Orientation Module 1: Communication Processes,

Principles, and Ethics

Purposive Communication
It is about writing, speaking and Introduction
presenting to different audiences and At this stage of your life, you have
for various purposes. definitely observed and experienced
that having effective communication
Oral Communication skills in English is important for
To speak and to speak well are two success. You have witnessed how the
things. A fool man may talk, but a better communicators in your group
wise man speaks or class have stood out not only as a
- Ben Jonson person but as a student. How have
they become effective
Principles of Effective communicators?
Communication
1. Preparation and Orientation All of you can become better
2. Getting Rid of Speech communicators like them if you try
Blemishes harder. Among other things, you can
3. Correcting Misconception start by getting a better picture of
4. Physical Appearance what communication is and how it
works-- absorbing principles,
Essentials of Effective Speaking learning concepts, and applying them
- Mode/Manner of Delivery in practical situations inside the
- Language (jargons) and classroom and in real life as
Diction members of the community.
- Voice
- Facial Expression Definition of Communication
- Decorum (Code of Ethics) Communication can be defined in
many ways. But, considering the
Practical Tips following authorized meanings would
- Be pleasant help us comprehend it more. Let's get
- Use proper expressions started.
- Be confident and articulate
- Speak your language It is a process of exchanging verbal
- Develop communication skills and/or non-verbal information
- Single out words/acronyms between two or more people who can
(abbreviated) be either the speaker or the receiver
- Don’t curse of messages
- Use simple words
- Limit your speech fillers "Communication is the simultaneous
- Don’t apologize for minor sharing and creating meaning
grammar slip through human symbolic interaction."
- Use tact - Seiler & Beall (1999)
- Listen with Interest
- Avoid Arguments "A systematic process in which
- Be yourself individuals interacts with and
through symbols to create and
interpret meanings" - Wood's (2004)
The word communication itself ● Feedback - This is the
provides a clue to what it is - receiver’s response to your
common implies "something in message
common" and action suggests " ● Context - This refers to the
understanding," so communication situation in which
hints at the meaning " a common communication takes place.
understanding of something." ● Source/Speaker - This is you,
- Chase & Shamo (2013). the sender of the message.
● Message - This is the
Many other definitions have information you want to
appeared in several texts, but for our convey; without it, you have no
purposes, we will settle on reason for communicating.
"communication as the process of ● Encoding - This is the process
creating and sharing meaning by of converting your ideas into
using verbal and nonverbal symbols verbal or nonverbal symbols
in varied contexts," and effective that can be understood by the
communication results when both receiver of the message.
verbal and nonverbal symbols are ● Channel/Medium - This is the
understood in much the same way by manner of conveying
both communicators. messages.e.g. email, memo,
lecture, etc.
The Process of Communication ● Decoding - This is the
To achieve effective communication, receiver’s mental processing of
you need to understand the your message into meaningful
communication process, which is meaning.
quite complex because it is difficult ● Barriers
to pinpoint where or with whom a
particular communication Barriers
circumstance begins or ends. - Environmental Factors
- Individual Differences
Communication Process - Language
The communication process involves - Experience/Prior Knowledge
eight parts and steps. - Status
- Message - Culture
- Feedback
- Source Types of Context
- Encoding - Psychological Context
- Channel - Relational Context
- Decoding - Situational Context
- Receiver - Environmental Context
- Context - Cultural Context
- Barrier
Forms of Communication
Elements - Verbal
● Receiver - This is the person - Non-verbal
or group of people who will get - Written
your message. - Visual
 Aspect of Non-Verbal 3. Complicated
Communication Whenever you communicate
1. Visual (kinesics, physical with anyone, you simultaneously
appearance) interpret both his verbal and
2. Auditory (pitch, volume, tempo, nonverbal language, and that is often
tone) both confounding and demanding.
3. Olfactory For one thing, words alone
4. Gustatory complicate things
5. Tactile (Haptics)
6. Proxemics 4. Contextual
7. Chronemics Communication is affected by
8. Artifact several factors; it doesn’t happen in
isolation. It is influenced by
Levels of Communication Psychological, Relational, Situational,
1. Intrapersonal Environmental, and Cultural contexts
2. Interpersonal -Dyadic, Tryadic,
Small group 10 Principles Of Effective
3. Public Communication In 21st Century
4. Mass media
1. Openness
Functions of Communication Keep an open mind when
1. Phatic communicating with your team to
2. Preventive see things from their point of view. It
3. Recording-transmitting will make it easier to explain what
4. Instrumental you want from them.
5. Affective
6. Therapeutic 2. Lead by Example
7. Aesthetic Instead of telling Someone
what you want them to do, show
Communication Principles them by setting an example. It makes
The principles are based on the work simpler for the listener.
real-life functioning of interpersonal
communication ( King, 2000). 3. Personalization
Getting to know your team
Interpersonal communication is.. members on a more personal level
and making it a point to say hello in
1. Inescapable passing can go a long way in getting
It is not possible for humans your team behind your vision
not to communicate. Even the very
attempt of not wanting to 4. Prioritize
communicate communicates A strong leader knows that
something time is valuable, so communicate
exactly what you want from your
2. Irreversible team by stating the goal of the task.
How often have you said
words in anger and wished you could 5. Avoid Monologue
take them back? Once you have Don’t talk TO your team, talk
uttered something, you can never WITH them. People are more
take it back, and its effect remains receptive to a dialogue-type of
communication than if they feel they Deirdre D. Johnston (1994) pointed
are being commanded to do out ten ethics in communication that
something without any chance for you should bear in mind to avoid
their input. being labeled "unethical" ( as cited in
Chase & Shamo, 2013).
6. Clarity
Effective leadership Ethics in Communication
communication is clear and simple. Morals vs. Ethics
You lose effectiveness if you mess
up your sentences. Unethical Behavior (Duff, 2017)
Your sales manager calls you into his
7. Trust office and threatens to fire you
Trust is the most important unless you sell 50 large toasters. You
factor in communication. If any know the large toasters are inferior
person doesn't respect you, they products, so you have been selling
won’t listen to you. Simple as that. the small toasters to your customers.
To keep your job, you must violate
8. Critique your conscience and recommend
Feedback is one of the most that your customers buy the large
valuable things you can give to any toasters.
person. The key is to give praise
when it’s due, and give constructive Ethics
criticism where it’s applicable. 1. Mutuality
Pay attention to the needs of
9. Listen others, as well as yours
Communication is a two way
street. You have to be a good listener 2. Individual Dignity
before you can start talking. Listen Do not cause another person
to understand, don’t listen to reply. embarrassment or a loss of dignity.

10. Inspire 3. Accuracy

The number one principle of Tell the audience everything,
effective leadership communication they have a right and need to know,
is the ability to inspire those around not just what is true.
you. Inspire greatness today for
success tomorrow. 4. Access to information
Never bolster the impact of
Communication Ethics your communication by preventing
Morals and ethics ensure discipline people from communicating with one
among us; without these codes of another or by hindering access to the
conduct- standards or rules that supporting information.
guide our behavior, our world will be
chaotic. Morals are our own set of 5. Accountability
rules, so others are neither expected Be responsible and
nor required to follow them. Ethics, accountable for the consequences of
on the other hand, are rules accepted your relationship and
and approved by society, so they are communication.
imposed upon everyone.
 6. Audience “Globalization is the expansion and
As an audience or receiver of integration of the cultural, political,
the information, you also have economic, and technological domains
ethical responsibilities. A good rule of countries”
of thumb is the “200% rule” where - Barrot, J. & Sipacio P.
both the sender and the receiver
have full or 100% responsibility to With the advent of globalization
ensure the message is understood, associated with advanced
and that ethics are followed. technologies and systems across
regions, the flow of information and
7. Relative truth communication has become
As either sender or receiver of smoother, faster, and easier.
information, remember that your own
point of view may not be shared by Plus, the business transaction has
others , so allow others to become more efficient. In fact, almost
respectfully disagree or see it everyone is practically addicted to
differently social media. The best example is the
use of electronic mail( e-mail) such
8. Ends vs. Means as Gmail, Yahoo Mail, and social
Be sure that the end of your networking sites such as Twitter,
communication and the means of Facebook, and Instagram. Also, you
getting to that end are both ethical. see people taking selfies, and their
pictures are readily posted on a
9. Use of power social media website.
In situations where you have
more power than others ( e.g. teacher Consequently, the context of
with a student, a boss with a globalization requires effective
subordinate), you also have more communication skills from students
responsibility for the outcome. and workers to cope with the
demands and challenges brought
10. Rights vs. responsibility about by this phenomenon. This
Balance your rights against includes communicating effectively
your responsibilities even if you live with people of different backgrounds,
in a wonderful society where your ages, gender, beliefs, orientations,
rights are protected by law, not preferences, and statuses. Such
everything you have a right to do is integration with others paves the
ethical. way for the establishment of a Global
village which was predicted by
Module 2.1: Local and Global Marshall McLuhan in his book "The
Communication in Multicultural
Gutenberg Galaxy"- one world
Settings
interconnected by an electronic
nervous system (media).
Communication and Globalization
Globalization is the process of
bringing people together and making
Impact of Technology on
them interact and exchange ideas Communication
across traditional borders.
(Nowaczyk, 2017)
 1. Technology provides us with 4. Promote collaboration and
unlimited information cooperation with others
It brings us diversity to our 5. Understand the concept of
culture and our lives diversity and promote respect
all the time
2. It creates opportunities for 6. Use technology and social
meeting new people media responsibility
It fosters better cooperation On the other hand, there are other
among different cultural groups suggestions on how to become a
good global communicator and
3. It provides connectivity become open-minded devoid of any
It isolates us prejudice and biases against people
- It can make us create second from other races or cultures. This
lives claim is supported by Chase &
Shamo (2013) and Singh &
How to Communicate Effectively in a Rampersad (2010). Their ideas are
Global Society
the following.
Effective communication is about
more than just exchanging
1. Widen your experience by
information. It’s about understanding
making new contacts. Getting
the emotion and intentions behind
to know people coming from
the information. As well as being
your targeted group whose
able to clearly convey a message, you
culture differs from yours
need to also listen in a way that
makes you understand the
gains the exact meaning of what’s
group and their culture.
being said and makes the other
2. Learn about the history,
person feel heard and understood. (
experiences, and aspirations of
Lawrence Robinson, Jeanne Segal,
people from different cultures.
Ph. D., and Melinda Smith, M.A. June
Taking a course or reading
2019.)
about people of diverse
cultures makes you experience
Being a clear speaker in the process
their cultures vicariously,
of communication still embraces the
allowing you to understand
challenges of being misunderstood.
and appreciate them more.
This situation could be possible due
3. Examine yourself for possible
to words' shades of meaning and
stereotypes. Stereotypes and
since communication is complicated
biases result from ignorance
in nature
about the targeted group.
Being fair-minded and
The following are tips on how we
unprejudiced makes you
could possibly and effectively
realize the possibility that
conduct global communication.
some of your judgments are
1. Express your ideas effectively
unfair and wrong.
in either digital or non-digital
4. Look at the world from
environment or both
someone else's way of looking
2. Use effective listening skills to
at and thinking about
evaluate arguments
something, not just yours. Be
3. Communicate with purpose to
emphatic, try to understand
a variety of audience
others' perspective-how they
 make sense of their world, and ● Stereotypes - These are often
try to experience what and generalized negative traits
how they feel. assigned to a group of people
5. Work on becoming more even if these traits may only
self-confident. The better we reflect a selected few of the
feel about ourselves, the more group
likely we are to feel good about
others, and the more able we Keywords
are not only to understand - Unfair
them but also to learn from - Untrue
them. - Sample population
6. Appreciate cultural similarities - Generalization
and differences. Use cultural
resources to do this. It allows ● Prejudice - This is an offshoot
you to understand the of stereotypes, an unfair
members of different cultural thought, belief, or feeling of
groups and helps you establish dislike for a person or group
better intercultural because of race, nationality,
relationships and interactions. gender, sexual orientation, age,
7. Acknowledge the essential religion, and so on.
equality and the value of all
cultures. Never feel superior to Keywords
people belonging to any other - Negative opinion
cultural group, even a minority - Ignorance of truth
one.
8. Be sensitive and interpret ● Assumed Similarities - It is a
cultural styles of baseless, unreasonable refusal
communication. Develop the to see cultural differences
ability to understand the where they exist.
communication symbols of the
target culture-its verbal Keywords
language, signs, gestures, body - Assumption
language, and customs. - Cultural differences

Barriers to Effective International ● Anxiety - This is the fear or

Communication apprehension associated with
either real or anticipated
● Ethnocentrism - This refers to communication with people
the belief that a person's from another cultural group.
culture is much better than
any other group's culture. Keywords
- Language differences
Keywords - Style
● Person's culture - in-group - Avoidance
● Other's culture - out-group
● High level of E - negative Global Communication
effect - global advertisements
● Low level of E - positive effect - political speeches
- journalistic news stories,
 - social media posts 10. Assesses the usefulness and
- press releases relevance of the text
- books, traditional print, 11. Reads with specific questions
publications in mind
- broad research 12. Reads with an open mind

Evaluation of Texts and Images in General guide questions in

Multicultural Contexts evaluating a text
Evaluating texts and images
nowadays is essential because of the Source
proliferation of information resources 1. What is the source?
and rapid technological change. As 2. When was the text published?
you have noticed, you are always 3. Are the parts of the texts in
confronted with a diverse wealth of the source? Is the source
information for personal, academic, reliable
or professional use that can be
accessed in multicultural settings. Context
- What is the context of the
With the advent of a digital text?
environment or the Internet, most of - What pieces of information are
the information is unfiltered, making given that provide the context
its authenticity, validity, and of the text?
reliability questionable. The - What is the message?
abundance of information from - What is the purpose of the
various media, namely short message message?
service, electronic mail, social media, - What are the facts that
print and electronic journals, support the message?
periodicals, and advertisements also - How is the message conveyed?
poses a challenge for you in terms of - What is the tone of the text?
evaluating and understanding it fully. - What do you think the
In this case, critical reading is very audience might be affected by
essential. the way the text is written?

Qualities of a critical reader Audience

1. Annotates the text by writing - Who is the target audience?
2. Analyzes organizational - What information is provided
pattern of the text that give you the idea about
3. Asks critical questions the target audience
4. Considers the background of
the text/image Author
5. Distinguishes fact and - Who is the author?
opinions - What are the credentials of the
6. Evaluates the author’s author?
credibility - What is the author’s purpose
7. Evaluates the source of the of writing?
text - What is the author’s major
8. Looks beyond the texts or idea?
ideas
9. Makes inferences
 The Art of Making Powerpoint following principles that can help
Presentation you lay-out your slides. The following
PowerPoint presentations are so will be of great aid.
common that lecturers and reporters
use them all the time. But are all 5 Design Principles
these presentations effective? " 1. Outline first to control the
Presentations can be among the number of slides (balance)
most painful experiences in both 2. Have only one message per
school and the working world--- and slide
that includes listening to them" ( 3. Pay attention to size
Kangas, 2012). 4. Apply the principle of contrast
5. Limit the number of
A presentation is like taking your objects/item per
audience from one place to another,
so make the journey lighter and more Basic Steps in creating a powerpoint
fun by never overloading it with too presentation
much content. How may you do this? 1. Launch the Powerpoint
presentation. Open Microsoft
Before learning further this Powerpoint program. Click
presentation skill, take the time to blank presentation
watch the Audio-visual material 2. Choose a desired design.
below about the "World's Worst Select and right click it
Presentation", and learn to rectify the 3. Create a title page. Type your
mentioned loopholes. title and name as presenter
4. Add more slides. Click new
The presentation you just watched slide and type the information
was empowered by Microsoft 5. Type the text in the added
Powerpoint software, but it has a lot slides. Type relevant
of technical issues that need to be information
addressed. This software was known 6. Add charts, graphs, pictures
to be the most popular one since its and transitions. Select desired
launch 25 years ago. Its popularity transition
can be attributed to its features 7. Play the Presentation. Select
which are very easy to use. slide show, tab it or press F5

Furthermore, there are three things Finally, when you are ready, you feel
that you need to consider before you more confident to stand before the
make your PowerPoint presentation. audience and make your
They are presented below. presentation. Do not make a mess of
it by getting your audience bored
3 things to do first and putting them to sleep.(
1. Determine your goal NanoNerds, 2012).
2. Convert your goal into one “big
idea” Please do the following:
3. Consolidate your idea into just 1. Come prepared.
three concepts 2. Get the set-up right.
3. Know the audience and adjust
In a similar way, as you create your the content accordingly.
presentation, bear in mind the 4. Go easy on fonts.
 5. Go easy on logos. Anxiety Management Tricks
6. Go easy on colors. - Greet your Anxiety Symptoms
7. Make eye contact. - Reframe the Situation
8. Be kind to questioners - Be at the Moment
9. Be kind to folks at the back.
10. Design slides for distance. Ground Rules
11. Cell phone off. - Do audience analysis
12. Do not go crazy with the laser - Try humor
pointer. - Employ auto-progress
13. Do not cram too much on each suggestions
slide. - Be patient with your progress
14. Do not read from your notes or
slides. Conclusion
15. Do not spew jargon. In Oral Presentation, learn to grow a
16. do not demean the audience. reasonable face.
17. Do not turn your back.
Module 3.1: Communication For
Oral Presentation Masterclass Various Purposes / Types of Speech

Visuals Function refers to the particular

1. Goal purpose for which something exists
2. Theme or becomes useful, or how a person is
3. Agenda fitted to meet his own or somebody
else's needs and desires.
Visual Design Tricks
1. Employ text hierarchy Whenever we communicate, we
2. Format your text always have a definite purpose,
3. Consider white space which is usually intentional,
4. Separate Contents perspective or recognizable, and
5. Vary Layout functional ( or designed to achieve
6. Give audience a breather something positive). In some
Delivery instances, however, our good
intention also creates an
Consider Balance unintentional, dysfunctional result. To
1. Speech avoid having this unintended
2. Composure negative effect, we need to use clear,
3. Connection correct language and be sensitive to
4. Spontaneity cultural differences.

Anxiety Management Speech according to function

“Eustress is the positive reaction to Communication is designed to serve
stress that generates within us a three basic functions: to provide
desire to achieve and overcome a information, to persuade or argue,
challenge” and to entertain, honor, praise, and so
- Lawrence Jones on (Lull & Coopman, 2012)

Percentage of Anxiety Types of Speech

15% - Anxious 1. Informative
85% - Lying 2. Persuasive
 3. Entertaining, Honoring, and 2. Persuasive
Praising
Meaning/Purpose
1. Informative - It is the process of creating,
reinforcing, or changing
Meaning/Purpose people’s beliefs or actions.
- It may be as basic as - Speakers act as an advocate
announcing facts or as
complex as giving an oral Elements
report based on research. 1. Ethos (speaker’s character)
- Emphasizing the statement of 2. Logos (using logic)
facts. 3. Pathos (speaker’s appeal to
- Making the listeners emotion)
understand facts.
Types of Persuasive Speech
Nature (What it deals with) 1. Speeches on Question of Facts
a. OBJECT - Visible, places, 2. Speeches on Question of Value
tangible, people, etc. 3. Speeches on Question of
b. PROCESS - Series of action Policy
processes.
c. EVENTS - Happening. Ethical Principles
- Be careful about whom to
Formal venues for it trust.
- The Public lecture - Analyze and evaluate
- The Status Report messages for reasonableness,
- The Briefing truth, and benefit to you and
- The Fireside chats the community.
- The Chalk Talk - You and your messages are
persuasive if you have a long
Organizational Pattern positive history.
- The Chronological Pattern
(steps) 3. Entertaining
- The Spatial Pattern (physical
and directional relationship) Meaning/Purpose
- The Topical Pattern (main to This refers to some other purposes of
subtopics) communication, specifically those
- The Narrative Pattern (stories) that mark the day-to-day life- high
points that stand out above the
Guidelines for Informative Speaking ordinary routine.
1. Do an obstacle analysis of the
audience Aspects
2. Organize the material carefully 1. Purpose
3. Personalize your material to 2. Style
your audience 3. Organization
4. Compare the known to the 4. Formality
audience
5. Build on repetition and
redundancy
6. Strive to be interesting
 Speech according to mode of Common mistakes can be grouped
delivery and kinds of occasion into six (6) aspects, they are the
The easiest approach to speech following:
delivery is not always the best. - Speech
Unless you devote substantial work - Eye contact and
to carefully prepare an interesting Kinesics
and ethical message, you can "mess - Poise and Posture
it up" by simply reading it word for - Language and Voice
word. Once you do this, you miss out - Gesture and Stage
on one of the major reasons for Movement
studying public speaking: to learn - Decorum and Ethos
ways to "connect" with your audience
and to increase your confidence in
doing so. You already know how to
read, and you already know how to
talk. But public speaking is neither
reading nor talking.

Speaking in public is more formal

than a talk. During a speech, you
should present yourself
professionally. This does not mean
wearing a suit or "dressing up"
(unless you are asked to), but it
means making yourself presentable
by being well-groomed and wearing
clean, appropriate clothes. It also
means being prepared to use a
language correctly and appropriately
depending on the kind of audience
you have and the topic to be
discussed.

There are four types of speeches

according to the mode of delivery
that can help you balance between
too much and too little formality
when giving a public speech.

Module 3.2: Prohibitions in Public

Speaking and their Remedies

Effective and eloquent speaking

should be free from flaws. However,
such an error is inevitable. Even the
most seasoned speaker encounters
such. But, a more powerful
communicator should find ways to
remedy his speaking errors.