56 eee Dre a ea Ce sence eee pore ets ‘1A Workin groups. Discuss the questions. 41 What kind of things do people worry about or feet excited about when they start anew job? 2 Have you ever had a funny or embarrassing experience ina new job oF study environment? B Work in pairs. Read the title and headings in the article (ops! When things go wrong on your first day at work. What do you think happened to each person? € Read the article and check your ideas. D Read the article again. Are the sentences True (T) or False (F)? 1 Lee was an experienced driver 2 Lee's colleagues told him about their own similar mma asked permission to explore the building mma’ story was embarrassing for her. 3 5 Soumaya and the other new employees were expected to socialise, 6 Soumaya was embarrassed because she didn't recognise a well-known member of the company 2A Workin pairs. Scan the article again forthe following phrases. What doyou think they mean? 1 wanted the earth to swallow me up. (story 1) 2 Ihad some time to kil. (story 2) 3 let curiosity get the better of me (story 2) 4 decided to take a peeks (sory 2) 5 You have to ‘work the room (story 3) 6 Fé been making smal tak (story 3) 7 He laughed it off (story 3) B Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 11 Which story do you think is the most embarrassing? 2 What do you this differentiy? Why? 3 What would you have done the writers should have done se situations? cS past perfect simple and continuous ‘BA Workin pairs. Read sentences 1-6. Which verbs arein the past simple? What tense are the other verbs: past perfect simple or past perfect continuous? 1d been trying to get a place for ages so | was really excited 2. Someone found out what 'é been doing 3 Id been making smal talk for hoursand was exhausted 4 I only passed my test the year before 5 | then had to stay with that colleague whose car! hac destroyed 6 By the time | noticed this friendly looking man, fd already met a least thirty people. B Look at the verbs in Ex 3A again. Match each description (1-3) with the correct tense: past simple, past perfect simple or past perfect continuous. 1 the main events in a story 2 finished actions that happened before the main event: 3 actions that continued for a period of time before the main events € Learn and practise. Go to the Grammar Bank. Eifpace 122 GRAMMAR BANK’ PRONUNCIATION 4A EI}5.01 | connected speech: past perfect continuous | Listen and complete the sentences 1 been trying to get a job for ages. 2 We'd waiting to meet our new boss. 3 been listening to a presentation. 4 She sleeping all afternoon, B E1N5.01 | How dowe say had been in connected speech? Listen again and check. © Work in pairs. Take turns completing the sentences. 1 Before | started ...,'d been 2 Before | went ...,'d been 3 Before | got ... ,d bee!OPS! When things go wrong on your first day at work Amal Khatri | Friday 29 October | 17.01 GMT. Your first day in a new job is always a bit worrying, but what do you do when something truly terrible happens? The crash I'd been looking forward to starting my new job in sales. On my first day I was handed the keys toa pany car and sent to one of the regional offices. I felt a bit nervous because | hadn't driven for a while In fact, I'd only passed my test the year before. I got into the car, but then my foot slipped as I was reversing, and I drove straight into the car behind me.I never forget the crunching sound it made. Ijust sat there in total shock. I wanted the earth to swallow me up. It turned out the car belonged to one of my colleagues As if that wasn't bad enough, I then had to stay with that colleague, whose car I had destroyed just moments earlier, while we talked to the insurance people on the phone. I remember apologising a lot, but everyone was really lovely about it. They kept checking that I was OK and reassuring me that these things happen. I ended up staying with the company for two decades. Lee Locked out Iwas finally accepted onto a graduate scheme bank. I'd been trying to get a place for ages so I was really excited. arrived early and checked in with reception. I had some time to kill before the training session, so I wandered around. Then I let curiosity get the better of me and I got into a lift with a couple of other people. One of them got out at the 22nd floor and I followed him. I noticed some empty management suites and directors’ offices, and I decided to take a peek, even though I knew it probably wasn't allowed. After all, I figured I might end up there one day, and up to that point I'd never been in a director's office. Thad a little look around, then suddenly realised my training session was about to start. So I quickly walked back to the lift, but it wouldn't open. It turned out I needed a key card, and I hadn't been given one. I tried the door to the stairwell. Locked. I was trapped con the 22nd floor. After ten minutes of panic, I called reception, They sent security to rescue me and I was marched into the training room in disgrace. Everyone was looking at me — it was awful! There follov a week of jokes about me being an intruder. Then someone found out what Id been doing and they nicknamed me ‘Boss Woman. Emma An unfamiliar face ‘There was a meet-and-greet reception for all of us new employees. It was in one of the big stylish meeting rooms, and there must have been about seventy people there. At these things, you have to ‘work the room’ and ask everyone's name and position. In no time, I'd met about twenty colleagues. However, Id been making small talk for hours and I was exhausted. By the time I noticed this friendly looking man, I'd already met at least thirty people. I went up to him and said, ‘So what do you do here?’ He paused and then explained that he was the founder and CEO of the company. I then realised that Id seen him on the cover of various magazines, He was a billionaire who had won lots of industry awards. He was also the person who had indirectly hired me. I'd never been so embarrassed in my life. Fortunately, he was very nice and he laughed it off SoumayaVOCABULARY time expressions 5A Read the sentences from the article. Match the time expressions in bold (1-6) with their meanings (a-). 1 felt abit nervous because | hadn't driven for a while. 2 Inno time, Id met about twenty colleagues. 3 Ihad to stay with that colleague, whose car | had Gestroyed just moments earlier. 4 Id been trying to get a place for ages. 5 Upto that point ¢ never been in a director's office. 6 By the time | noticed this friendly looking man, I'd already met at least thirty people. until or before a specific moment after a very short period of time at the poir happened a b e shen somethit d for avery long time e f for a period of time a few seconds before B Choose the correct time expressions to complete the sentences. 1 | met the CEO in June, Just moments earlier / Up to that point, | hadn’t met any of the management team 2. Iwas sad when my friend May left the company. 'd worked with her by the time / for ages 3 By the time / For awhile | started the job, !'d already worked in the industry for thirty years. 4 On realising her abilities, they promoted her, and in no time / for ages she became CEO. 5 | got lost because | hadn't been there fora while / just moments earlier. 6 | sent offthe final design, then found out they had cancelled the project by the time / just hours earlier. GA Youare going to talk about the first time you did something. Choose one of the ideas below and make notes. First + day at work/school/universty «+ time you met someone important to you «© trip abroad + time you play «+ time you perf B Read the Future Skills box and do the task. FUTURE SKILLS Communication When we tell a story, we can make it more interesting by describing how we felt, and how we (and other people) reacted. Look at your notes from Ex 6A. What details can you ‘add about feelings and reactions to make it more interesting? © Work in groups. Take turns telling your stories. Describe wh: + Describe people Ask questions about your classmates’ stories. A: I'lLalways remember the first time I rode a bike. went to the park with my mum and we just stayed there for hours with her running alongside me. B: How old were you? nd when it happened. tions, feelings and rePe aoe Con ean ety Roe "3 intrusive /w/ sounds LISTENING | 1A Workin pairs. Discuss the questions. 1 What did you want to be wing up’ 2 What, if anything, changed your mind? B What do you think a portfolio career’ is? Read the information about a BBC Radio programme to check. Is one career in your BB life enough? It’ the question that everyone asks a small child: “What do you want to be when you grow up? But ina rapidly changing world of work, the idea that you leave school, get a job in a company, and spend the rest of your working life there, is often no longer a reality. Sarfraz Manzoor finds out how and why increasing numbers of us are preparing to branch out, gain new skills and either switch career or develop a variety of different ‘occupations, known as a ‘portfolio career: ; ; 2.A E]s.02| Listen tothe programme. What advantages of aportfolio career de the people mention? 8 [lJ5.02| Work in pairs. Are the statements True (T) or False (F)? Listen again and check. 1 Emily Wapnick says that portfolio careers al people to do multiple things they enjoy. 2. Emily Wapnick believes that portfolio careers are only possible for younger people. 3 Charles Handy says that most people who work for large companies are unhappy with their jobs, 4 Charles Handy thinks that people enjoy working for themselves, even if they don't earn much mor 5 Heather McGregor suggests its important for people to focus on just one job to advance their career. Workin groups. Discuss the questions. 1 Do you think it is a good idea to develop skills in many different areas or to focus on developing skills in one area only? Why? 2. Doyou think we ever get too old to learn new skills? 3 How easy or difficult would it be for you to switch, career plans? Why? VOCABULARY work and careers 3A Complete the sentences from the programme with the correct form of the words and phrases in the box. xdvance entrepreneur part-time reinve retrain setup. startout switch 1 You'll have people who have five different jobs, each of which they love 2 They've got, you know, three different businesses hat are just thriving or they're a serial or 3 Is there an age limit to when one can oneself ff, you know, open a new door in their career or in their enthusiasms? 4 Professor Heather McGregor, ... of the Financial mes, in PRand communications, s an investment banker, a highly successful business and is now an academic 5 Ifone career isn’t enough, is it best to establish yourself and then to another in mid-life? 6 You know, everybody should have other things t they do in their career, apar Otherwise, they will never their career 8 £}s.03 | Listen and check your answers. © Complete the questions withthe correct form ofthe words and phrasesin Ex3A, 1 Have you ever considered your own, company? Why/Why not 2 Ifyou could choose to in anew profession, u choose? tt do you think are the best ways to 4 What should people consider before they decide to careers? 5 What are the pros and cons of being an 2 6 Have you ever had more than one job? D Work in pairs. Discuss the questions in Ex 3C. E Learnand practise. Go to the Vocabulary Bank. [lfssce 120 VOCABULARY BANK areas of wor]60 GRAMMAR past plans and intentions 4p Read the comments about the radio programme and answer the questions (1-4). 11 Who ended up doing the job they didn’t want to do originally? 2 Who changed the subject they were studying because they didr't like the course? 3 Who decided to study something different because their grades were not high enough for their first choice? 4 Who found their ob by developing a new skillin their spare time? Iwas supposed to become a lawyer, but halfway through my training I changed my mind because I wasn't enjoying the course, I ended up setting up my own business instead, Guillermo 12,07 |3 June I wasn’t meant to become a teacher. Both my parents were university lecturers and I was determined to do something different. By chance I got a summer job asa teaching assistant while I was at university, and I quickly realised that I love being in the classroom, > Rachael 12.24|3 June I was thinking of being a musician, but 1 quickly realised that I wasn't good enough and I would never make ends meet, so I retrained as an accountant. I didn’t really enjoy the job, but it paid the bills. In my spare time, I started writing articles about the economy. Now I'm a full-time writer. 9 Amit 12.27|3 June Twas planning on studying medicine at university, but my exam results weren't ‘good enough so I had to find another option, Now, I'm studying Spanish and Portuguese and I'm really enjoying it. Maite 12.36 |3 June B Lookat the comments in Ex 4A again and answer the questions. 1 Do we use / was meant to, | was supposed to, | was thinking of and J was planning on when we talk about plans that did happen or didn’t happen? 2 Which phrases are followed by the infinitive? Which phrases are followed by the -ing form? € Learn and practise. Go to the Grammar Bank. [pace 123 GRAMMAR BANK, PRONUNCIATION 5A [5.04 | connected speechzintrusive /w/ sounds | Listen to the sentences. Notice the /w/ sound that appears between the marked sounds. 1 Iwas going to_ apply to university. 2 Iwas supposed to_ open anew account. 3 Iwas meant to_nterview her last year. B Work in pairs. Look at the sentences again. Are the sounds before and after tthe /w/ sound consonants or vowels? © Work in pairs. Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Then practise saying them. + Iwas supposed to apply to + Lwasn't meant to open, + Iwas going to ask if SPEAKING GA Make notes about atime you had to change your plans, e.g. childhood ambition, your work, holiday plans, etc. Use the questions to help you. 1 What was the original plan? Why did you think it was a good idea? 2 What happened? What made you change your ming? 3 How did things turn out? What were the consequences of your change of plan? B Work in groups. Take turns telling your stories. Ask questions to learn more about your classmates’ experiences.a report 7A Work in pairs. Read the report and answer the questions. 1 What is the purpose of the report? 2 What problems does it describe? 3 What is the recommendation? 4 Is the language formal or informal? Give examples, Report on how young people’s career ambitions are lagging behind the new world of work The aim of this report is to outline the difference between young people's career aspirations and the reality of the modern workplace and to suggest ways in which young people can be encouraged to have more up-to-date and realistic career expectations. Many young people appear to be choosing their dream job from among traditional occupations. They want to be writers, actors, lawyers, teachers, health professionals, police officers and firefighters. It appears that young people often base their ideas for their future careers on the {Jobs of their parents, friends and neighbours, and onTV. However, the world of work is rapidly changing, with new jobs and careers appearing all the time, and many traditional roles disappearing due to the increased use of technology. It seems that industries which are likely to see the most growth are renewable energies, healthcare, information ‘technology, cybersecurity and data analysis. Despite this, studies have shown that the career expectations of young people have not changed huge amount over recent years. Young people ‘seem to ignore or know little about jobs in these. growth industries. There has been aslight increase in the number of young people (eleven percent) who want to pursue modern career paths in social media and emerging technologies. To conclude, young people should be encouraged to explore different career options. Itis recommended that closer connections are made between new industries and schools, for example by giving work placements to students and training teachers how to help young people make smarter career choices. B Complete the report with the following headings. ‘A Background situation B Introduction € Conclusion/recommendations D Main issues € Read the report again. Complete the table with the phrases inbold. introduction i ‘The purpose/intention of this report isto This report looks at Thisisa report concerning/regarding This report contains/outlines/examines/ assesses background 2 situationand | it has been suggested that issues iB “Ja decrease in However, conclusionand —|* ___/Tosumup,/in conclusion /On the recommendations | whole, Ji conclude/recommend/would suggest that BA Work in pairs. Read the task and make notes about the key issues and possible solutions. ‘The director of your college wants to encourage more female students to pursue careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths) or Management. She has asked you to attend a conference on the future of work and write a report with recommendations for the college. B Workin pairs. The following ideas were discussed at the conference. Compare the list to your own ideas. Decide which ideas you would lke to include in your report. Problems + Female students often choose not to pursue careers in ‘STEM or management. + Female students tend to choose roles that are seen as ‘female’ eg, teacher, nurse, Problem of stereotypes. Not enough young women are choosing newer career options like computer coding and data analytics. Possible solutions + Ensure that female students have access to role models for ‘their possible future careers. You can't be what you can't see’ + Frequently invite visitors to the school to share their expertise with the students, particularly women who are successful scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs, etc. + Organise specialist science and business events to be attended by all students. + Organise careers events for young people where they have a ‘chance to find out about a range of different career options. + College literature and social media should aim to represent a wide range of jobs being done by both men and women to counter stereotypes. C Write your report. Use some of the ideas above and your own ideas.5C You’re mcs problems and suggest S| VOCABULARY | video conferen PRONUNCIATION | intonation to show degrees of certainty VOCABULARY video conference calls 11.4 Workin groups. Discuss the questions 1 How often do you have video calls? What fo? 2 Do you prefer face-to-face meetings or video conferencing? Why? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each 3 Is there any behaviour during video ‘ou've probably heard some funny video conferencing that annoys you? conferencing stories: the professor whose small children came into the room during a live BBC B Read the article. Which rules do you think are the interview, the executive who accidentally shared a most important? Why? What other rules can you beach holiday photo instead of a work document, and think of? the lawyer whose child had changed the settings so he appeared as.a cartoon cat during a trial. You can't C Workin airs. Answer the questions about the predict everything that might go wrong, but there are wordsin boldin the article some basic rules you should follow. Which 1 two phrases mean silent’ and change so you're Respond to the invite and be on time, as you would b not silent for a face-to-face meeting. 2. two words mean there is something wrong with the sound? How are their meanings different? 3 phrase refers to something you need so you can Check the technology is working. Check your settings and your internet connection. get online? Make sure your face is it from the front and not | 4 phrase refers toa place where you can post behind, so you aren't in shadow. Check the webcam is at | messages? eye level. 5 word refers to something you receive when Make sure your background is suitable. A white wall ora = ie asks you to.goso the Mecing ‘bookshelf is fine. Piles of dirty dishes or a busy office are not 6 phrase means your picture onscreen has stopped moving? Keep your camera turned on and look into it when page onthe internet? others psa roeara you Cah 16a vt Put yourself on mute if you aren't speaking, so no one has to hear your dog barking or your toddler screaming Remember to unmute yourself when talking. 9 word refers to the person who invited everyone and usually controls the meeting? 10 word means the level of sound? Focus on the meeting. Switch off notifications and | messaging services, and don't start answering emails. | D Workin pairs. Read the Future Skills box and People will notice if you're not focused | Seve eae If you're the host, know your responsibilities. Check | 6 the chat box regularly, make sure everyone can get in at the beginning, and check no one is frozen. Stay until the | Social responsibility wy end, as if hosting a meeting in person. ‘When we're in a video conference, we need If you need to post a link or show a document, have ‘to manage our behaviour so we are good the right fle ready. The other participants won't want to participants. Read 1, 5, 7 and 9 in the text again. wait while you try to locate it. | | improve your participation in video conferences? delay, nd that your volume is up so you can hear everyoneMas How to describe problems and suggest solutions 2.8 {0} 5.05] Listento pats of three video conferences: Which of therulesin the article do the speakers not fllow? 5.06 | Workin pairs. Complete the extracts from the conversations. Then listen and check. Conversation 1 1 Why don't you try speakers? 2 Its a try because sometimes the echo's from the mic. down the volume on your 3 There to bea problem with my internet connection, 4 Perhaps you could logging off and on again? 5 That work because sometimes the computer just seems to fixitself Conversation 3 6 Hang on. I can't 7 David, maybe you chat box. the screen share working, post the document as a link in the © Complete the table with the phrases in the box. ltmight be worth + ing form ...isn'tw It-sometimes helps if you + infinitive rking ithout to) because describing ct I can’t get the ... working, problems There seems to be a problem with There's something wrong with my sugge: Perhaps you could try solution Maybe you could ...? Why don’t you try ...2 explaining why | That might work because asolution would | i1's worth a try because work D Learn and practise. Go to the Grammar Bank. [ifpase 124 GRAMMAR BANK PRONUNCIATION 3A [l15.07| intonation to show degrees of certainty |Lsten to the same suggestion said in two different ways, Which speaker sounds more confident, aorb? 5.08 | Listen to more suggestions and choose the speakers that sound more confident, aor, 1 Maybe you could send alink. a/b 2 You could try clicking on theinvite. a/b 3 Itmight be worth checking the chat box. a/b 4 Perhaps you could log off and on again. a/b € 5.08] Listen again. Repeat the sentences and copy the intonation. D Work in pairs. Take turns to read the problems and offer solutions. Use intonation to show how confident you are. 1 My computer keeps crashing 2 My carwon't start 3 My phone keeps running out of battery. 2 704i Ic] A Workin pairs. Imagine you are taking part inavvideo conference. Student A: Choose cone problem and have the conversation with Student Explain a problem (frozen screen/ microphone not working/can't open a ‘student Suggest asolution document and say why it might work Say the suggestion doesn't work. Ask for other ideas. Make another suggestion Say it works! B Now swap roles. Explain a different problem and offer solutions. MEDIATION SKILLS > encouraging people to & expand on their ideas agree on a course of action [ered See cece ary rtasCea PUR dT a team player? Cr ae eet SEC ean eee ce Unter 1 Workin groups. Discuss the questions. 2.4 EX watch the video and answer the questions. forking experience? ving long distances exercising going to t studying warking on p i Waten the First part of the video again. Lookat the Photos atthe top ofthe page and match the speakers withthe things they say. 110 2 tn 3 Imseieemplo 2 Which do 3 What are the ad er people? Wh disadvantages of alone? to share thi share accomplishments, ‘am, you can] support each other. it suits me to work alone, 4 Imabit of a perfectionist, 5 (Ina team you can] bounce ideas off of other people. © Work in pairs. Look at the sentences in Ex 2B again. you think the word: ich of the sentence re true for you? D [Ey Watch the second part of the video again. Are the statements True (T) or False (F)? 1 Kathiane pre ti 2 Aslan can’ when working in a team red working with her old team more she does with her new hink of any bad exper iences he has had Q2: Tell us about a good or bad experience of working ina team. Q1: Do you prefer working alone or as part of 8 Glia didn't Uke working oulseeies otha ceisert ateam? because of language difficulties | 4 Onika mentions afun activity her company ci 5 Hannah talks about a time when a dangerous situation ler team stoppedcs non-defining relative clauses for comments 3A Read the extracts from the interviews and underline the relative clauses. a Erm, my old team never wanted to do the work until the last minute and would rather play around, which was incredibly frustrating because do the whole project online, it because lunch, which was really as in a dangerous situation, which B Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions. 1 Do the extracts in Ex 3A contain defining or non-defining relative lative clauses add more information or give an opinion? € Learn and practise. Go to the Grammar Bank. [fase 125 GRAMMAR BANK a discussion about working alone vs. ina team 4, Think about a time when you worked well alone and another time when when you enjoyed working in a team, Make notes about: + what you were doing and why. + what issues or problems you had. the questions. 1 Doyou think that working as part of a team usually achieves Detter results? Why? 2 Does y 1p prefer working alone or ina team? 8 Workin groups. Talk about your experiences and discuss a thank-you message | 5A Work in groups. Discuss the questions. 1 Do you think it's important to thank your something well? Why/Why not? mwhen they do 2 What's the best way to do it ( email, in person, etc.)? Why? as a group, individually, via B Write a thank-you letter. Go to the Writing Bank. [pice 0s warmnc Bane] |ea past perfect simple and continuous 1 Complete the second sentence using the past perfect simple or continuous form of the verbs in brackets, 11 | waited for over an hour, then the bus arrived wi for over an hour! (wait) 2 I got to the restaurant, then I realised my purse was stil at home! When | got to the restaurant, | realised that I My purse at home. (leave) 3 The show was nearly over when we got to the theatre, The show by the time we got to the theatre. (nearly / Finish) went for a two-hour run on Saturday morning, then I was tired in the afternoon! | was tired on Saturday afternoon because | for two hours in the morning, (run) nthe bus arrived, | 4 past plans and intentions 2A Complete the sentences with the correct form of the ‘words in brackets. 1 physics at university, but | didn’t get the grades. (mean / study) 21 camping last weekend, but the forecast 5 sO awful that | stayed at home. (think / go) this course so much. (not expect / enjoy) to the USA last year, but | couldn't take the ne off. (hope / travel) 5 | wasn't enjoying my job and | ca couldn't decide what to do! (consider 61 trying th realised | didn’ s, but | itch) new restaurant, but then | fe any money. (go / suggest) B Change three of the sentences in Ex2A so they are true for you. Then compare witha partner. VOCABULARY 3A Complete the conversations with the correct form of the words in the box. advance construction consultancy part-time reinvent retrain set start switch 1 A:I'm thinking of ‘work in journalism. 8: Have you ever done any journalism before? AcYes, | actually had a job with a publishing mpany just after | finished university careers and to 2 A:I'd always been interested in buildings, so! ‘out working in But |found it hard to my career. So recently I've Lup my own business in financial B: You've completely yourself! B Work in pairs. Do you know anyone who has retrained, set up their own business, switched careers or reinvented themselves? Tell your partner about them. 4 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences, 1 was quite nervous when | started work as I hadn't done anything like that for / since a white. jumper in / 2 There it is—I've been looking for t for ages! 3 | couldn't answer the last question in the exam, but itwent OK up to that / the point. 4 | remember when | first met you, because I'd left my job just moments soon / earlier. 5 Anton, we can’t hear you~ I think you're in / on mute. 6 Can everyone type their answers into the chat / talk box? 7 | think you need to make me the host / guest before I can share my screen, 8 Sorry, can you say that again? Your voice keeps repeating because of the mute / echo 5A Choose the correct words to complete the article. It’s never too late In Young Kim | 30 November It probably feels like there's never a good time to "switch / advance careers, giving up a successful job for one that’s a lot more uncertain. However, some people do manage to successfully “reinvent / mute themselves. Michelle Obama ‘was supposed to /had been ‘working in an office doing legal work when she decided that she wanted to leave her job and do something more satisfying. For her, that meant working in public service, ‘which / that was a big career change. The rest, as they say, is history! Giorgio Armani, one of the world’s top fashion designers, didn't ‘start out / set up in the world of fashion. He was “thinking / planning to become a doctor, and “had been studying / studied medicine for three years when he decided to leave university and join the armed forces. He worked in a military hospital in Verona before moving into fashion. First, he worked in a shop in Milan and then he started designing his own clothes before “setting up / advancing his own company in 1975. Harrison Ford, who starred in Star Wars and Raiders of the Lost Ark, started acting when he was a young man. However, a few years later, he wasn't satisfied with the opportunities that he had been offered ‘just moments earlier /up to that point, so he decided to “retrain / reinvent as a carpenter. He continued in this profession for fifteen years in order to support his wife and children before he ‘was offered the role in Star Wars. 8 EIJR5.01 | Listen and check your answers.Ue BJ past perfect simple and continuous ase KI pace se Past perfect simple We form the past perfect simple with had + past participle We use the past perfect simple to talk about a completed action in the past that happened before another action, When | got to the airport, the plane had already left. By the time we arrived, the party had finished. the party finished we arrived oH Now We often use the past perfect simple after ‘thinking’ verbs such as realise, remember, forget, think and find out when wwe thought or learnt about something that happened earlier. | suddenly remembered I hadn't called my mother. | found out they had offered the job to someone else. Past perfect continuous We form the past perfect continuous with had + been + ~ing form, We use the past perfect continuous to talk about actions or situations which started before a specific time in the past and were stil in progress up to that point. She retired last year. She'd been working at the company since 1972. We often use the past simple with the past perfect continuous to show that one action interrupted or stopped another. ‘She'd been waiting for two hours when Joe appeared. He'd been living there for three months before he met his neighbour. his neighbour ET Now living there We can also use the past continuous to described an action which started before a specific time in the past and has finished, but the effects or results were still important, | was exhausted because I'd been studying all night. Notice the difference between the past perfect simple and past perfect continuous, |.was proud of myself because I'd cleaned the whole flat. (The action was completed) | was tired because I'd been cleaning the flat. (The action was not completed.) Notice that we use the past perfect simple, NOT the past perfect continuous, with state verbs such as like, love, hate, know, own, etc I'd known Sam since we were at college. Pd always loved sailing, 122 PRACTICE 1 Choose the correct verb forms to complete the story. Last day at work When I finally retired three years ago, it was both asad anda happy day. I had worked / had been working at the same rugby club for forty years as the team physiotherapist. I ‘had treated /had been treating some of the most talented athletes in the world and, in a few cases, seen thelr children become professional players and treated them, too. The day itself was special. I had looked / had been looking after one of our injured players, as usual, when there was a knock on the door, It was the coach, He asked me to come to the changing room for a moment. I hadn't finished / hadn't been finishing working with the player, so I told the coach I'd be there in ten minutes. ‘When I got to the changing room, I realised the ‘whole squad - over forty players - plus fifteen members of staff ‘waited / had been waiting for me! The coach ‘made / had been making a speech thanking me and presented me with the shirt our captain had worn the day we won the cup in 1997. Then the players ’sang / had sung.a song. I was so surprised! I “didn’t expect / hadn't expected any of this, It was a great way to finish, and I'm still in touch with many people at the club. 2 Complete the sentences using the correct past simple, past perfect or past perfect continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Mohamed was very excited because he (never / visit) Paris before, 2 She was tired because she room all day. 3 | didn’t go to the theatre with them because I (already / see] the play twice. (paint) the dining 4 What (you / think) of the new biology professor yesterday? 5 When I opened the door, everything was white; it (snow) all night. 6 Assoon as Marta saw the teacher, she realised she (meet) him before. 7 We (drive) across Australia for eight weeks when the car broke down. 8 They {not / know) each other for long before they got married. 9 Itwas clear he (run) because he was ‘sweating and out of breath 10 Jack made fish for dinner because his guest (not / eat) meat.| | | | tc] VSL B past plans and intentions emaenree Kl pase co We use the following phrases and past verb forms to talk about past plans or intentions which changed and didn’t come true. Compare: Thad arranged to meet Stefan after the show, and we went for a meal together. (had a plan, and it didn’t change) Iwas planning to meet Stefan after the show, but was too tired, so | went straight home. (hada plan, but it changed) Forms followed by the infinitive We can use / was meant to... , [was supposed to... , was going to ... , was planning to was hoping to... was expecting to... + infinitive without to. The plural form uses were We were meant to meet in the park, but it was raining, so we met in a café instead. | was supposed to call her to arrange an appointment, but | forgot. | was going to study law, but I switched to history instead. He was planning to meet us at the venue, but his car broke down. Martina was hoping to study physics at university, but her grades weren’t good enough. Raj was expecting to join his father’s company, but his father took on someone else instead. Forms followed by the -ing form We can use Iwas thinking of... , was ‘considering ... and ! was planning on ... + -ing form, The plural form uses were instead of was, Iwas thinking of applying for that job, but | didn’t think | had the right qualifications. She was considering switching careers, but she changed her mind. ‘They were planning on staying in a hotel, but they found a holiday cottage instead. Notice the difference in form between Iwas planning to meet some friends. Lwas planning on meeting some friends. 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets, 1 She was supposed (check) all the details before we left, 2 Arjun was thinking of (join) us this evening, but he's not feeling great. 3 |was meant (go) to Art School, but my parents didn't approve. 4 I've been considering (etrain) as a physiotherapist 5 Iwas planning (tell) you as soon as | had confirmation, 6 We were expecting (see) you at the conference. 7 Jason was planning on (stay) for an extra couple of days. 8 We were supposed (sign) the new contract today 9 Ive been thinking of (apply) for a new position. 10 We were going (visit) Canada, but we couldn't get a visa 2. Cross out the option that is NOT possible in each sentence. 1 What are you doing here? We were meant to meet / supposed to meeting / going to meet you at 8 pm 2. He was thinking of / supposed to / hoping to set up his own business, but then the economic crisis mage it impossible. 3 Iwas thinking of inviting / planning to invite / meant to inviting a few people to dinner, but | don't know what to cook 4 We were expecting to have / going to having / meant to have the appointment on Friday but it’s been cancelled, 5 She was seriously considering to resign / considering resigning 7 thinking of resigning when they offered her a transfer. 3. Complete the responses using the prompts in brackets. 1 A:| thought he was going to be a doctor. B:He {think / study) medicine, but now he's decided to do biology instead, 2 A:I thought you were going to stay in and have an early night. BrYes, | (plan / stay in), but then Anna invited me toa house party. 3 A:Didn't you meet Jeremy? B:No, we (hope / see) him at the restaurant, but he never showed up. 4 A:Congratulations! | heard you won a prize at the exhibition. B: Thanks. I was so surprised. | wasn’t (expect / win) anything, 5 A:Have you seen Gabriella? She's not here ye B:No, she (suppose / meet) us at 3 p.m, but she hasn't arrived yet. 6 A:Have you decided where to go on holiday? 8: Yes, we. (consider / take) a trip to Hawaii, but in the end we decided on Thailand 7 A: can't believe you didn’t tell me Juan was coming to dinner. Bel (plan on / tell) you, but | must have forgotten. 8 A: Did you make it to the beach? B:No, we (going / have a swim), but then it started to rain 123CP SL Eg How to. PEmeey KI paces Describing problems We use /can’t get the ... working/to work to say we don't know how to start using a machine, | can’t get the webcam to work. We use keep + -ing form to say that a problem happens repeatedly. ‘The image keeps disappearing, ‘The sound keeps cutting out. can’t get the ... working. There seems to be a problem with There's something wrong with my... The... isn’t working It keeps + -ing form (rast Every time |... it 19/disappearing/stopping). ‘Suggesting solutions We use perhaps + you could and maybe + you could to make suggestions. They have the same meaning, Maybe you could open anew window, Perhaps you could log off and on again. We use try + ~ing form to suggest a solution. ‘Try switching off your camera. Why don't you try using different headphones? em Perhaps you could try + -ing form, Maybe you could + infinitive without to, Why don't you try + -ing form? It might be worth + «i Have you checked the \g form. Atried + -ing We use that might work and it’s worth a try to suggest that. it's possible a solution will work. Shall we switch hosts? It's worth a try because it worked yesterday, Shall we try logging in again? That might work. We use it sometimes helps ifyou + infinitive without to to show an action has been tried successfully before Itsometimes helps if you turn down the volume. Itssometimes helps if you move away from the mic. ree ene That might work because .. It’s worth a try because Itsometimes helps ifyou + infinitive without to because 124 describe problems and suggest solutions 1 Matchthe sentence beginnings (1-10) withthe endings (a. 1 My laptop keeps a checked the 2 It might be worth microphone? 3 There seems to bea b wrong with my picture, problem € offand on again. 4 Have you d checking your internet try sending allink. you turn off the video. sometimes fixes itself. crashing. sound working, 5 There's something 6 Ican’t get the 7 It'sworth a try because it 8 Maybe you could log 9 It sometimes helps if 10 Perhaps you could J with your sound. 2 Complete the conversations with the phrases in the boxes. every time have you tried maybe you could there seems tobe worth atry Conversation 1 A a problem with my washing machine, ? I switch it on, it overflows, B: Oh, unplugging it and plug: A: Yes, | tried that. It still didn’t work. jing it in again? B: Well, ..._.. call Steve and tell him about the problem, A: Yes, that's Thanks. Ican'tget itkeeps itsometimes helpsif | there's something wrong | Conversation 2 A ith my phone. B: Oh dear. What's the issue? A the camera working. hutting cs 8: you restart the phone. A: Really? I'l try that. isn't working _it might work because why don't you try Conversation 3 A: My TV remote channel, 8: That's annoying, replacing the batteries? A: Do you think that'll work? 8 you probably haven't changed them for years! A Yeah, that's true. | can't seem to changeGRAMMAR BANK B) non-defining relative clauses for comments TITTY CI pace ss | ve use defining relative clauses to explain exactly person or thing we are talking about. The team that | work with has won several awards. We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra, non- The building, which was bt redecorated next month, 1882, is due to be don’t need to know when it information.) built ~ this is extra To introduce a non-defining relative clause, we use the following relative pronouns — which for things), who (for whose (for possession), where (for places) and when ‘Yuki, who joined the company last year, has had a really positive impact on the team. Poland, where our next meeting will be held, is one of our fastest-growing markets. Non-defining relative clauses are often used in the middle of a sentence. However, we can also use them at the end ntence to make a comment or give an opinion about eve just said | worked with Tim on the Greenway project, which was an absolute pleasure. (We don't need to kno\ Tim ~ this is an extr the speaker enjoyed workin mment/opinion ) ith ‘They introduced me to Nicky Laird, whose books I've loved for years, (We don't need to know the speaker likes Nicky Laird’s books - this is an extra comment/opinion) The company just appointed Felix Schulz, who is areally nice guy. (We don't need to know the speaker likes Felix thisis an extra comment/opinion) 1 Match the main information (1-6) with the comments, (a-f) to make sentences. 1 They'vejust retumed a from Cambridge, b 2 I spent the weekend with my cousins, 3 They 0 live in Scotland, ich were delicious, whose cooking skills cooked son bleh d which was quite a home-made pizzas, shock 4 Heleft the company when the weather's without telling usually better anybody, f where they had a 5 Let's get together in lovely week's holiday the summer, 6 Ifyou want ideas for recipes, talk to Matt, Read the sentences and the comments in brackets. Rewrite them using a non-defining relative clause as a comment. 1 Thank you for the T-shirt. (lovely!) ‘Thank you for the T-shirt, which is lovely! 2 We worked in a small office. (not. 3 I've got a new boss. (great to work with) 4 When | told her my plans, she understanding, (cidn’t expect th: 5 My first year has gone really well. (quite 6 I'm much happier working on my own. (quite prising) 7 He offered everyone a promotion except Dennis. (seems a bit unfair) ry comfortable) was very arelief) 8 He its around all day doing nothing, (drives me crazy) 9 The worst ly pleased about this). (real 10 We were delayed on the way to the airport. (I found this really a