Greek and Roman Gardens
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GROUP NO. 5
GREEK AND ROMAN GARDENS
AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF SANTO DOMINGO
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
SUBJECT:
LANDSCAPING
TEACHER:
ARCH. MAYOVANES LEBRON MADE
SECTION: 02
GROUP NO. 5
SUSTAINERS:
DELIA MARIA DEL ROSARIO 100292590
CARLOS JOSE JIMENEZ DE-0617
RICHARD ANTONIO ESPIRITUSANTO 100236817
LISNEYMI PAMELA DIAZ 100084289
MANUEL RANSEL HEREDIA TORRES 100237304
/ I INTRODUCTION I K
In this work we will see what Greek and Roman gardens were and how at that time, having a garden was synonymous with
power and high birth, as well as a high social status. Also, as in Greek civilization, it was used mainly by the thinking minds of
the time, like Plato, who sat under a fig tree to reflect, such as what type of plants were used in these and what their location
was in the Greek home. .
Also how the Roman garden had many influences from the Greek garden, since they used pillars and added water features
especially to the part where the owner of the garden was closest, also the great variety of shrubs and flowers such as
aromatic plants to give a sensation of peace and tranquility to their visitors.
o Plato said:
“an orderly landscape helped to learn”
GARDENS IN ANCIENT GREECE
Ancient Greece was a set of various city-states that were based on a
very particular orography, its main geographical features being the
mountain chains on the continental side and an endless number of
islands and archipelagos on the maritime side, therefore, There was
not much land available, which is why there were not many gardens.
In Greek culture, unlike in Persian or Egyptian culture, it did not have
a defined design in its gardens, for the Greeks art and nature were in
relation to mythology (gods), and of the few gardens they had, Only
some gardens were public or semi-public places, patios or orchards,
groves, sacred fountains and Academies.
The Greek public or semi-public gardens were tree-lined parks, which
were decorated with classical sculptures, with columns and sacred or
mythical constructions. These gardens had various functions and
objectives, such as holding political meetings, also organizing the
original Olympic games and where they trained. Athletes, among the
best-known activities, were also the favorite place of the famous
philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, to impart their teachings and where
the story goes that they met daily with their disciples and followers in
the shade of large groves of trees.
DELFOI, GREECE
Vegetation was very important for the Greeks, but more in the botanical and medicinal sense, so throughout history plants were
given medicinal and religious value, in this way sacred or divine gardens appeared, being a ritual part of the sanctuaries dedicated
to the gods, where the plants that were grown were chosen for their symbolic character, in these gardens the plants were placed
surrounding the temples, with a profusion of trees, bushes and plants, in this way, they were given cult of the Greek gods, it is said
that in the gardens of Mount Parnassus, where the divinity lived, it was populated with trees and streams in front of its snowy
summit, and the paths of the Olympic Way ran between temples, pavilions, statues and vegetation, Another example of these
Hellenistic gardens is the so-called "Horn of Amalthea", equipped with shady walks and a nymphaeum.
For the Greeks, nature is related to the landscape, where you can meditate, calm your mind, think and philosophize about life,
on the island of Crete located in the southeast of Greece, in the Mediterranean Sea and south of the Aegean Sea, There were
no fortifications, the palaces were open to the landscape, they made pleasure gardens, this can be seen today in the palaces of
Knossos, Phaistos or Malia, of all of these, the palace of Knossos stands out, without a doubt it is the most unique building With
about 17,000m2 built, being the main Cretan Palace, it seems that it was profusely landscaped and today, the national flower is
the blue or white lily, the city of Knossos was the most important city of the Minoan civilization, which reached its peak splendor
in the 2nd millennium BC, the complex was discovered by Sir Arthur Evans in 1990.
GREEK GARDEN
GREEK THEATER GARDEN
GARDENS IN ANCIENT ROME
Roman culture took gardening to a level of sophistication and
perfection that after the fall of the Roman Empire would not be
known again until the Renaissance. The gardens of ancient Rome
used to have three typologies: Public parks and tree alignments for
the common people. , patios in the urban villas belonging to the
middle classes and large gardens in the rural villas of the rich,
Roman gardening began in the Republican era, although in this
austere era of classical Rome, the garden basically consisted of
an orchard that All the patrician houses had in the back, The so-
called “hortus” was the basic sustenance of Roman families, even
within the city, they were the precursors of urban gardens-
orchards. (a very modern concept), they were places of peace and
tranquility, a refuge from urban life and a place full of symbolic and
religious meanings, as I mentioned previously, formally the
gardens have existed since 2800 BC in Egypt, but it was in Rome
where the study of horticulture was most developed.
The next step was already taken in the imperial era, since Rome
had conquered all the territories of ancient Greece and also the
economic level of the patriciate increased rapidly, so the garden
began to occupy the central space of the patrician home and
although The garden continues to be maintained, little by little, the
ornamental garden is gaining ground and as in previous civilizations, such as Egypt, Persia or Greece, also the spiritual and
religious character (lararios), the porticos were developed to connect the house with the outside and create outdoor spaces,
the functional purpose of the gardens that the Greeks originated was to grow fruit and give pleasure, a garden was a part of
the farm, according to Cato the Elder, each garden should be close to the house and It must have flower meadows and
ornamental trees, and Horace wrote that during his time, having flowers became a national indulgence. When Alexander the
Great conquered parts of Western Asia, he brought with him new varieties of fruits and plants, which sparked a renewed
interest in horticulture among the Greek people, and this passion was adopted by the Romans.
In this recreation dated 1728 of Pliny's Tuscan villa
you can see the plan of the villa's garden, the garden
as we see is not uniform, it has a symmetrical part that
reminds us of the later French garden style but it also
has the recreation of the “classical silva”.
In the rural villas of the rich, a part of the garden was
usually reserved to recreate wild nature, which would
later be the English garden style, it was the mystical
space that united the old Romans, already very
civilized, with their ancestors and their religious myths,
Roman gardens are the best documented ancient
gardens, these data come to us through
archaeological remains, plans, an abundant Roman
literature that allow us to know quite widely the art of
gardening that that old civilization bequeathed us and
the frescoes and the constructions of Roman cities
such as Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as some
other villas in Italy and other parts of the Empire, which
are visible examples of the passion of those men for
gardening.
Technically they can be defined as closed gardens inside the house, they are gardens that are very different from the
environment, very geometric, architecture predominates over vegetation, they are balanced, as they are decorative but also
useful (they are like living rooms without a roof), the Water is mainly used for irrigation, although there may be fountains and
ponds.
The trees most used by the Romans for their gardens were not different from those we are used to seeing today, and were
classified as "wild trees", which grow spontaneously in the forests such as fir, beech, chestnut, pine, holm oak, poplar or oak
and “alboresurbanae”, those cultivated such as elm, apple, palm, olive, lemon, orange or cypress.
The “Arts Topiaria” appears for the first time, or topiary art, which is based on cutting out plant elements giving them
sculptural shapes. The most common plants in Roman gardens were, among others: cypresses, pines, vines, boxwood, ivy,
laurel, daffodils, acanthus and a large number of aromatic plants such as rosemary, thyme, oregano or lavender among
others, as you can see, all of them have been inherited by the Mediterranean culture and are the essence of the
Mediterranean garden.
INTERIOR GARDEN ROMAN TEMPLE
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CONCLUSION
Various environments have been configured on the spaces of the ancient gardens. Different processes
of use and management correspond to this environmental diversity, explained by the use that societies
throughout the historical process.
The landscape is not a product of chance. Nor are aesthetic, emotional or landscape evaluations
defined by the description. It represents a social order in that intimate nature-society identity, for which
landscapes are created and recreated permanently. They are the expression of a space that can be
reconstructed.
The understanding of landscape today cannot be satisfied with formal analysis and advertising or
perception, but must provide a method that includes the experiential and symbolic perceptions of
different landscapes as fundamental characteristics of their existence, evaluation and survival.
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