Qalla College chemistry Research

For Gi ed Students 2023-2024

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Extraction of essential oil in Malva plants by steam distillation and

its benefits

Rahand Salam Hamadamin Grade 11th student of Qalla College For gifted Students
Supervised by: Tavga Salih Hassan year:2023-2024

ABSTARCT
Essential oils, extracted from various plant parts through methods like steam distillation and
solvent extraction, have a rich history dating back to ancient civilizations. Aromatherapists widely
advocate for their use, believing they offer diverse health benefits through inhalation or topical
application. This study delves into extracting essential oils from the Malva plant, also known as
mallow, aiming to explore their potential advantages. These oils are complex mixtures of volatile
compounds influenced by factors like seasonal variations, climate, and distillation techniques.
Chemical analyses have revealed the presence of compounds like malvone A, monoterpenes,
aromatic compounds, and flavonoids in Malva oils, highlighting their potential therapeutic value.
Malvone A, for example, has shown antiinflammatory properties in preliminary studies, suggesting
it could be beneficial for managing inflammatory conditions. Monoterpenes contribute to the
aromatic profile of Malva oils and may have antimicrobial properties, making them useful in natural
cleaning products or as topical antiseptics. Aromatic compounds not only lend pleasant scents
but also have potential mood-enhancing effects, making Malva oils popular in aromatherapy.
Flavonoids, known for their antioxidant properties, could play a role in protecting cells from
oxidative stress and supporting overall health. Understanding the specific compounds present in
Malva oils allows us to appreciate their multifaceted benefits. From promoting relaxation and
reducing stress to potentially aiding in skincare and supporting respiratory health, Malva oils offer
a holistic approach to wellness. This comprehensive exploration not only sheds light on the
therapeutic potential of Malva but also underscores the importance of considering plant-derived
remedies in modern healthcare practices.
Keywords; Malva plant- Steam distillation- Essential oils- Medicinal properties Anti-inflammatory
-Antimicrobial Flavonoids -Health benefits -Immune system - Respiratory health.

INTRODUCTION
Essential oils were first used by the seeds, many others and this extraction can
ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, be done by many methods. the most
India, China, and the Middle East the use popular methods are (6):
of aromatic oils has a long and honored
Steam Distillation, Solvent Extraction
antiquity. they are liquidly oils extracted
from plants such as leaves, peels, flowers, Solvent Extraction, CO2 Extraction
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CO2 Extraction, Maceration namely, water and essential oil, based on

the principle that, at the boiling
Maceration, Enfleurage,
temperature, the combined vapor
Enfleurage pressures equal the ambient pressure.
Thus, the essential oil ingredients, for
Aromatherapists believe that breathing in
which boiling points normally range from
essential oils might allow them to enter
200 to 300 C, are evaporated at a
the lungs and bloodstream, where some of
temperature close to that of water. The
the potentially helpful compounds may
essential oil laden steam rises and enters
benefit the body. As well as inhaling
narrow tubing that is cooled by an outside
them, adding essential oils to a carrier oil
source. As steam and essential oil vapors
and massaging them into the skin may
are condensed, both are collected and
also deliver the active compounds to the
separated in a vessel traditionally called
body. Manufacturers use essential oils to
the ‘Florentine flask’. The essential oil,
create a range of products. The cosmetic
being lighter than water, floats at the top
and makeup industry use essential oils to
while water goes to the bottom and can be
create perfumes, add fragrance to creams
easily separated(2)..
and body washes, and even as sources of
natural antioxidant in some beauty care The long-standing preference for steam
products. distillation in extracting essential oils
speaks volumes about its numerous
The most widely used method for oil
advantages and widespread recognition.
extraction is (steam distillation). Steam
Its ability to scale effectively, maintain
Distillation is a separation process for
consistent quality, preserve therapeutic
temperature-sensitive substances (2). It is a
compounds, promote environmental
particular type of distillation. Another
sustainability, align with natural product
way around is a method for separating
formulations, cater to a wide range of
miscible liquid bases depending upon
plants, carry historical significance, and
their volatilities. For instance, aromatic
benefit from ongoing research and
compounds. It plays a vital role in some
development efforts collectively solidify
industrial regions. Here no chemical
its position as the method of choice. This
reaction takes place It is a physical
balanced combination of efficiency,
process(6)..
quality assurance, safety, and eco-
During distillation, fragrant plants friendliness is why steam distillation
exposed to boiling water or steam, release continues to be a cornerstone in the
their essential oils through evaporation. essential oil industry, earning trust from
Recovery of the essential oil is facilitated producers and appreciation from
by distillation of two immiscible liquids, consumers worldwide(2)..
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fig.1an example of steam distillation process.

In the example above, freshwater is the liquid being extracted. As heat from the Bunsen
burner flame is applied to the flask, which contains seawater, the water boils and
evaporates. The water vapor is cooled and redirected by the condenser to the Erlenmeyer
flask, drip by drip.
The flowing water in the outer cooling tube surrounding the inner condensing tube
facilitates the condensation of the water vapor. Since salt is solid and has a very high boiling
point, it doesn't evaporate with the water. As a result, the distillate is freshwater (5)..

We are working on a plant called malva or commonly known as mallow.

Malva: is genus of herbaceous annual, malvaceous. They appear from June to
biennial, and perennial plants in the October. It can be found on roadside
family malvaceous. It is one of the several verges, along footpaths and on waste
closely related genera in the family of ground. Certain parts of common mallow
malva sylvestris malva parviflora are edible (leaves, flowers and seeds) and
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

there is evidence that the Romans may other foreign agents to affect those
have deliberately cultivated the plant to wounded areas
be used for food and medicine. This plant
Or it May Act as a Remedy for
is often found in fields and hedgerows and
Respiratory Illness Symptoms If you are
has a striking purple flower and stands
suffering from any chest congestion or a
between 3-4ft .it is a common plant in
respiratory condition, then using Malva
Kurdistan the region of Iraq usually found
sylvestris is a great idea. Not only can it
in the villages or dirt roads or even inside
increase expectoration, which may clear
the cities such as the citadel of Erbil and
out the respiratory tracts, but it may also
it is usually found in the season of spring
soothe the throat and glands due to its
in Kurdistan. Kurdish people boil the
anti-inflammatory aspects(1).
plant leaves with ingredients and call it a
dish which they eat it is a main meal most It May Improve Digestive Issues For
of the times(1).. those people who feel backed up or
unable to properly move their bowels, it
The essential oil of malva has many
can be an uncomfortable feeling. Using
health benefits such a plant oil can act as
powerful laxatives can have a range of
a pain reliever, particularly in topical
other effects on the body, but by steeping
applications. If you have been wounded
some seeds or dried leaves into a tea, you
or injured in some way on your skin, you
can create a mild laxative beverage that
can apply the leaves of Malva
may regulate your digestive system and
sylvestris in the form of a poultice to the
relieve any strain on that organ system
affected area. Not only will the chemicals
from the leaves might help to speed Or it May Act as Remedy for Sleep
healing, due to their rich vitamin content, Problems Many people struggle to fall
but may also offer certain analgesic asleep, but you can turn to the use
properties to the area, reducing pain and of Malva sylvestris essential oil or a
discomfort. This special ability of malva relaxing cup of mallow tea to relax the
can be used as both internally and mind and body, letting you drift off into
externally. relaxing, restful sleep(1)..
Malva can also boost the immune system
by preventing bacterial infections and
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
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Fig2.all the effects of malva plant essential oils and leaves

Extensive research shows that this plant, with different chemical compounds, can minimize
liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride. M. sylvestris has antimicrobial,
antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, wound-healing, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and
potent antioxidant properties . Also, this plant contains many valuable compounds such as
strong antioxidants and carbohydrates and unsaturated fatty acids. Tannins, flavonoids,
phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid found in the Malva plant are used to treat most
cancers and for wound-healing(8).

Fig.3Chemical framework of malvone A, a phytoalexin found in M. sylvestris.

Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
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Assessment of the leaves of M. sylvestris has shown the presence of essential and
nonessential metallic elements, halogens, and nonmetals. Analysis was performed using
plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and the presence of Zr, Zn, U, Tl, Sr, Pb,
Ni, Na, Mn, Mg, Sn, La, K, Si, Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, Ca, Bi, Ba, B, and Al was also shown
[16]1. M. sylvestris has exhibited a considerable ability to accumulate substantial metals
(Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cd) from soils rich in these materials. Thus, it is crucial to address
this issue in affected populations living in hazardous zones And A major phytoalexin found
in M. sylvestris was 2-methyl-3-methoxy-5,6-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, known as
malvone(8).

Fg4. some flavonoids that have a significant therapeutic effect found in M. sylvestris.
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
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We have many types of malva but The shares some medicinal benefits with
different types of Malva plants, like Malva sylvestris, the specific chemical
Malva sylvestris, Malva neglecta, and makeup may vary(3).. On the other hand,
Malva verticillata, have distinct Malva verticillata, commonly called
characteristics, origins, and uses. Malva Chinese mallow, hails from East Asia and
sylvestris, also known as common is cultivated for both its edible leaves and
mallow, is a perennial plant native to medicinal value, especially in traditional
Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It's Chinese medicine, where it's known for
valued for its anti-inflammatory aiding digestion and supporting weight
properties and has been used traditionally management. These differences in their
for medicinal purposes. Malva neglecta, features, habitats, and therapeutic
or common mallow, is a shorter-lived qualities give each type of Malva its
plant found in regions across Europe, unique appeal and utility.
Asia, and North America(4).. While it

Fg5.common mallow leaves . fg6.common mallow flowers.

The types of malva plant can be diffrentiated according to sevral factors such as: their
flower,color,the month which they appear in, and the places they grow in.

Here most of them and their diffrentiation have been listed as a table:
 Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
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TYPES of MALVA HEIGHT COLOR MONTH OF PLACES they grow in

BIRTH

Chinese mallow (Malva up to white from June to the subtropics of Africa, southern
verticillata) 120cm flowers. end of October Europe and Asia

Musk mallow (Malva 20 to pure white between June and Europe and southwestern Asia
moschata) 80cm or pale pink October
flowers

Greater musk mallow up to pink or between June and Europe

(Malva alcea) 100cm purple October
flowers

Dwarf mallow (Malva 10 to light-pink between June Europe

neglecta) 40cm flowers and September

Common mallow (Malva up to pink, violet between June and Europe

sylvestris) 120cm and blue October.

Shrubby alcalthaea 100 to from pastels from June to Western europe and western
(Alcalthaea suffrutescens) 150cm to vibrant September asia
pink and
red
Tree mallow (Lavatera) 80 to shades of Between July and Mediterranean region.
150cm pink October Southern Europe, North Africa
and West Asia
Marshmallow (Althaea up to white to from July to eastern Europe and northern
officinalis) 150cm pale pink September Africa
flowers

Okra (Abelmoschus 90-150 petalled summer indian, Southeast Asian,

esculentus) cm yellow Arabic and Mediterranean
flowers cuisine

Prairie mallow (Sidalcea) Up to white, light July and Nevada to Wyoming south to
100cm pink or September New Mexico Sidalcea
tall fuchsia
 Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
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malviflora, Washington to
California
Common hollyhock 200cm white, July and Europe from southwestern
(Alcea rosea) lemon September Chin
yellow, pink
and deep
red
Large-flowered mallow 60cm tall, pink to deep if sown in March Western Mediterranean
wort (Malopetrifida) red or April, begin Region.
blooming in July

We are focusing on the chines malva for our extraction because of the reasons below;
vegetable, or used as an ingredient in
soups and stews. The seeds can also be
Edible Leaves: Common mallow's leaves
roasted and used as a coffee substitute.
are edible and rich in nutrients like
vitamins A and C, as well as calcium and Availability: Common mallow is a
iron. This makes it a valuable addition to resilient and common weed that can
thrive in various environments. Its
the diet, especially in regions where it
widespread availability makes it
grows abundantly.
accessible to many people for both
Medicinal Uses: Common mallow has a culinary and medicinal purposes.
history of use in herbal medicine. It is
Eco-Friendly: As a wild plant, common
known for its soothing properties, making
mallow requires minimal cultivation and
it useful for treating minor skin irritations,
resources to grow. Its presence can also
sore throats, and digestive issues.
benefit ecosystems by providing food and
Versatility: The plant is versatile in habitat for pollinators and other
culinary applications. Its leaves can be wildlife(9).
eaten raw in salads, cooked as a

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1-The distillation apparatus was set up. The distillation flask was placed on the heat source.
Secondly, the steam generator was connected to the distillation flask using tubing. Thirdly,
the condenser was connected to the distillation flask to allow the steam to condense back
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
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into liquid form. Fourthly, the receiver 4-The Malva plant material was added.
flask was placed at the end of the The prepared Malva plant material was
condenser to collect the distilled oil and placed into the water in the distillation
water mixture. flask.
2-The Malva plant material was prepared. 5-The distillation flask was heated. The
The Malva plant material was cleaned to distillation flask was gradually heated to
remove dirt and debris. Then, the plant boil the water. This created steam that
material was cut and crushed into small carried the essential oils from the Malva
pieces. This helped release the essential plant material.
oils during distillation.
6-The distilled oil mixture was collected.
3-Water was added to the distillation As the water was boiling and steam was
flask. Clean water was poured into the rising, the essential oils were vaporized
distillation flask. The amount of water with the steam. The steam traveled
dependes on the size of the distillation through the condenser, where it cooled
setup and the quantity of plant material. and condensed back into the liquid
However, 1.5 liters of water were used mixture of the essential oil. The mixture
plus the extra chemicals such as ethanol. was then dripped into the receiver flask.

More detailed explanation:

M. sylvestris var. mauritiana (L.) Boiss. avoid soil impurities; leaves and flowers
seeds were purchased from Pharmasaat were removed from stems, weighed and
(Artern, Thuringen, Germany). Plants placed into separate sealed bottles filled
were cultivated in the vicinity of with CH2Cl2 as a preservative. Samples
Cercivento (600 m. above sea level; were stored at 4°C until analysis. Voucher
46°31'40" N; 12°59'34" E; Friuli-Venezia specimens were deposited at the CREA-
Giulia region; Italy), and harvested at full FLC repository in Lodi
(7)
bloom in mid September 2013. Plants (CFLC/2013/ITMSC/3) .
were cut at about 5 cm above ground to

RESULTS

About 20 g of fresh leaves and flowers saturated with NaCl, extracted with
were added to 0.58 mg of 3-methyl freshly distilled Et2O (3 × 100 mL), dried
cyclohexanone (Sigma-Aldrich) as an over anhydrous Na2SO4 and
internal standard and steam-distilled with concentrated with a rotary evaporator at
odor free water for 1 h. Distillates were 30°C to give a pale-yellow oil with a yield
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
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of 0.019% for leaves and 0.012% for mL) afforded polar fraction (P). Finally,
flowers (weight/fresh weight basis). A an elution with Et2O-1%AcOH (5 mL)
portion of each oil was placed onto a glass afforded the acidic fraction (A). Solvents
column (7 × 30 mm) of silica gel 60, 230- were removed under vacuum and the
400 mesh (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), fractions were analysed by GC-FID and
preconditioned with n-pentane. The non- GC-MS. The acidic fractions were treated
polar fraction (N) was eluted with 5 mL with CH2N2 prior to GC analysis(7).
of pentane. A further elution with Et2O (5

DISCUSSION

Recent studies have uncovered a wealth Safety evaluations indicate that when
of potential health benefits associated utilized appropriately, Malva extracts are
with Malva plant extracts, marking a generally well-tolerated with minimal
significant advancement in our reported adverse effects. However,
understanding of its medicinal properties. individuals with known sensitivities to
Among these benefits, perhaps the most related botanicals should exercise caution
striking is its pronounced anti- to avoid potential allergic reactions when
inflammatory activity, which holds using Malva products(4).
immense potential in managing a
The versatility of Malva extracts extends
spectrum of health conditions.
across various industries, making them
Additionally, Malva extracts have
invaluable in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics,
demonstrated impressive antioxidant
and herbal medicine. In the
capabilities, effectively neutralizing
pharmaceutical realm, Malva contributes
harmful free radicals implicated in
to the development of anti-inflammatory
cellular damage and disease progression.
medications and immune-supporting
supplements.
harness Malva's moisturizing and skin- Looking towards the future, there exists a
soothing properties in creams and myriad of research avenues awaiting
ointments. Moreover, Malva remains a exploration regarding Malva's bioactive
staple in herbal medicine, featuring compounds. Scientists are eager to
prominently in teas and herbal remedies determine optimal dosages for specific
aimed at enhancing respiratory health and health conditions, delve deeper into safety
bolstering the immune system(4). profiles, and investigate potential long-
term effects. This ongoing scientific
inquiry is pivotal in unlocking the full
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
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therapeutic potential of Malva extracts, a subject of enduring interest and

ensuring their efficacy and responsible investigation, offering promising
integration into healthcare and wellness prospects for natural medicine and
practices. holistic well-being.
In conclusion, the intersection of
traditional herbal knowledge and modern
scientific scrutiny underscores Malva
extraction's significance. Its diverse array
of potential health benefits positions it as

5. Wu, C.H. and Elder, R.B., 1983.

Refrences Correlation of crude oil steam distillation
yields with basic crude oil properties.
1. Ozel, M.Z. and Kaymaz, H., 2004. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,
Superheated water extraction, steam 23(06), pp.937-945.
distillation and Soxhlet extraction of
essential oils of Origanum
onites. Analytical and bioanalytical 6. Peng, F., Sheng, L., Liu, B., Tong, H. and
chemistry, 379, pp.1127-1133.Y Liu, S., 2004. Comparison of different
extraction methods: steam distillation,
simultaneous distillation and extraction
and headspace co-distillation, used for
2. Cerpa, M.G., Mato, R.B., Cocero, M.J., the analysis of the volatile components in
Ceriani, R., Meirelles, A.J.A., Prado, aged flue-cured tobacco leaves. Journal
J.M., Leal, P.F., Takeuchi, T.M. and of Chromatography A, 1040(1), pp.1-17.
Meireles, M.A.A., 2009. Steam
distillation applied to the food industry.
CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.Y 7. Cecotti, R., Bergomi, P., Carpana, E. and
Tava, A., 2016. Chemical
characterization of the volatiles of leaves
3. Razavi, S.M., Zarrini, G., Molavi, G. and and flowers from cultivated Malva
Ghasemi, G., 2011. Bioactivity of Malva sylvestris var. mauritiana and their
sylvestris L., a medicinal plant from antimicrobial activity against the
Iran. Iranian journal of basic medical aetiological agents of the European and
sciences, 14(6), p.574. American foulbrood of honeybees (Apis
mellifera). Natural product
communications, 11(10),
4. Redžić, S. and Tuka, M., 2005. Plant p.1934578X1601101026.
pigments (antioxidants) of medicinal
plants Malva silvestris L. and Malva
moschata L.(Malvaceae). Bosnian
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
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8. U. Hissënmez, F. S. Erses. C.
9. Brdar-Jokanović, M., Ljevnaić-Mašić,
Özdemir,. Özdemir, and S. Cam,
B., Džigurski, D., Koren, A., Merkulov-
*Determination of major and minor Popadić, L., Nikolić, L. and Adamović,
elements in the Malva sylvestris L. from D., 2018. Weed Flora in Organic
Turkey using ICP-OES Common Mallow (L.). Contemporary
techniques,” Biological Trace Element Agriculture, 67(2), pp.143-148.
Research, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 248–257,
2009.
Qalla College chemistry Research
For Gi ed Students 2023-2024
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Extraction of essential oil in Malva plants by steam distillation and

its benefits

Rahand Salam Hamadamin Grade 11th student of Qalla College For gifted Students
Supervised by: Tavga Salih Hassan year:2023-2024

ABSTARCT
Essential oils, extracted from various plant parts through methods like steam distillation and
solvent extraction, have a rich history dating back to ancient civilizations. Aromatherapists widely
advocate for their use, believing they offer diverse health benefits through inhalation or topical
application. This study delves into extracting essential oils from the Malva plant, also known as
mallow, aiming to explore their potential advantages. These oils are complex mixtures of volatile
compounds influenced by factors like seasonal variations, climate, and distillation techniques.
Chemical analyses have revealed the presence of compounds like malvone A, monoterpenes,
aromatic compounds, and flavonoids in Malva oils, highlighting their potential therapeutic value.
Malvone A, for example, has shown antiinflammatory properties in preliminary studies, suggesting
it could be beneficial for managing inflammatory conditions. Monoterpenes contribute to the
aromatic profile of Malva oils and may have antimicrobial properties, making them useful in natural
cleaning products or as topical antiseptics. Aromatic compounds not only lend pleasant scents
but also have potential mood-enhancing effects, making Malva oils popular in aromatherapy.
Flavonoids, known for their antioxidant properties, could play a role in protecting cells from
oxidative stress and supporting overall health. Understanding the specific compounds present in
Malva oils allows us to appreciate their multifaceted benefits. From promoting relaxation and
reducing stress to potentially aiding in skincare and supporting respiratory health, Malva oils offer
a holistic approach to wellness. This comprehensive exploration not only sheds light on the
therapeutic potential of Malva but also underscores the importance of considering plant-derived
remedies in modern healthcare practices.
Keywords; Malva plant- Steam distillation- Essential oils- Medicinal properties Anti-inflammatory
-Antimicrobial Flavonoids -Health benefits -Immune system - Respiratory health.

INTRODUCTION
Essential oils were first used by the seeds, many others and this extraction can
ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, be done by many methods. the most
India, China, and the Middle East the use popular methods are (6):
of aromatic oils has a long and honored
Steam Distillation, Solvent Extraction
antiquity. they are liquidly oils extracted
from plants such as leaves, peels, flowers, Solvent Extraction, CO2 Extraction
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CO2 Extraction, Maceration namely, water and essential oil, based on

the principle that, at the boiling
Maceration, Enfleurage,
temperature, the combined vapor
Enfleurage pressures equal the ambient pressure.
Thus, the essential oil ingredients, for
Aromatherapists believe that breathing in
which boiling points normally range from
essential oils might allow them to enter
200 to 300 C, are evaporated at a
the lungs and bloodstream, where some of
temperature close to that of water. The
the potentially helpful compounds may
essential oil laden steam rises and enters
benefit the body. As well as inhaling
narrow tubing that is cooled by an outside
them, adding essential oils to a carrier oil
source. As steam and essential oil vapors
and massaging them into the skin may
are condensed, both are collected and
also deliver the active compounds to the
separated in a vessel traditionally called
body. Manufacturers use essential oils to
the ‘Florentine flask’. The essential oil,
create a range of products. The cosmetic
being lighter than water, floats at the top
and makeup industry use essential oils to
while water goes to the bottom and can be
create perfumes, add fragrance to creams
easily separated(2)..
and body washes, and even as sources of
natural antioxidant in some beauty care The long-standing preference for steam
products. distillation in extracting essential oils
speaks volumes about its numerous
The most widely used method for oil
advantages and widespread recognition.
extraction is (steam distillation). Steam
Its ability to scale effectively, maintain
Distillation is a separation process for
consistent quality, preserve therapeutic
temperature-sensitive substances (2). It is a
compounds, promote environmental
particular type of distillation. Another
sustainability, align with natural product
way around is a method for separating
formulations, cater to a wide range of
miscible liquid bases depending upon
plants, carry historical significance, and
their volatilities. For instance, aromatic
benefit from ongoing research and
compounds. It plays a vital role in some
development efforts collectively solidify
industrial regions. Here no chemical
its position as the method of choice. This
reaction takes place It is a physical
balanced combination of efficiency,
process(6)..
quality assurance, safety, and eco-
During distillation, fragrant plants friendliness is why steam distillation
exposed to boiling water or steam, release continues to be a cornerstone in the
their essential oils through evaporation. essential oil industry, earning trust from
Recovery of the essential oil is facilitated producers and appreciation from
by distillation of two immiscible liquids, consumers worldwide(2)..
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fig.1an example of steam distillation process.

In the example above, freshwater is the liquid being extracted. As heat from the Bunsen
burner flame is applied to the flask, which contains seawater, the water boils and
evaporates. The water vapor is cooled and redirected by the condenser to the Erlenmeyer
flask, drip by drip.
The flowing water in the outer cooling tube surrounding the inner condensing tube
facilitates the condensation of the water vapor. Since salt is solid and has a very high boiling
point, it doesn't evaporate with the water. As a result, the distillate is freshwater (5)..

We are working on a plant called malva or commonly known as mallow.

Malva: is genus of herbaceous annual, malvaceous. They appear from June to
biennial, and perennial plants in the October. It can be found on roadside
family malvaceous. It is one of the several verges, along footpaths and on waste
closely related genera in the family of ground. Certain parts of common mallow
malva sylvestris malva parviflora are edible (leaves, flowers and seeds) and
Qalla College for Gi ed Students Chemistry Research
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

there is evidence that the Romans may other foreign agents to affect those
have deliberately cultivated the plant to wounded areas
be used for food and medicine. This plant
Or it May Act as a Remedy for
is often found in fields and hedgerows and
Respiratory Illness Symptoms If you are
has a striking purple flower and stands
suffering from any chest congestion or a
between 3-4ft .it is a common plant in
respiratory condition, then using Malva
Kurdistan the region of Iraq usually found
sylvestris is a great idea. Not only can it
in the villages or dirt roads or even inside
increase expectoration, which may clear
the cities such as the citadel of Erbil and
out the respiratory tracts, but it may also
it is usually found in the season of spring
soothe the throat and glands due to its
in Kurdistan. Kurdish people boil the
anti-inflammatory aspects(1).
plant leaves with ingredients and call it a
dish which they eat it is a main meal most It May Improve Digestive Issues For
of the times(1).. those people who feel backed up or
unable to properly move their bowels, it
The essential oil of malva has many
can be an uncomfortable feeling. Using
health benefits such a plant oil can act as
powerful laxatives can have a range of
a pain reliever, particularly in topical
other effects on the body, but by steeping
applications. If you have been wounded
some seeds or dried leaves into a tea, you
or injured in some way on your skin, you
can create a mild laxative beverage that
can apply the leaves of Malva
may regulate your digestive system and
sylvestris in the form of a poultice to the
relieve any strain on that organ system
affected area. Not only will the chemicals
from the leaves might help to speed Or it May Act as Remedy for Sleep
healing, due to their rich vitamin content, Problems Many people struggle to fall
but may also offer certain analgesic asleep, but you can turn to the use
properties to the area, reducing pain and of Malva sylvestris essential oil or a
discomfort. This special ability of malva relaxing cup of mallow tea to relax the
can be used as both internally and mind and body, letting you drift off into
externally. relaxing, restful sleep(1)..
Malva can also boost the immune system
by preventing bacterial infections and
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Fig2.all the effects of malva plant essential oils and leaves

Extensive research shows that this plant, with different chemical compounds, can minimize
liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride. M. sylvestris has antimicrobial,
antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, wound-healing, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and
potent antioxidant properties . Also, this plant contains many valuable compounds such as
strong antioxidants and carbohydrates and unsaturated fatty acids. Tannins, flavonoids,
phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid found in the Malva plant are used to treat most
cancers and for wound-healing(8).

Fig.3Chemical framework of malvone A, a phytoalexin found in M. sylvestris.

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Assessment of the leaves of M. sylvestris has shown the presence of essential and
nonessential metallic elements, halogens, and nonmetals. Analysis was performed using
plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and the presence of Zr, Zn, U, Tl, Sr, Pb,
Ni, Na, Mn, Mg, Sn, La, K, Si, Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, Ca, Bi, Ba, B, and Al was also shown
[16]1. M. sylvestris has exhibited a considerable ability to accumulate substantial metals
(Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cd) from soils rich in these materials. Thus, it is crucial to address
this issue in affected populations living in hazardous zones And A major phytoalexin found
in M. sylvestris was 2-methyl-3-methoxy-5,6-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, known as
malvone(8).

Fg4. some flavonoids that have a significant therapeutic effect found in M. sylvestris.
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We have many types of malva but The shares some medicinal benefits with
different types of Malva plants, like Malva sylvestris, the specific chemical
Malva sylvestris, Malva neglecta, and makeup may vary(3).. On the other hand,
Malva verticillata, have distinct Malva verticillata, commonly called
characteristics, origins, and uses. Malva Chinese mallow, hails from East Asia and
sylvestris, also known as common is cultivated for both its edible leaves and
mallow, is a perennial plant native to medicinal value, especially in traditional
Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It's Chinese medicine, where it's known for
valued for its anti-inflammatory aiding digestion and supporting weight
properties and has been used traditionally management. These differences in their
for medicinal purposes. Malva neglecta, features, habitats, and therapeutic
or common mallow, is a shorter-lived qualities give each type of Malva its
plant found in regions across Europe, unique appeal and utility.
Asia, and North America(4).. While it

Fg5.common mallow leaves . fg6.common mallow flowers.

The types of malva plant can be diffrentiated according to sevral factors such as: their
flower,color,the month which they appear in, and the places they grow in.

Here most of them and their diffrentiation have been listed as a table:
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TYPES of MALVA HEIGHT COLOR MONTH OF PLACES they grow in

BIRTH

Chinese mallow (Malva up to white from June to the subtropics of Africa, southern
verticillata) 120cm flowers. end of October Europe and Asia

Musk mallow (Malva 20 to pure white between June and Europe and southwestern Asia
moschata) 80cm or pale pink October
flowers

Greater musk mallow up to pink or between June and Europe

(Malva alcea) 100cm purple October
flowers

Dwarf mallow (Malva 10 to light-pink between June Europe

neglecta) 40cm flowers and September

Common mallow (Malva up to pink, violet between June and Europe

sylvestris) 120cm and blue October.

Shrubby alcalthaea 100 to from pastels from June to Western europe and western
(Alcalthaea suffrutescens) 150cm to vibrant September asia
pink and
red
Tree mallow (Lavatera) 80 to shades of Between July and Mediterranean region.
150cm pink October Southern Europe, North Africa
and West Asia
Marshmallow (Althaea up to white to from July to eastern Europe and northern
officinalis) 150cm pale pink September Africa
flowers

Okra (Abelmoschus 90-150 petalled summer indian, Southeast Asian,

esculentus) cm yellow Arabic and Mediterranean
flowers cuisine

Prairie mallow (Sidalcea) Up to white, light July and Nevada to Wyoming south to
100cm pink or September New Mexico Sidalcea
tall fuchsia
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malviflora, Washington to
California
Common hollyhock 200cm white, July and Europe from southwestern
(Alcea rosea) lemon September Chin
yellow, pink
and deep
red
Large-flowered mallow 60cm tall, pink to deep if sown in March Western Mediterranean
wort (Malopetrifida) red or April, begin Region.
blooming in July

We are focusing on the chines malva for our extraction because of the reasons below;
vegetable, or used as an ingredient in
soups and stews. The seeds can also be
Edible Leaves: Common mallow's leaves
roasted and used as a coffee substitute.
are edible and rich in nutrients like
vitamins A and C, as well as calcium and Availability: Common mallow is a
iron. This makes it a valuable addition to resilient and common weed that can
thrive in various environments. Its
the diet, especially in regions where it
widespread availability makes it
grows abundantly.
accessible to many people for both
Medicinal Uses: Common mallow has a culinary and medicinal purposes.
history of use in herbal medicine. It is
Eco-Friendly: As a wild plant, common
known for its soothing properties, making
mallow requires minimal cultivation and
it useful for treating minor skin irritations,
resources to grow. Its presence can also
sore throats, and digestive issues.
benefit ecosystems by providing food and
Versatility: The plant is versatile in habitat for pollinators and other
culinary applications. Its leaves can be wildlife(9).
eaten raw in salads, cooked as a

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1-The distillation apparatus was set up. The distillation flask was placed on the heat source.
Secondly, the steam generator was connected to the distillation flask using tubing. Thirdly,
the condenser was connected to the distillation flask to allow the steam to condense back
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into liquid form. Fourthly, the receiver 4-The Malva plant material was added.
flask was placed at the end of the The prepared Malva plant material was
condenser to collect the distilled oil and placed into the water in the distillation
water mixture. flask.
2-The Malva plant material was prepared. 5-The distillation flask was heated. The
The Malva plant material was cleaned to distillation flask was gradually heated to
remove dirt and debris. Then, the plant boil the water. This created steam that
material was cut and crushed into small carried the essential oils from the Malva
pieces. This helped release the essential plant material.
oils during distillation.
6-The distilled oil mixture was collected.
3-Water was added to the distillation As the water was boiling and steam was
flask. Clean water was poured into the rising, the essential oils were vaporized
distillation flask. The amount of water with the steam. The steam traveled
dependes on the size of the distillation through the condenser, where it cooled
setup and the quantity of plant material. and condensed back into the liquid
However, 1.5 liters of water were used mixture of the essential oil. The mixture
plus the extra chemicals such as ethanol. was then dripped into the receiver flask.

More detailed explanation:

M. sylvestris var. mauritiana (L.) Boiss. avoid soil impurities; leaves and flowers
seeds were purchased from Pharmasaat were removed from stems, weighed and
(Artern, Thuringen, Germany). Plants placed into separate sealed bottles filled
were cultivated in the vicinity of with CH2Cl2 as a preservative. Samples
Cercivento (600 m. above sea level; were stored at 4°C until analysis. Voucher
46°31'40" N; 12°59'34" E; Friuli-Venezia specimens were deposited at the CREA-
Giulia region; Italy), and harvested at full FLC repository in Lodi
(7)
bloom in mid September 2013. Plants (CFLC/2013/ITMSC/3) .
were cut at about 5 cm above ground to

RESULTS

About 20 g of fresh leaves and flowers saturated with NaCl, extracted with
were added to 0.58 mg of 3-methyl freshly distilled Et2O (3 × 100 mL), dried
cyclohexanone (Sigma-Aldrich) as an over anhydrous Na2SO4 and
internal standard and steam-distilled with concentrated with a rotary evaporator at
odor free water for 1 h. Distillates were 30°C to give a pale-yellow oil with a yield
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of 0.019% for leaves and 0.012% for mL) afforded polar fraction (P). Finally,
flowers (weight/fresh weight basis). A an elution with Et2O-1%AcOH (5 mL)
portion of each oil was placed onto a glass afforded the acidic fraction (A). Solvents
column (7 × 30 mm) of silica gel 60, 230- were removed under vacuum and the
400 mesh (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), fractions were analysed by GC-FID and
preconditioned with n-pentane. The non- GC-MS. The acidic fractions were treated
polar fraction (N) was eluted with 5 mL with CH2N2 prior to GC analysis(7).
of pentane. A further elution with Et2O (5

DISCUSSION

Recent studies have uncovered a wealth Safety evaluations indicate that when
of potential health benefits associated utilized appropriately, Malva extracts are
with Malva plant extracts, marking a generally well-tolerated with minimal
significant advancement in our reported adverse effects. However,
understanding of its medicinal properties. individuals with known sensitivities to
Among these benefits, perhaps the most related botanicals should exercise caution
striking is its pronounced anti- to avoid potential allergic reactions when
inflammatory activity, which holds using Malva products(4).
immense potential in managing a
The versatility of Malva extracts extends
spectrum of health conditions.
across various industries, making them
Additionally, Malva extracts have
invaluable in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics,
demonstrated impressive antioxidant
and herbal medicine. In the
capabilities, effectively neutralizing
pharmaceutical realm, Malva contributes
harmful free radicals implicated in
to the development of anti-inflammatory
cellular damage and disease progression.
medications and immune-supporting
supplements.
harness Malva's moisturizing and skin- Looking towards the future, there exists a
soothing properties in creams and myriad of research avenues awaiting
ointments. Moreover, Malva remains a exploration regarding Malva's bioactive
staple in herbal medicine, featuring compounds. Scientists are eager to
prominently in teas and herbal remedies determine optimal dosages for specific
aimed at enhancing respiratory health and health conditions, delve deeper into safety
bolstering the immune system(4). profiles, and investigate potential long-
term effects. This ongoing scientific
inquiry is pivotal in unlocking the full
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therapeutic potential of Malva extracts, a subject of enduring interest and

ensuring their efficacy and responsible investigation, offering promising
integration into healthcare and wellness prospects for natural medicine and
practices. holistic well-being.
In conclusion, the intersection of
traditional herbal knowledge and modern
scientific scrutiny underscores Malva
extraction's significance. Its diverse array
of potential health benefits positions it as

5. Wu, C.H. and Elder, R.B., 1983.

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