Philosophy of Art

Ruth Abbey

Ruth Abbey is an Australian political philosopher who has a strong interest in

modern theoretical political philosophy. She also has interests in the history of political
doctrines and feminist philosophical thought.

In her publication "The Return of Feminist Liberalism," Abbey examines

contemporary feminists who refuse to abandon liberalism despite feminist criticism. Your
examination may focus on the work of three liberal philosophers who have written well-
developed views on what justice is. Abbey argues that liberalism has been a progressive
force for women's liberation. But she wonders if they know and can respond to the main
criticisms of liberalism mounted by many feminists. Abbey includes her views on the
differences between these three liberal feminists despite their similar ideologies. However,
Okin, Nussbaum and Hampton do not represent a minority of three in their faith in
liberalism. Abbey examines the arguments of contemporary feminists who see some value
in this. Some liberals focus on addressing women's issues and showing that liberalism itself
can be improved by taking those issues into account.

Virgil Charles Aldrich

Virgil Charles Aldrich (September 13, 1903, Narsinghpur, India – May 28, 1998,
Salt Lake City, Utah) was an American philosopher who focused on the area of art and
religion. Virgil Aldrich was born in India to American missionary parents. His family
moved to the United States when he was five years old before returning to India. He studied
literature and philosophy at Columbia University and Harvard University. After teaching
philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis. He received a bachelor of arts degree
from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1925. He studied theology at Union Theological
Seminary and was ordained in 1931.

Aldrich's philosophy is one of a series of modern Christian theistic formulations,

inspired by Kierkegaard and Tillich, that sought to combine religious faith with a
commitment to reason, empiricism, and scientific inquiry. Aldrich is best known for his
work on the relationship between art and religion. He saw the two spheres as interrelated, in
a tension he described as "an insoluble contradiction." The artist was seen free from the
restrictions of his religion, but not always free from his society.

Alessandro Alfieri

Alessandro Alfieri, philosopher, essayist, journalist and researcher, is one of the

most significant Italian intellectuals of the 20th century. In the field of Aesthetic and
Sociological research, he has published essays in various specialized journals (such as
Rivista di Estetica, Paradigmi, Estetica. Studi e ricerche, Scenari). He also edited and
introduced works by thinkers such as Gaston Bachelard, Charles Baudelaire, Jacques
Derrida, Antonin Artaud, Raymond Roussel. Alessandro Alfieri was born in Florence on
June 24, 1925. His father was a professor of medicine at the University of Florence and his
mother was a primary school teacher.

Recently, thanks to his academic and research work, he continues to carry out
teaching and research activities in the Department of Philosophy of La Sapienza and in
several other Italian universities.

According to Critical Theory and, according to Theodor Adorno, recent years saw
developments in the areas of Cultural Studies and cultural criticism, Alfieri will explore and
analyze the way in which mass culture and popular culture function with different
ideological perspectives.

Alfieri has studied different phenomena and themes in the history of pop and rock
music, between the 20th and 21st centuries (Italian indie, grunge, neopunk and nu metal) to
evaluate their aesthetic significance.

Alfieri focused mainly on the aesthetic aspects of the video industry and used
artistic experimentation to promote products, examined the philosophy of cinema and film
culture, music videos and the conversion of television series to neo-serialism or serialism
post-television.

That is why his attention has focused on the aesthetic dimension of contemporary
culture and, specifically, on music. Its main theme is rock music and the imagery it evokes.
More specifically, it studies the tensions between the conceptual and dialectical aspects of
it.

Developing his positions with the music critic Paolo Talanca in the essay Vasco, il
male. Il trionfo della logica dell'identico (Basque, bad. The triumph of the logic of the
identical), Alfieri was the protagonist of a small media case. In 2008, Italian judge Umberto
Scarpinato accused him of defamation and insulting a public official. Alfieri had stated that
the Basque sovereignty movement was "an ideology for children" and that "ETA is not an
armed organization but a small-scale version of Greenpeace."

Esteban de Arteaga

Esteban de Arteaga y López (December 26, 1747-Paris, October 30, 1799),

Jesuit writer and Spanish musicologist of pre-romanticism.

Esteban de Arteaga y López Vasco was not a priest. This is because he had to
interrupt his Jesuit studies when the Jesuits were expelled from Spain; therefore he must be
considered an abbot and not a priest, as is often repeated by those who do not fully
understand him.

Esteban Arteaga y López spent time with his friends in Corsica, then two years later
he was denied permission from the Order to return to Spain, so he lived in exile until his
death. Esteban Arteaga first studied Philosophy at the University of Bologna. He then went
on to study Science, Mathematics and Theology and his favorite philosopher was John
Locke.

There, he came into contact with Giovanni Battista Martini and Antonio Eximeno
and spearheaded the evolution of Italian musical theater, publishing "The Musical Theater
Revolution."

Argued by Arteaga, the success of unifying poetry and music, staging and
pantomime will create a superb spectacle of all the fine arts.

"After spending time in Venice, where he met the Venezuelan liberal Francisco de
Miranda, he went to Rome in 1786 protected by the diplomat José Nicolás de Azara, to
whom he had dedicated the work", he was appointed its librarian and prepared with other
scholars an edition of the complete works of Horace and printed his Philosophical
Investigations on Ideal Beauty Considered as an Object of Imitation Arts (Madrid, 1789), a
very important treatise on Aesthetics that confronts Neoclassicism, defending that the
power of reason is not absolute. , reason is shaped by human feeling and taste. Anticipating
romanticism. Arteaga's ideas were mentioned and summarized by Francisco Sánchez
Barbero in his Principles of Rhetoric and Poetics which was published in 1805. Azara
accompanied Arteaga on his travels, and when the Pope went into exile, they went to Paris.
There Arteaga surprised death on October 30, 1799.

Rosario Assunto

Rosario Assunto (Caltanissetta, March 28, 1915 - Rome, January 24, 1994) was
an Italian philosopher specialized in aesthetics. His more than 300 works focused
especially on the medieval period, the Enlightenment and Romanticism. About a third
of his work focuses on aesthetics.

Rosario Assunto studied Law because her father is a lawyer. But then he became
interested in film and theater criticism, before studying Philosophy with Professor Pantaleo
Carabellese, a specialist in Kant. He was a war veteran and teacher before beginning his
political career. He took over Scalfaro's teaching position while Scalfaro served in the
military during World War II. After the war, he returned to teaching. He wrote articles for
Italy's socialist newspapers and later for Il Giornale. Rosario Asociado's first academic
publications focus mainly on literature, existentialism and pedagogy. In 1956 he was
appointed professor at the new Faculty of Letters at the University of Urbino, a position he
held until 1981. The first essays, Form and destiny (1957) and Aesthetics of integration
(1959), appeared in the editions “Comunità”, a publishing house founded in 1947 by the
industrialist, writer and urban planner Adriano Olivetti. He became involved not only with
the editorial side of Comunità but also with its demand.

Rosario Assuntto was criticized by some as "elitist", but he had the sympathy of
some militants of the Social Movement in 1968. At this stage he dealt with the work of
philosophers and thinkers such as Vico, Winckelmann, Schelling, Hegel, Gentile and his
Carabellese master. A part of which will be collected in Filosofia del giardino e filosofia
nel giardino, published in 1981. In the same year, Rossario Assunto obtained the chair of
History of Italian Philosophy at the Sapienza University of Rome. In 1984 several
important works appeared for Rosario Assunto: a book about truth and beauty in the
aesthetics of neoclassicism and early romanticism in Italy.

Gaston Bachelard

Gaston Bachelard was a French philosopher and poet who taught high school
classes. He is famous for his "Gaze" theories in which objects in front of us will look
differently with each new look and therefore new perceptions are provoked to
interpret them. He was also interested in the way humans perceive physical reality.
Gaston Bachelard is a famous French author of imaginative and creative writing. He
also dabbled in science and contributed greatly to the subjects.

Gaston Bachelard's main work in the philosophy of science is rational materialism.

This book was published in 1953. The New Scientific Spirit and The Formation of the
Scientific Spirit were also written by him. Bachelard's approach involved overcoming the
empiricism/rationalism debate, which each combats separately, as he did in The New
Scientific Spirit.

For Bachelard, rational materialism is at the center of an epistemological spectrum:

idealism at one end and materialism at the other. Bachelard criticizes empiricism and
inductivism which are reflected in his idea that a content is formed in the light of a
theoretical problem and fights against what is thought to be direct knowledge, Bachelard
says this in his "philosophie du non", and it continues with an applied rationalism, or a
rational materialism. This includes overcoming the opposition between empiricism and
rationalism, according to Bachelard to study how this reorganization, this renewal, occurs.
For Canguilhem he tries to say that a commitment to reason and honesty is being protected
against irrationality, a form of superstitious scientific belief.

Knowledge like the history of science has a "coupure épistemologique" that

separates the pre-scientific from the scientific and implies a true epistemological rupture.
Bachelard was of the opinion that science progressed through overcoming epistemological
obstacles (what he called "epistemological obstacles"). All knowledge, he used to
emphasize, is approximate. In this sense, it is known “against previous knowledge,
destroying poorly acquired knowledge or overcoming knowledge that, in the spirit itself,
prevents spiritualization.” Some of the obstacles that science must overcome include
stubborn opinions and basic observation. These must be replaced by rational thinking and
simultaneous experimentation.

In one of his most important and expansive works, Bachelard delves into the
problem of poetic imagination.

His studies on the psychology of the elements, water, air, earth and their
relationship with literature are already classics: Psychoanalysis of fire (1938), Water and
dreams (1942), Air and dreams (1943). These works by Bachelard are influenced by Jung
and Marie Bonaparte, as well as surrealism. Some of his statements, such as "it is enough
for us to talk about an object to believe that we are objective," connects these other
concerns with epistemological ones.

All of Bachelard's later books from 1938 onward show a more poetic quest, which
may culminate in his best-known book, The Poetics of Space (1957), which has been used
by architects, and The Poetics of Reverie (1960). Bachelard's influence was felt by later
thinkers such as Gilbert Durand and James Hillman, and he had admirers among eminent
figures such as Georges Canguil.

Victor Basch

Victor Basch (born Budapest, Hungary, 1863 – died near Lyon, France, 1944) was a
Hungarian philosopher and French university student who helped found the French League
for the Rights of Man.

Victor Wilhem Vilmos Langsfeld Basch was born on August 18, 1863 in Budapest.
He became naturalized French in 1887. He married Ilona Fürth in a traditional ceremony at
the church of St. Matthias in Pest and enjoyed a decade-long stay from 1913 to 1940 at 8
Huysmans Street, 12-14 arrondissement, Paris.

Basch, a Jewish family with Polish roots who first arrived in France at the age of 8,
studied at the Sorbonne for two years before moving to Polytechnique.

Basch would teach German and aesthetics at the University of Nancy between 1884
and 1887. He would later serve as a professor of Philosophy starting in 1887 for 10 years.
Finally, in 1900, he became a professor at the Faculty of Sciences in Rennes. Victor would
also be in charge of the German language and literature course at the University of Paris in
1906.

He is an anti-conformist socialist who sides with Dreyfus and helped start a Popular
Front. He also gave his support to the Spanish revolutionaries. In 1898, he co-founded the
French League for the Defense of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, of which he was the
fourth president in 1926.

He was an opponent of Nazism in Germany. From 1920 to 1930 he fought most

vigorously against the extreme right, and was then wounded on November 11, 1930 by
Nazi extremists at a meeting in front of the Cultural Society.

The history of the Holocaust is a horror story. It's important to remember that it's not
just a story. And in this particular case, it is the story of Victor Basch and his wife,
executed by the Nazis in 1944.

Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (Berlin, July 17, 1714 – Frankfurt am Oder, May 27, 1762) was a
German philosopher and professor who continued the tradition of Enlightenment philosophy of
Gottfried Leibniz and Christian Wolff. He contributed to the discussion on aesthetics, defining
beauty as an intrinsic value for human contemplation.

Baumgarten was a follower of Christian Wolff and Gottfried Leibniz. Baumgarten was the first to
introduce "aesthetics" and called it the science that deals with sensory knowledge that leads to
feeling beauty.

His work on what makes things beautiful led to a new way of understanding knowledge, and it's
important. The more sensitive we are to the world, the more capable we will be of knowing
anything. For Baumgarten, we cannot think that aesthetics is simply about how things look. It must
also be able to offer some kind of access to the cognitive world, capable of transmitting reliable
knowledge that is essentially on par with what reason does. Knowledge must arise from our
senses, which are rational. The senses are rationalized by Leibnitzian-Wolffian epistemology. It is
always important to read the aspects of something to understand it better. For example, you may
enjoy certain parts, while others may not stand out as much. Poetry helps transmit knowledge
through a sensory medium and is essential to understand the subject.

Contrary to what one might expect from the title, this text contains a detailed description of how
sensory cognition works. Baumgarten is not the founder of aesthetics as a science, but he defined
it for the philosophical field. As it responded to research in this science, its definition saw wide
dissemination.

Apparently, Baumgarten was built on a philosophical scheme similar to that of Leibniz's didactic
computer of thought. In his division of topics, he first talks about epistemology, before moving on
to metaphysics and physics and finally to ethics.

In the Treatise on Aesthetics, Baumgarten tries to see knowledge or sensible knowledge as an

inferior practice in the way Descartes saw it. For Baumgarten, true knowledge does not exist and
reason is what causes our uncertainty. Baumgarten dealt with aesthetics in his theory of
knowledge, or a "lower" discipline. Baumgarten may have been quite dismissive of the sentiment
of appreciation for art and beauty, but he deserves credit for presenting his view as sensible
knowledge. He created the term "Aesthetics" from the Greek adjective aisthetike ('aesthetic'),
which arises from the noun aisthesis (= sensation) through the usual construction "science of
aisthesis", that is, knowledge related to sensible things. He first used the term in a 1735 book,
which had become a title in 1750. Baumgarten on the idea of beauty establishes that it comes
from intellectual and sensual activity, so beauty cannot be a clear and distinct idea as in mental
ideas, but is complex. Beauty is a subjective concept that has gained space in our society over the
last few centuries. It is created by humans, not just "inherent" to objects. For example, beauty is
not a subjective concept, but an objective property of things.