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At 28 GHz microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications: a review

Article in TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) · April 2024

DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v22i2.25114

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TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control
Vol. 22, No. 2, April 2024, pp. 251~262
ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v22i2.25114  251

At 28 GHz microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications:

a review

Md. Sohel Rana1,2,3, Piyal Mistry1, Md. Jahidur Rahaman1, Sahriar Islam Shipon1, Shake Zion Haider
Ovi1, Md. Masud Rana1, Tahasin Ahmed Fahim4
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna, Khulna, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Mirpur, Bangladesh
4
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Microstrip patch antennas are becoming increasingly popular because they
are small, have low profiles, are easy to integrate, are very cheap, and work
Received Mar 2, 2023 well. For this reason, this antenna could be used for wireless communication
Revised Dec 21, 2023 systems. This research paper reviews and studies 28 GHz microstrip patch
Accepted Jan 5, 2024 antenna for wireless applications. Different substrate materials have been
used to make these antennas, such as FR-4 (loss), FR-4 Epoxy, Rogers
RT/droid 5880, TLC-30, Rogers RT/droid 5880 LZ, and others. Different
Keywords: substrate materials and shapes were used to make microstrip patch antennas
with a frequency of 28 GHz. This article discusses the different sizes of
Bandwidth antennas, the other geometric shapes antennas can take, the different ways
Cell phones antennas’ properties can be analyzed, and the different types of antennas. It
Return loss will also talk about the material, thickness, loss tangent, return loss,
Super-high-frequency bandwidth, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, efficiency, and
Voltage standing wave ratio directivity of the substrate. This antenna is used for super-high-frequency
Wireless communications (SHF), radars, commercial wireless local area networks (LANs), cell phones,
systems and other wireless communications systems.
Wireless local area networks This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Md. Sohel Rana
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Northern University of Business and Technology
Khulna-9100, Bangladesh
Email: sohel.rana@uits.edu.bd

1. INTRODUCTION
Antenna design is becoming increasingly difficult in today’s society due to the growing need for
wireless communication systems and the subsequent shrinking of these systems [1]. In the last few decades,
wireless technology has quickly come a long way. All improvements in wireless communication are driven
by antennas, which serve as the backbone and the driving force. The antenna is part of a wireless
communication system that connects to the channel, which is the part that is most likely to get messed up.
Patch antennas, also called microstrip antennas, are one of the most common types. They are popular because
they have a low profile, can be bent, are easy to make, are cheap, small, and can be used in many different
ways. Because of this, they have been used in a wide range of helpful ways [2]. Some of the antennas shown
in the research are a monopole antenna, a dipole antenna, a reflector antenna, a microstrip antenna, and a
folded dipole antenna [3].
In the 1970s, microstrip antennas became the main form of antenna, particularly for use in projects
carried out in space. In modern times, they are put to use in a variety of commercial and governmental
contexts. These antennas are made out of a metallic patch placed on top of a grounded substrate [4].

Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id

252  ISSN: 1693-6930

The overall shape of a patch antenna is illustrated in Figure 1 [5]. Figure 2 is a diagram that illustrates the
many different shapes of microstrip patch antennas. It shows that a square, a dipole, a rectangular patch, a
circular patch, a triangle and an elliptical patch with a coaxial probe feed are used to evaluate and contrast the
performance of that antenna [6]. In most cases, the microstrip patch antennas are constructed out of metallic
patches with a wider width and a substrate with a lower dielectric constant but a higher height. Excitation for
the microstrip patch antenna might come from a 50 Ω coaxial connector or a microstrip line. The dimensions
of the radiating patch affect the resonating frequencies of the antenna. The height of the substrate (ℎ), the
length of the patch (𝐿), and the relative dielectric constant (𝜀𝑟 ), are all examples of these parameters [7].
In addition, the antenna design is one of the most difficult challenges in providing support for future fifth
generation (5G) cellular connectivity. It is necessary to have an antenna that is both effective and based on
high performance if one wishes to improve the performance of mobile communication. The microstrip patch
antenna is one of the most frequent types of antenna, and it is commonly used because it is inexpensive, has a
tiny size, and is relatively lightweight [8].

Figure 1. Microstrip patch antenna’s geometrical foundations

Figure 2. Several distinct configurations for microstrip patch antennas

Antennas are being used for communication, navigation, directing, and warning in greater numbers
as a direct result of the rapid expansion of contemporary radar and communication systems. Because of this,
the system becomes bulkier, busier, more intricate, and more energy-intensive, all of which are detrimental to
its standard operation and performance. Because these technical issues are so complicated, it is recommended
that only one antenna be used but that the structure of that antenna be changed in real time so that it can work
with multiple antennas [9].
The entire paper is divided into six sections. Section 1 presents an introduction. Section 2 discusses
the microstrip patch antenna. In section 3, parametric studies of microstrip patch antennas are discussed.
Besides the literature review, this is addressed in section 4. Section 5 discusses the analysis of previously
published works, and section 6 gives the conclusion. References to various papers are presented in the next
section. All authors’ biographies are offered at the end.

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TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  253

2. MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

Microstrip patch antennas have many uses, especially in medicine, the military, mobile, satellite
communications, wireless communications, and a number of other areas [6]. In 1955, a new type of antenna
called a microstrip antenna, also called a patch antenna, was invented. A microstrip antenna is constructed
from a piece of substrate made of a dielectric material and positioned between two plates of conducting
material. These three components come together to form the antenna. Microstrip antennas are frequently
referred to as “printed antennas” since the fabrication method is comparable to printed circuit boards.
A microstrip patch antenna’s performance is determined by several elements, such as its length, width,
substrate thickness, the dielectric constant of the substance that makes up the substrate, and the placement of
the feed line [10]. Figure 3 illustrates the building of the microstrip patch antenna; Figure 3(a) physical
construction of microstrip patch antenna (MPA) and Figure 3(b) MPA designed using CST software
illustrates the building of the microstrip patch antenna. The metal and the substrate are layered three times to
produce the MPA and form a stack. The ground structure, the lowest layer, is often made of copper or
another material that conducts electricity well. The substrate layer sometimes referred to as the intermediate
layer, can be constructed out of the air, FR4, Rogers, or any other type of dielectric substrate. The top layer,
called the patch or design layer, is highly conductive, usually copper. This layer is the only one that can be
seen from the outside [11], [12].

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Microstrip patch antenna’s overall geometric layout: (a) physical construction of MPA and
(b) MPA designed using CST software

3. PARAMETRIC STUDIES
Microstrip patch antennas have been a subject of study and interest in the business and academic
worlds since they were first introduced. Microstrip patch antennas have become increasingly popular in
printed circuit board (PCB) designs due to their advantageous characteristics, which include their small size,
low fabrication cost, and lightweight nature [13]. In that section, various parameters of microstrip patch
antennas are discussed. Some parameters are return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation
pattern, gain, bandwidth, surface current, and efficiency. In that section, various parameters of microstrip
patch antennas are discussed. Some parameters are return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth,
surface current, and efficiency.

3.1. Return loss

Return loss is typically synonymous with the reflection coefficient, represented by the symbol 𝑆11
(return loss). This coefficient shows how the input and output ports work together and how much power is
reflected from the antenna. The return loss plot shows how the feedline and antenna should be matched. If the
return loss is 0 dB, it indicates that the antenna reflects all of the power and that none is being radiated into the
surrounding space. For the antenna to deliver an effective performance, the value of 𝑆11 must be at least -10 dB.
The return loss value shows how well the antenna works; a lower number means better performance [13]. Let’s
say the power that strikes the antenna being evaluated (known as the AUT) is 𝑃𝑖𝑛 watts, and the energy
reflected into the source is also 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 watts. When this power ratio is higher, the load and the line are matched
up more effectively [14]. The return loss is measured in decibels, and its definition is as:

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254  ISSN: 1693-6930

𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 (𝑅𝐿) = 10 log10 ( ) 𝑑𝐵
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓

Which is a positive quantity if the comparison shows that 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 < 𝑃𝑖𝑛 . The return loss value must be
less than -10 dB for accurate impedance matching. This is a perfect condition for mobile or wireless
technology. It has been set to the right frequency, so the antenna can do what it needs. Also, the parameter is
the method that best explains how the signal sources send and receive signals and why not all of the power
created is sent to the load. This is because the parameter is the most straightforward method [15], [16].

3.2. Voltage standing wave ratio

The ratio of the antenna’s maximum to minimum voltage is known as the voltage standing wave
ratio [17]. When the VSWR is 1:1, the source hasn’t reflected any power. In the real world, a VSWR of 1.2:1
(or just 1.2) is almost always considered excellent. The ratio of 1.2:1 between the greatest standing wave
amplitude and the minimum standing wave value denotes that the maximum standing wave amplitude is 1.2
times greater than the minimum standing wave value [18]. This metric is used to evaluate the amount of
power reflected by the antenna. It is recommended that the value of the VSWR be a figure that is both
positive and actual. It explains the procedure utilized to match the impedance of the transmission line. The
value of the VSWR bandwidth shouldn’t be any higher than 2, and it shouldn’t be any lower than 1. It would
be 1 in a perfect scenario [19]. VSWR can be used to find problems in transmission lines [20].

3.3. Radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, and surface current

The amount of energy radiated from the antenna is represented by the pattern of radiation that the
antenna produces [13]. Gain is calculated by multiplying an antenna’s directivity by a factor that shows how
well it sends out waves. This efficiency is measured as the radiated power (𝑃𝑟 ) ratio to the total power applied
to the system (𝑃𝑖 ). Due to the conductor and dielectric losses in the materials used, some of the power that is
put in is lost. In contrast, the rest of the power is changed into radiated and surface wave power. This total
efficiency is made up of both the efficiency of the antenna’s radiation and the efficiency of its impedance
matching. Another important part of how an antenna is made is the range of frequencies it can cover. The
impedance bandwidth is typically the only parameter that is supplied [21].
The gain of an antenna is the most important indicator of it is overall performance. But it is only
possible to accurately measure or figure out an antenna’s gain in some real-world situations. Also, the
growing use of wireless applications has made it more important for system engineers to estimate antenna
sizes accurately [22]. For the antenna to work well in the frequency band needed for important wireless
communication, it needs to have a positive gain [23]. The surface current is a naturally occurring electric current
that is brought about by an electromagnetic field that is located above the water [15]. As a result, the electric
surface current density on the conducting surfaces is unknown, and the electric and magnetic surface current
densities on the dielectric surfaces are weird. These currents, in addition to the wind that blows across the
dielectric zone, are the primary causes of the electric and magnetic fields that may be found in the region [24].

3.4. Efficiency and radiation efficiency

The term “efficiency” refers to the amount of energy that needs to be put into an antenna for
effective communication [25]. The power given to an antenna and the power that the antenna itself either
emits or dissipates can be used as metrics to determine how effective the antenna is. The vast majority of the
power sent to an antenna with low efficiency is either lost due to losses within the antenna itself or is
reflected away due to an impedance mismatch [26].

Gain (dBi)
∴ 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100%
Directivity(dBi)

To calculate the total efficiency of an antenna, one must first multiply the radiated efficiency of the antenna
by the impedance mismatch loss that occurs when the antenna is connected to a transmission line or a
receiver [27]. The ratio of the total power that the antenna sends out to the net energy it receives from a
linked transmitter is used to calculate the antenna’s radiation efficiency [28].

4. LITERATURE REVIEW
Wireless applications in the modern world make it hard for antenna engineers to make small
antennas that still work well and are cheap and easy. How an antenna is fed, the best place to feed it, and the
right design parameters all greatly impact how well it works. The most common ways to feed single-layered

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patch antennas are inset feeding, strip line feeding, edge feeding, and coaxial feeding [29]. These antennas
are essential in establishing a communication link in todays advanced communication systems and play a
significant role in this process. Microstrip patch antennas are one of the most common antennas used in
wireless communication systems today. It is a big step forward when microstrip patch antennas are added to
wireless communication systems [20].
With each succeeding generation of wireless technology, there has been an expansion in the range of
services that can be made available. Some of the services made available by the internet of things (IoT), for
instance, make communication much simpler by providing increased bandwidth, faster connections, and
increased security measures. Analog systems, like those used in the first generation (1G), have been replaced
by digital systems, like those used in the second generation (2G). The third generation (3G), added new
features like global roaming and wideband bandwidth. It made it feasible for users to access applications
such as TV and video.
The sector’s growth led to the creation of fourth-generation (4G) technology, which improved video
calling, mobile TV, and video broadcasting services. The fact that we need 5G technology directly results
from how far the wireless industry has come in terms of performance. It can provide technologies with more
power than earlier generations were able to. With the help of a new technology called 5G, robots can do more
jobs. Devices connected to the IoT provide medical treatment remotely. The microstrip patch antenna
element is a great candidate for the 5G antenna role [30]. Microstrip patch antennas are becoming
increasingly important in building advanced wireless communication networks. The main reason for this is
that more and more people want to use different kinds of wireless applications. Because there are a variety of
applications for wireless technology, researchers and scientists have been focusing their efforts on this area [31].
In this section, different international journals and conference papers about 28 GHz have been talked about,
which has been used in various wireless applications.
Faisal et al. [13], describe a 28 GHz microstrip square patch antenna with a single band is
suggested. This paper has low return loss, high gain, improved efficiency, and increased bandwidth, the
proposed antenna are well-suited for 5G wireless communication. By utilizing an aired substrate, the
antenna’s gain can be enhanced. The proposed antenna design can get a very low return loss of -57 dB, which
lets it send out a lot of power for 5G communication. Rana and Smieee [15], introduce a microstrip patch
antenna tuned to 28 GHz and working at that frequency is looked at and modeled for use in possible 5G
communication systems. Through the simulation, the return loss, gain, radiation efficiency, and sidelobe level
could be found. Because of this, it can be a strong contender for 5G wireless technology.
Didi et al. [32], discuss the study and design of a microstrip patch antenna with a rectangular-shaped
slot that works at 28 GHz for wireless applications of the 5G. The antenna is fed using the microstrip line
approach. This slot was designed to make improvements to the overall performance of antennas.
Consequently, this antenna will fulfill the requirements of 5G wireless communication applications.
Tyokighir et al. [33], describes how to build and plan fixed wireless access connections in an urban
environment using 5G technology in a multi-user urban scenario. Even though the antennas used had a high
gain, it was found that the 28 GHz carrier frequency did not work with the connections. The results of this
study show how easy it is for route loss to cause problems with high 5G carrier frequencies.
This research, Nahas [34] aims to improve the antenna’s gain and other radiation properties. This
will be done by putting different kinds of slots into a single rectangular patch, which is how most other 5G
antennas are made. The proposed antenna possesses higher gain and directivity, as well as very good VSWR
and efficiency, in addition to a bandwidth that is reasonably large and sufficient for the two resonance
frequencies that were taken into consideration. Ezzulddin et al. [35], shows how to build a single rectangular
microstrip antenna (RMPA) that can work at 28 GHz, uses a reliable material for the conductor patch, and
has the smallest patch dimensions possible. This antenna will be suitable for 5G communication systems.
Bandwidth, return loss, gain, and voltage standing wave ratio are what the optimum patch parameter values
of the antenna, which works at 28 GHz, provide, correspondingly.
According to research Ezzulddin et al. [36], looks more closely at how finite integration techniques
(FIT) and the finite element method (FEM) can evaluate different microstrip antennas, such as rectangular,
circular, and triangular patches. This paper describes and analysis of the microstrip antenna parameters such
as gain, bandwidth, VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern when the antenna was operating at 28 GHz.
Aside from that, the antenna suggested is small, making it easy to add to the 5G wireless communication
system. In addition, the antennas nonetheless deliver outstanding radiation performance despite their
low-profile configuration by their respective bandwidth, gain, and directivity.
According to research Rahman and Hasan [37], aims to make an equilateral triangular microstrip
patch antenna (ETMPA) that works at 28 GHz and can be used in 5G technologies. The results show the
return loss, VSWR, efficiency, directivity, gain, and bandwidth, based on the specifications provided above.
Finally, the proposed antenna design has the advantage of size reduction compared to most other works, and
it is one of the 5G technology requirements. Ameen et al. [38], talk about a Vivaldi antenna system that
At 28 GHz microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications: a review (Md. Sohel Rana)
256  ISSN: 1693-6930

works at 28 GHz and has a switched beam of 4 Vivaldi antennas for communication between cars. The
antenna has a central frequency of 28 GHz and an operating bandwidth of 1.463 GHz, and it is designed to
function at both of these frequencies.
Bagheri et al. [39], showed how well a phased array with 16 by 16 elements that work at 28 GHz
and is made for 5G applications works. The proposed architecture uses antenna elements based on a gap
waveguide to make design easier and reduce losses in the front of the array. As a result, the phased-array
system design has been described as an excellent contender for a compact deployment in practical 5G
systems that require beamforming with high output power while simultaneously decreasing the complexity of
manufacture. For 5G applications that work at 28 GHz [40], a rectangular patch antenna fed by a wideband
microstrip line has been suggested. At this middle stage, a parasitic element in the shape of a star has been
used to improve the antenna’s gain. But the antenna’s high gain can be kept by optimizing not only the
ground plane but also the size and position of the cutting edge. The proposed antenna operates in the band at
a frequency of 28.201 GHz.
Mahbub et al. [41], a rectangular microstrip patch antenna to meet the requirements of future 5G
communication systems, which call for better gain and efficiency. The suggested model has both a return loss
that is easier to deal with and a strong efficiency. This particular instance used the operating frequency of
28.5 GHz, also known as the Ka-band, which is one of the most important frequency bands for 5G
communication. It is improved gain, directivity, efficiency and also reduces return loss, VSWR. Considering
all of these things, the antenna that was built might soon be ready to use with 5G communication technology.
Pant et al. [42], presents an antenna array that has a tapering patches and feeds with a bending transmission
line between patches. This antenna was made for 5G wireless communications in the 28 GHz band. By
adding a tapered array and bending transmission lines between the patches, the antenna’s gain, ability to send
out signals over a wide area, and ability to receive signals can all be improved. As a possible use the
proposed antenna could be used in 5G wireless communication systems.
Teresa and Umamaheswari [43], designed microstrip antennas to operate at 28 GHz for 5G
applications. It has been decided that antennas for 5G networks should work at a frequency of 28 GHz.
Analyses and comparisons are made about the performances of the antennas in terms of return loss,
bandwidth, efficiency, gain, and directivity. The bandwidth can be increased compared to the previous design
because more slots have been added to the layout. The proposed designs are modeled with a high-frequency
structure simulator. Ahmad et al. [44], proposed a low-profile antenna design in the shape of an umbrella that
operates at 28 GHz has both high gain and great efficiency. The high gain and efficiency are achieved
without using sophisticated methods to accomplish these goals. The proposed design was declared suitable
for mm-wave 5G communication due to it is high gain and high efficiency of steady multidirectional
radiation patterns, which are the essential performance metrics it attained.
Przesmycki et al. [45], shows an innovative way to design a broadband microstrip antenna that can
be used in 5G systems. The central frequency of the proposed antenna is 28 GHz, and it can work in the
frequency band for local multipoint distribution service (LMDS). The antenna in the article has a low
reflection coefficient, a high energy gain, a wide operating band, and high energy efficiency, among other
things. Because of its high throughput, the antenna shown would be an excellent choice for 5G mobile
communication.
Goyal and Modani [46], describes a compact planar inset-fed microstrip antenna for use in 5G
wireless systems operating at millimetre wave frequencies (28 GHz). It was possible to get a plot of
simulated return loss, a field of simulated far-field radiation, and a story of affected polar plot gain. The
results of the simulation met the requirements of 3GPP release 15, which said that 5G wireless applications
needed to work in the 28 GHz frequency band. The simulation results show a return loss, a gain, and a
VSWR, all of which show that the antenna reflects very little at this frequency.
Kaeib et al. [47], shows the radiator of a typical rectangular microstrip antenna and how adding slots
can change that antenna. This results in a small slotted microstrip antenna with a straightforward construction
that is effective for 5G applications at 28 GHz. The proposed slotted antenna’s radiation pattern is more
focused than regular microstrip antennas. This is because the impedance bandwidth and peak gain are both
more considerable. So, the proposed slotted antenna can work well in the required band (27.5−29.5 GHz) and
be used correctly for the 5G mobile communication system.
Jebabli et al. [48], describes an impedance-matching enhancement to a 1×4 rectangular microstrip
antenna array designed for 5G applications in the Ka-band. Several ways to match impedance are compared,
such as a quarter-wave transformer, an open or short-circuited length of transmission line (called a “stub”),
and smooth shapes made in the low corners of each antenna. At 28 GHz, the input reflection coefficient, gain,
and bandwidth are all very good. Ayalew and Asmare [49], shows two miniature versions of a rectangular
microstrip patch antenna (RMSPA) with many slots that can be used in 5G mobile communication
applications that need a lot of bandwidth. The radiating elements of the proposed antennas change depending

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TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  257

on how the places in the slots are set up. The rate at which the air absorbs electromagnetic waves is low at the
resonant frequency of 28 GHz, which could be used in 5G applications. Also, the return loss, VSWR, and
gain of the antennas suggested are better than what has already been published.
Soti and Chakravarti [50], suggested that millimetre-wave 5G mobile applications use a microstrip
patch antenna with a rectangular form that would operate in the 28 GHz frequency spectrum. The suggested
antenna has lower return loss, a good bandwidth and standard VSWR. The results of testing the antenna show
that it works well in all applications of the new 5G of wireless communications. Park et al. [51], a novel
combined beam antenna that operates on a frequency band of 28 GHz could be used for 5G communications.
This antenna would provide radiation that is tilted on an elevation plane. The antenna’s gain in the elevation
plane is increased even further by the aperture. Lastly, getting a reasonably high antenna gain is possible
even with a large beam that spreads across an azimuthal plane by making the constructive interference
between the patches and the gap as good as possible.
Arrouch et al. [52], a new, high-gain, rectangular patch antenna with parasitic patch mushrooms is
proposed for future 5G communication networks. This antenna has a significant gain and can operate across a
broad frequency range. While putting two square DGS on the ground plane increases the bandwidth, parasitic
patches on the edges of the main patch increase the gain. In addition, the gain can be increased by using
parasitic patches. Or this reason, the proposed antenna is a strong contender for use in 5G applications.
Churkin et al. [53], describes two microstrip antennas built on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate and
operating in the 28 GHz band. Both antennas feature radiation patterns shaped like fans, and both are
effective at covering wide-angle sectors by communication base stations, regardless of whether the scene
takes place inside or outside. The tests showed that the antenna worked well so that it could be used in various
communication devices. Najafabadi et al. [54], talk about how to design, make, and measure a two-layer, 2×10,
elliptic, microstrip series-fed antenna array that works at 28 GHz for 5G application. A branch line coupler
made a feeding network for three beams. The dimensions of the 2×10 antenna array, including the coupler, on
a Rogers RO4003 substrate, were 80×40×203 mm3. This design is suitable for use in 5G mobile applications
because it costs less and takes up less space.
Lee et al. [55], proposes a phased array antenna for the 5G, operating at 28 gigahertz and featuring
air-hole slots for increasing beam width. The suggested antenna comprises eight dipoles placed on the ground
that is the size of a mobile device. The suggested antenna works very well and has a high-pass bandwidth that
has been measured to go up to 219 degrees in the elevation plane and 45 degrees in the azimuth plane. The
suggested antenna provides superior hemispheric beam coverage for 5G mobile handset devices and has the
potential to facilitate cost-effective mass manufacturing. Razak and Shah [56], presents the antennas for 5G
mobile communication at 28 GHz. The simulation showed that the gain and directivity of the microstrip feed
line and the inset feed line of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna goes up from a single-element to a
four-element array antenna. This adds to the evidence that array antennas, which can produce high gains and
directivity while avoiding the problem of millimetre-significant waves’ free-space path loss, shrink in size as
the number of components in the antenna increases when compared to the size of an antenna with a
microstrip feed line. The proposed antenna in this work can be used for 5G mobile communications because
they work well with the technology.
According to research Colaco and Lohani [57], made a microstrip patch antenna for high-quality
online education and other 5G uses. After simulations, the scientists discovered that the antenna had a decent
return loss of 33.4 dB, a reasonable bandwidth of 3.56 GHz, a VSWR of less than 2, a high gain of 10 dB,
and a radiation efficiency of 99.5%. During the constant lockdowns around the world, this proposed design
has some advantages. According to research Awan et al. [58], proposes a printed antenna that is both
compact and wideband for 5G communication systems that use millimetre waves. The proposed antenna is
likely to be considered for use in the next generation of communication systems because it is small, has a wide
frequency range, and has a good gain. Nataraj and Prabha [59], different structured patch designs for microstrip
antennas are compared to improve their overall performance for millimeter-wave 5G applications across the
frequency spectrum. This work suggests three types of architecture for use at 28 GHz: rectangular, circular, and
triangular. The size of the microstrip patch is changed so that it can resonate at 28 GHz, and the simulation
results are looked at.

5. ANALYSIS THE PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED WORKS

Microstrip patch antenna (MSA) is one of the most popular antenna shapes because of it is ease of
manufacture and various applications in wireless communication. They are highly handy nowadays because
they are directly printed on circuit boards. Microstrip patch antennas are well known for their performance,
durability, lightweight design, and applications in numerous industries, for example, medical equipment,
satellites, and even military systems such as rockets, aeroplanes, and missiles. Microstrip antennas are
popular in all industries and areas, and currently, their low cost to the substrate and manufacturing are both
At 28 GHz microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications: a review (Md. Sohel Rana)
258  ISSN: 1693-6930

developing economically [60]. The use of antennas is essential to the operation of any electronic
communication system. Because different applications have different needs, different types of antennas have
been made. To have wireless communication in the modern world, you need to build an antenna that can
work on many different frequency bands while remaining small. A microstrip patch antenna fulfills this
function. In light of this, several different ways to design antennas are looked at in terms of their design
processes and the best performance they offer to meet the needs of wireless communication systems. This
research examines how microstrip antennas can be used in different situations. For wireless communication,
a new area of research is the building of microstrip patch antennas.
In this section, different types of 28 GHz microstrip patch antennas have been analyzed. Different
substrate materials are used to make these antennas with different dielectric permittivity (𝜀). Also, different
antenna parameters like return loss, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency, surface current, radiation pattern,
and bandwidth, have been pointed out. It has also been found that the defective ground structure method makes
patch antennas better in terms of gain, directivity, efficiency, and bandwidth while reducing their size, return
loss and VSWR. These antennas can be of various shapes and are used in wireless applications. At a frequency
of 28 GHz, Table 1 shows all the values for dielectric permittivity, return loss, gain, directivity, VSWR,
efficiency, and bandwidth.

Table 1. Compare return loss, directivity gain, and bandwidth previous published works
Operating
Dielectricity Return Gain Directivity Efficiency
Ref Frequency VSWR Bandwidth
permittivity (𝜀) loss (dB) (dB) (dBi) (%)
(GHz)
[13] 28 1 -57 1.0027 10.3 10.6 97 -
[15] 28 2.2 -38.34 1.0244 8.198 - 77 3.46 GHz
[32] 28 2.2 -20.95 1.197 7.5 7.6 99.83 1.06 GHz
[34] 28 - -25.45 11.26 11.8 95.42 1.10 GHz
[35] 28 2.2 -45.23 1.01 6.72 - - 0.770 GHz
[36] 28 - - - 6 7 85.71 900 MHz
[38] 28 2.2 - - 9.78 - - 1.463 GHz
[40] 28 2.2 -31.67 1.05 8.39 9.16 84.5 2.567 GHz
[41] 28.5 - -48.30 1.007 7.425 8.141 91.16 1.2G Hz
[42] 28 - -50.35 ≤2 17.9 - 93.36 1.0 GHz
[43] 28 4.4 -27.79 1.08 6.59 7.45 82.08 2.62 GHz
[44] 28 2.2 - 1.333 7.88 - 92.2 0.445 GHz
[45] 28 2.2 -22.51 - 5.06 - - 5.57 GHz
[46] 28 - -18.25 1.278 6.72 - - 1.10 GHz
[47] 28 4.4 -39.37 1.022 6.37 6.99 86.73 2.48 GHz
[48] 28 2.2 -75 - 13 - - -
[50] 28.1 4.4 -17.94 - - - - 3.1 GHz
[51] 28 2.2 - - 7.41 - - -
[52] 28 2.2 -51 1.005 8.04 - 80.6 15.20 GHz
[56] 28 2.2 -40.40 8.0631 8.463 95.27 -
-55.63 10.86 11.49 94.51 -
[58] 28 3.55 -22 - - 5.62 87 6.4 GHz
[61] 28 2.2 -35 - 9.24 - >77 2.10 GHz
[62] 28.1 - -19.3 1.244 7.02 7.69 91.28 0.9 GHz
[63] 28 3 -34.5 - 6.6 - - 1.23 GHz
[64] 28 2.2 -40 - 7.6 - 85.6 -
[65] 28 3.66 - - 6.12 - 95 -
[66] 28 2.2 -14.15 1.48 7.2 - - -
[67] 28 2.2 Less - 15.4 - - 500 MHz
than -10
[68] 28 3.55 - - 11.8 13.1 83.05 2.06 GHz
[69] 28 2.2 -16.12 - 8.74 - - 2.817 GHz

6. CONCLUSION
This article discusses new, innovative microstrip patch antennas that work at a frequency of 28 GHz
and use different substrate materials and shapes. In addition to that, these antennas had dynamic relative
permittivity. According to the simulation’s findings, these antennas will have a high directivity gain, the
lowest return loss, a broad bandwidth, and high radiation efficiency. Additionally, they will be able to work
on both two and three bands at the same time. These studies have been used in many different areas, such as
wireless communications, biomedical, machine learning, wireless power transmission, the IoT, artificial
intelligence (AI), and many more. The most common way to use microstrip patch antennas is in wireless
communication systems like 5G. In addition to ADS, simulations are run with CST, HFSS, MATLAB, and
FEKO to get the results.

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TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control  259

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Md. Sohel Rana a B.Sc. Engineering Degree in Electrical and Electronic

Engineering from Prime University (PU), Bangladesh, in 2015. In 2018, he got his first Master
of Science (M.Sc.) in Telecommunication Engineering from the University of Information
Technology and Sciences (UITS), Bangladesh. He completed his second M.Sc. in Engineering
(Master of Science in Engineering in Information Systems Security) from Bangladesh
University of Professionals (BUP), Bangladesh, in 2022. He has completed his third M.Sc. in
the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Independent University,
Bangladesh (IUB), Bangladesh, in 2023. His research interests include microstrip patch
antenna, wireless communication, image processing, renewable energy, solar cell, biomedical
engineering, control systems, and power electronics. Mr. Rana has published more than 40
research articles in peer-reviewed journals and international conferences. At present, he is a
lecturer and head (in-charge) in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the
Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna, Khulna, Bangladesh. He can be
contacted at email: sohel.rana@uits.edu.bd.

Piyal Mistry is currently in his final year of studies as an undergraduate at the

Northern University of Business and Technology in Khulna. He is majoring in the Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of the university. The design of antennas, VLSI,
wireless communication, and renewable energy are some of his scientific areas of interest. He
can be contacted at email: pgpiyalm@gmail.com.

At 28 GHz microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications: a review (Md. Sohel Rana)
 262  ISSN: 1693-6930

Md. Jahidur Rahaman is currently in his final year undergraduate student at the
Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna in the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering. His scientific areas of interest include the design of antennas, power
system, wireless communication, and renewable energy. He can be contacted at email:
jahidur725@gmail.com.

Sahriar Islam Shipon is an undergraduate final-year student at Northern

University of Business and Technology Khulna in the Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering. His research interests are antenna design, renewable energy, and wireless
communication. He can be contacted at email: sahriarislam896@gmail.com.

Shake Zion Haider Ovi is a student in the Department of Electrical and

Electronic Engineering at the Northern University of Business and Technology in Khulna,
where he is in his final year of study as an undergraduate. His scientific interests include
antenna design as well as wireless communication and renewable energy. He can be contacted
at email: skovi649183@gmail.com.

Md. Masud Rana is a student in the Department of Electrical and Electronic

Engineering at the Northern University of Business and Technology in Khulna, where he is in
his final year of study as an undergraduate. His scientific interests include antenna design as
well as wireless communication and renewable energy. He can be contacted at email:
masudranadxn@gmail.com.

Tahasin Ahmed Fahim received the Bachelor of Science in Electrical and

Electronic Engineering degree from the Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology,
Rajshahi, Bangladesh in 2016. He also received the Master of Science in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering from the same university in 2019. He has been working as lecturer in
the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the Noakhali Science and
Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh from 2022. He also worked as a faculty
member in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the Bangladesh Army
University of Science and Technology, Saidpur, Bangladesh from 2016 to 2022. He authored
and co-authored in 14 papers regarding to his research works. He is a member of IEEE since
2012. He received best paper award in the international IEEE conference in 2019. He can be
contacted at email: tahasin.fahim.bd@ieee.org.

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 22, No. 2, April 2024: 251-262

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