238-1325) wasresparsble formaking Delhian important centre of the Chishtisilsilal. He came to Delhi in 1259and duringhis sixty years in Delhi, he saw thereign of seven sultans. Hepreferredto sum the company ofrulersandnobles and keptaloof from the stat, Forhimrerunciationmmeant distribution of food and clothes to the poor. Amongsthis followers was thenoted writer Amir Khusau. ‘Another famous Chishti saint was Sheikh Nasiruddin Mahmud, popularly known as Nasirucdiin Chirag-i-Dilli (The Lamp of Delhi). Following his death in 13 S6and the lack ofa sprit successor the disciples ofthe Chisht sisilahrnoved out towards eastanand southem India. ‘The Suhrawardi Silsilah “Thissislah was foundestby Sheikh Shibebuctin Suiwawarc.Itwas established Ina by Sheilth Bahaudidin Zakariya (1182-1262). He setupa leading khangah in Multan, 1 nwasvisidbyruas high goverment oficalsarcrichmercters. Spe Batetin rgeoamnt ae eeur one i it (Leader of Tt himthe ties Bian the state. Theyaccepted gifts, saints the Subrawardisrmaintained close contacts with jagisardlever govermentpostin the eodesistial epartn= The Subrawandi silsilah silsilahs there were others yas fiamly established in Punjaband Sind. Besides these Tw echasthe Firdansi silslah, Shatin sista, Qa Sista’ ithin Islam. The interaction| i LS ibs moverrents ofthe fifteenth oentiry. Te foundation formare jan religion based on universal love. Xabirand Guru Nanakedpreachedamen So eunty ef Being) whichwaspramoted smtian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course Scanned by CamScannerigion andl Philosophy in Med byt 165-240) echinacea ae ‘were identical. This doctrine gained popularity in India. There wasalsormud) ae ideas between the Sufisand Indian yogis. In fact the hatha-yoga treatise Amrita ‘Was translated into Arabicand Persian. fa oct ir servi ‘and downtrodden. ‘contribution of the Sufis was their service to the poorer: (ee Tuer pcpl te Scarves Sa WAR RE comet Nizarruckiin Auliya was farnous for distributing gifts amnongst theneedly irrespective of righ reat ssh didotrestihe fed henley vstorat he ergeh Accorting to the Sufis, the highest form of devotion to God was the service ofrmankind. ‘They treated Hindusand Muslims alike. Amir Khustau said “Though the Hindu isnot like meinreligion, hebelievesin the same things that Ido”, ‘The Sufimoverment encouraged equality and brotherhood. Itfact, The Islamic errphasis ‘upm expality was respected farmore by the Sufis than by theulana. The doctrines of the Sufiswere attadedby the arthodoxy. The Sufisalso denounced the ulema. They believed thatthe ulanahad succumbed to world by temptations and weremoving away fram the criginal deroncticard egaltarin principles ofthe Quran, Thishatlebetween the orhodax and liberal elements continued throughout the sixteenth, seventeenthand eighteenth centuries. ‘The Sufl saints tried to bring about social reforms too. Like the Bhaldi saints, the Sufi saints contributed greatly to the growth ofarichregianell Iterature. Mostof the Sufi saints were poets who chose to wnite in local languages, Baba ai {the use of Punjabi forreligious writings, Shaikh Hamiduddin, before him, wrote in Hindawi, His verses are the best examples of early Hindawi translation of Persenmystical poetry. Syed Gesu Daraz was the firs writer of Deccani Hindi. He found Hindimore expressive than Persian to exphinmysticism. A number of Sufi works were alsowrittenin Bengali, Themostnotasle writer ofthis period was Amir Khusau (1252-1325) the followerof MMarruckin Auli, Khun took prideinbeing an Indian and lookedatthehistoryand Scanned by CamScanner2. Whatdo yourneanby Kalam? 3. Whowascalled Data Ganj Baksh? 4, Howry Sis Aint ARbaispmisabaw? 5. Whereisthe Khwaja Muinuckin Chisti Khang located? 6. Whtistheothername of Isiamiclaw? 7. Whois called Chirag-i-Dilli (The Lamp of Delhi)? EMENT se) PE HVGY The develogent of Balcimoverenttookpacein Tar Nacubatween the severshard centuries. Itwasreflected inthe emotional poems of the Nayanars (devotees cf Shiva): (devotees of Vishrn). These saints looked upaneligionnotasa cold fone ‘worship but as a loving band based upon love between the worshipped and worshipper, in local languages, Tariland Teluguand were thereforeableto reach out t6many people. Incourse of time, the ideas ofthe Southmoved up to the North but it wasa very slow process Sandait, which asst the vehicle ofthought, wasgivenanew fom, ‘Thuswefind that he Bhagavata Purana of ith century wasnot written in the old Puranic fom. Centered around Krishna’s childhood and youth, thisworkuses Krishna’s exploits texphindespphilosoptyin simple ams. Thisworkbecameatuningpointin hehistary ofthe Vaisrravitemovement which wasan important carponentof the Bhaktimovernent. “Amoreeffectivemethod for spreading of the Bhaltti ideology was the use of_local languages. ‘The Bhaltti saints composed their verses in local languages. Theyalso translated Sansiait works tomale themundarsianchble toa widerauttience ‘Thuswe find Jnanadeva waiting inMarathi, Kabir, Surdasand Tulsidas in Hindi, Shankaradeva popularising Assamese, tater Cancer em tee mesg etc Mintel MEE Rapstani, jon, devotional poetry was composed in Kashi, Oriya, Malayelar Maithiliand Gujrat ” ekg, Ramet Indian Culture and Heritage Secondary Course Scanned by CamScanner4X (rephat sirsbotved ttt canbeeciewayal Teyrredenocstinion of caste, ceed arreligionbefore God. They themselves came fem diverse backgrounds. Rarranand, whose disciples included Hindusand Muslims, carne froma conservative brebrren family Hisclisciple, Kabir, wasa weaver: Guru Nanakwasa vilgeaccrartant's san Nandevwasatailor The saints stressed equality, disregarded the caste systemandd attacoxdintintionalised religion. Thesaintsdidnot confine themeelvesto purely religious ideas They: ‘divocated social foams too. They opposed sat ane fernale infanticide. Warren were encouraged joinkirtans. Mrabai and Lalla (of Kashmir corrposed verses that arepopulareven tocay. ‘Amengstthenon-sectien Bhat saints, themost outstanding contribution wastradeby Kabirand Guru Nanak. Their ideas were drawn from both Hindard Islamic traditions ardwereaimedat bridging the gulf between the Hinds and the Muslims. Letusreadin samedetailaboutthem. Kabir (1440-1518) i said to have been the son ofa brahman widow, who abandoned Finite wasbroughtup in the house ofa Muslimweavex: Kabirbelieved thatthe wayto Godiwes troighpasorally experienced takti ordevotion. Hebelieved thatthe Creator UA isore-His Gociwas called bymenyrames- Rama, Har, Govinda, lah Rahim, Kin, etc. Nowenderthenthatthe Mustins daimhimas Sufi the Hinds callhim Rare-BI andthe Sikhs incorporatehis songs in the Adi Granth. The extemalaspects of reli ‘were meaningless for Kabir: His beliefs and ideas were reflected inthe dohas (Sakti) composed byyhim. One ofhis dohas conveyed that ify worshippinga stone (idol) ane ‘couldattain God, then he was willing to worship amountain. Itwasbetter toworshipa stone flour-grinder because that could at least fill stomachs. ‘Kabirerrphasised siplicity nreligionandsaid hat hhalai asthe easiestway tattain (God Herefised toacceptany prevalentreligious belief without priorreascning, Forhi, amen couldnotachieve success withouthard work, He advocated performance of action rather thanrerunciation of duty. Kabir sbeliefin the nity of God Jedboth Hinds ared ‘Muslims to become his disciples. Kahir’s dens were notrestrcte toreligion. Heatterpted to change thenanrow thinking 1 ofsocety.Hispoetry was forefl and dire. Iwas passed into Another great easily understoodandmachof thas jour everyday language. of the Nankana school was Guru Nanak (1469-1539). Hewas 1h pomat Talwandi (Nakana Sahib). Froman early age, he showed leanings towards. a spitinallife. He washelpflto the poor andneey. His disciples called heeelves Sits (Gerived fiom Sansaitsisya, disciple or Pal sk, instruction). 7 fGanerie pay ennai ee GuuNawek’s bjectve was toremove the existing comuption and degracing practices in society. He showedarewpath forthe esabishment of an egalitarian social ocr. [ke Kabir, Guru Scanned by CamScannerNanak wasas mucha social reformer as he was a religious teacher. He calleq im inthe status of women. He said that womenwho give birth to ki ay notbe spoken ill of. His vani (words) alongwith those of other Sikh Gumustetl }rought together in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikhs. ey ‘The Vaishnavite Movement ‘Youhaveread that saints suchas Kabir, Namdev and Guru Nanakhad preached deypti, towardaniraar- form of God. During this period, another movement based upon devericy towartsa salar form of Godhadalso developed. Thismovement, called the Vaistravits movement, centered around the worship of Rama and Krishna, who were seen as incamations (avatars) of Lord Vishnu. Itsrmain exponents were Surcas, Mirabai, Tulsicas and Chaitanya. Theirpath to salvation was expressed through themediim of poetry, song, dance and kirtans. Sumts (1483-1563) wasa disciple of the famous teacher, Vallabhachara. He wasa blind poet, whose songs are centered around Krishna. His Sursagar recounts the exploits of ‘The love for Krishna wasalso expressed through the songs of Mirabai (1503-73). Widowed at anearly age, she believed ina spiritual marriage with her Lord. Herpoeshavea quality of their ownandare popular even today. ‘The Vaishnavitemovement spread in the east through the efforts of Chaitanya (1484- 1533). Chaitanya considered Krishna not as a mere incamation of Vishnu but as the highest form of God. ‘The devotion for Krishna was expressed through Sankirtans (rym session by devotees) which took place inhames, tamplesand even street processicns. Like other Bhakti saints, Chaitanya too was willing to welcome everyone, irrespective of caste, into the fold. ‘The saints thus promoteda sense of equalityamongst the people. ‘The worship of Rama was popularised by saints like Ramananda (1400-1470). He considered Ramaas the supreme God. Womenand outcastes were welcamed. Themost famousof the Rama bhaltas was Tulsidas (1532-1623) who wrote the Ramacherioranas. theirphilosophy witin 5 Ae ‘They called forrefomns inreliginardlloveamongstfellowbeings. Theirphilesophy wes ‘broadlyhuanist. Youwillrecall thatthe Bhakti movernent wasa socio religious movement that opposed religiousbigotryand social rgicities. Iterphasised good characterand pure thinking. Ata time when society had become stagnant, the Bhakti saints infusecnew life and strength. Scanned by CamScanner‘Theyawalenedanewsense of confidence and attempted to redefine social andireligious values. Saints like Kabirand Nanak stresseclupon the reordering of society along egalitarian ines. Their call to social equality attracted many a downtrodden. Although Kabirand ‘Nanak hadino intention of foundingnewreligions but following their deaths, their supporters grouped togetheras: ‘Kabir panthisand Silths respectively. ‘Theinpartance ofthe Bhaldiand Sufi sins lien thenewatmagihere created by then, hich continued toaffectthe sodal religiousand political life of Inia even indater oertunies. ‘Akins liberal ideas werea produc of this atmosphere inwwhichhe wasbom and brought vp. Thepreaching of Guru Nanakwere passed down fram generation to generation, This eaulted in the growth ofa separate religious group, with its separate language and script Gurruktiandreligiousbook, Guru Granth Sahib. Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, he Sikhs grewintoa formidable political force in the politics of North India. ‘Theinteraction between the Bhalti and Sufi saintshadan impact upon Indian society. The Sufi theory of Wahdat-al-Wijud (Unity of Being) was remarkably similar to that inthe ‘Bird Upanishads. Many Sufipoet-saints preferred to use Hindi tarnsrather than Persian ‘verses to explain concepts, Thus we find Sufi poets suchas Malik Muhamniad Jaisi composing works in Hindi. The use of terms suchas Krishna, Radha, Gopi, Januna, ‘Ganga etc. became so common in such literature that an eminent Sufi, Mir Abdul Wahid wrotea treatise Hagqaiq-i-Hindito explain their Islamic equivalents. In later years this interaction continuedas Akbarand Jahangir followed liberal eligiouspolicy. ‘The popular versesand songs of the Bhalti saints also servedas forerunners of armusical renaissance. Newrusical compositions were written for the purpose of group singingat Iertans. Even today Mira'sbhajansand Tulsices's chaupais arerecitedat prayermeetings. Qhemarerosm 1. Whichworkbecame the tuming point in the histary of Vaishnavitemovement? 2. Adi Granthisaholyworkof whichreligian?. 3. Howdid Kabirand Guru Nanakbecame popularamong themasses? 4, Whosaid this, Womenwho givebirth to kings shouldnotbe spoken illof? Scanned by CamScannerPhilosophy in Medieval India ‘Themajorreligiousmoverents werebroughtaboutby themystics. They contributed to thereligious ideasand beliefs. Bhakti saintslike Vallabhacharya, Ravenujp, Ninbaraka tnovghtaboutnewphilsoph ical hinkdrg bichhadis gin Stanleradeaye saa (ron-cualis) philosophy. Vishistadvaita of Ramanujacharya Vishixedvaitarveensrocifiedmonisn. Theulimaterealityaocoring othispilooghy {s Brakrman (God) acimatterandisoularehis qualities. Sivacvuita of Srikanthacharya ‘Acomting to thsphilosophyheultirete Brakes Shiva, endowed with helt Shiva existsinthisworidas wellasbeyondit Duatitaof Madhavacharya ‘The literal meaning of datas dualism which stands in opposition tonon-chalismarel monismof: He believed that the world isnot an illusion (maya) buta reality full of differences. Duaitadvaita of Nimbaraka raitadvaitameans culisicmonism. Acconting to thisphilosophy God transformed hhpnoelfirto workdand soul. This woridand soul are different fram God (Brekrren). They could suvive wit the support of God only. Theyare separate ut dependent. ‘Sucihadvaita of Vallabhacharya Vallabhacharya wrote coramentaries on Vedanta Sutra and Bhagavad Gita. Forhim. rabrrin (God) was Sti Krishna who manifested himselfas soulsandmatter. Godand sailarenotdisting, but ane. Thestress was onpurenan-chalism. Hisphilosophy came to belnownas Pushtirarg (he pth of gjace) andthe school was called Ruckasarpracay2. WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT, + The Bhal¢iand Sufimovements were liberal movements within Hinduismand ism on Anew between the human being and Scanned by CamScannertig Themessage of the Sufi movermentwas nivel loveand brotherhood ofan. . Because of theirbeliefin the concept of unity ofbeing, Sufiswereable to establishan ideslopical relationship with Hind «The Bhaltimoverent grewamongst Nayanars and Alvars of the southand stressedia newmethod of worship of God based upon devotional love. The Bhalti saints were divided into the Nigunand Sagunbelievers. «Unlike the Nirgunbelievers the Sqgun believers saw Godas havinga definite form suchas Rama or Krishna. « TheBloltiand Sufi saintsrmade vahuble contributions tomedieval Indian society in tams of ayinga liberal foundationand promotinga tremendous growth of regional literatureand local languages. és Ga ayy Up ada Oa 4. Howdid Sufimovement progress in Islam? 2 Howwill you differentiate the Chisti Silsilahwith the Subrawardi Silsilah? 3. ‘The Bhakti Saintsand the Sufi Saints were the two faces ofa coin. Elaborate. 4. What were the similarities between Guru Nanakand Kabir? 5. White a short paragraph on the Vaishnovite movement of India? G FANG is oO NMED S QUESTIONS 1 Scholarswith orthodox sunni ideas. 2. Orthodox doctrine of Islamreligion. 3. ALHijWari 4 Fonte 5 Shava 6 Ajmer 7 Sheikh NasincinMarud. 1, Bhagavata Purana Scanned by CamScanner} 2. Sikhreligion = monn Sucka Lime Drovtig cl io | ra fu abrtitoy ) uatinchoblily re ES: “andi, et et Scanned by CamScannerRELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Brahmo Samaj Ram Mohan Roy, the father of Indian Renaissance was versatile genius, who 44" opposed the idolatry, denounced Sati, polygamy and abuses of the caste system, favoured remarriage of Hindu widows. He started the ‘AtmiyaSabha’ in 1815and carried a consistent struggle against the religious and social malpractices. In first philosophical work “Tuhfat-ul- Muwahiddin” he analysed major religions of the world in light of reason and social comfort As areformist ideologue, Roy believed in _ modern scientific approach and principles of human « dignity and social equality. He put his faith in monotheism. He wrote Gift to Monotheists and } translated the Vedas and the five Scanned by CamScannerhis 4 Upanistiads into Bengali to prove Conviction that ancient Hindu texts support monotheism. In percepts of Jesus(1820), he tried to separate the moral and philosophical message of the New Testament, which he praised, from its miracle 9 stories. SambadKaumudi (founded in 1921) was a Bengali weekly newspaper published | from Kolkata in the first half of the 19th century by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.SambadKaumudi regularly editorialised against Sati, denouncing it as barbaric and un- , Hindu. It was the main vehicle of Ram Mohan Roy's campaign against Sati. In August 1828, Roy Wee t we il founded the BrahmoSabha which was later renamed ‘BrahmoSamaj’ (The society of = ad God). Object of the BramhoSamaj was the ' worship and adoration of the eternal, | Scanned by CamScanner| aaa A ; nay ATO C4 A Parsi socia| reformer. sahaie si Malabari, foung he, ehramji M. ed vee the Sevasadan in 1885, discarded Were exploited and then by society ~ RahnumaiMazdayasnanSabha or Religious reform Association It wasfounded by NaroujiFurdonii, DadabhaiNaoroji, S.S.Bengalee and others to begin religious fh ft 2 Mi reform among the Parsis. They played important role in the spread of education, especially among girls. They also campaigned against orthodox practices in Parsi religion. Scanned by CamScanneriw. Immutable God. It opposed idol worshi and stayed away from practice of ' Priesthood and sacrifice Arya samaj iSamaj ("Noble Society’) is a Hindu reform movement founded by Swami Dayananda on 7 April 1875. He was a sannyasi who promoted the Vedas. Dayananda emphasized the ideals of brahmacharya (chastity). Swami Dayananda wandered as an ascetic for fifteen years (1 845-60) in search of truth. The first AryaSamaj Unit was formally set up by him at Bombay in 1875 and 6 errors" ( TNSHOge later the headquarters of the samaj We'Ejgacie established at Lahore. _Parsi Reform Movement p « Scanned by CamScannerom Raja Ram Mohan Ro and Brahmo 44 amaj Ram Mohan Roy, the father of Indian Renaissance was versatile genius, who opposed the idolatry, denounced Sati, polygamy and abuses of the caste system, favoured remarriage 0 Hindu widows. He started the ‘AtmiyaSabha’ in 1815and carried a consistent struggle against the religious and social malpractices. In first philosophical work “Tuhfat-ul-Muwahiddin” he analysed major religions of the world indight of reason and social comfort As:a reformist ideologue, Roy believed in modern scientific approach and principles of human dignity and social equality. He put his faith in monotheism. He wrote Gift to Monotheists and translated the Vedas and the five Upanishads into Bengali to prove his conviction that ancient Hindu texts support monotheism. In percepts of Jesus(1820), he Scanned by CamScannerplayed important role in the spread of education, especially among girls. They also campaigned against orthodox practices in Parsi religion.