Biology (Ch.

1 to 3) – Solutions
Ch. 1 Introducing Biology

Progress Check

Question 1

Name the specific branches of Biology concerned with the study of:

1. Fungi - Mycology
2. Fishes - Ichthyology
3. Insects - Entomology
4. Transmission of body characteristics from parents to children - Genetics

Question 2

Mention the kind of study made under the following branches of science:

1. Histology - The study of minute structures or tiny bits of the body at tissue level as
seen with the help of a compound microscope.
2. Ecology - the study of relationship of an organism to its biotic and abiotic
environment.
3. Cytology - The study of structure and function of cell of an organism.
4. Pathology - The study of diseases of plant and animals.

Multiple Choice Type

Question 1

Palaeontology is the study of – (iv.) fossils

Reason — The study of prehistoric forms of life through fossils is called Palaeontology.

Question 2

Clones of animals are being produced through the practice of – (iv.) biotechnology

Reason — Cloning is a rapidly advancing branch of biotechnology which produces

genetically identical individuals (clones) of an organism either naturally or artificially.

Question 3

The scientist known as the 'Founder of Biology' is – (iii.) Aristotle

Reason — Aristotle was the first person to study animals in sufficient detail.
Question 4

Who among the following is called the 'Father of Botany' is – (iv.) Theophrastus

Reason — Theophrastus mainly studied plants in detail and is said to be the 'Father of
Botany'.

Question 5

Which branch of Biology deals with blood and urine test? – (iv.) Pathology

Reason — Study of diseases involves blood and urine test.

Question 6

The study of gross structure of organs in an organism as seen in a dissection is called: - (iii.)
Anatomy

Reason — Study of internal organs is called anatomy.

Question 7

The study of form and structure of an organism is called: - (ii.) Morphology

Reason — The study of form and structure of an organism is called Morphology.

Question 8

Which branch of biology deals with the interpretation of biological events in terms of
molecules in a cell? – (i.) Molecular biology

Reason — Molecular biology involves interpreting biological events in terms of molecules in

the cell.

Very Short Answer Type

Question 1

Name the following branches of biology

1. Application of biological processes in technologies - Biotechnology

2. Science of growing fruits and vegetables - Horticulture
3. Study of prehistoric forms of life - Paleontology
4. Study of causes of immunity (resistance to or defense against diseases) - Immunology

Question 2

Fill in the blanks:

 1. Bioengineering deals with making artificial Joints and Limbs.
2. Genome is the entire DNA sequence of an organism.
3. Silk is produced by rearing Silkworms.
4. Evolution deals with the study of descent and origin of organisms.
5. Organisms which draw food from the host body are called Parasites.
6. Animals which give birth to young ones are known as Viviparous.
7. Hippocrates is called the Father of Medicine.

Question 3

Match the branches of biology in Column A with the respective areas of study in Column B.

Column A Column B

Ichthyology Viruses

Ornithology Fishes

Ecology Birds

Virology Cells

Herpetology Diseases

Paleontology Fossils

Cytology Snakes

Pathology Environment

Answer

Column A Column B

Ichthyology Fishes

Ornithology Birds

Ecology Environment
 Column A Column B

Virology Viruses

Herpetology Snakes

Paleontology Fossils

Cytology Cells

Pathology Diseases

Question 4

Name these:

(a) Three major branches of Science – Physics, Chemistry & Biology

(b) Three branches of Biology on the basis of major of kinds of organisms. – Botany,
Zoology & Human Biology

(c) Three branches of sciences concerned with animal husbandry (raising, breeding and
managing of livestock). – Dairy Farming, Poultry, Bee Farming

(d) Five professions which require a basic knowledge of biology. – Doctor, Dentist,
Pathologist, Druggist, Biotechnologist

Question 5

Note the relationship between the first two words and suggest a suitable word/words for the
fourth place.

(a) Silkworm : Sericulture :: Bees : Apiculture

(b) Animals : Zoology :: Plants : Botany

(c) Diseases : Pathology :: Immunity : Immunology

(d) Form and structure : Morphology :: Metabolism :: Physiology

(e) Reptiles : Herpetology :: Fishes : Ichthyology

Question 6

Correct the following false statements by changing the first/last word only:
(a) Bacteriology is the study of Prokaryotes. – Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.

(b) DNA finger printing is an application of systematics. – DNA finger printing is an

application of Biochemistry.

(c) Study of birds is entomology. – Study of birds is ornithology.

(d) Non-living components of ecosystems are biotic components. – Living components of

ecosystems are biotic components.

(e) Study of life in the sea is aqualogy. – Study of life in the sea is Marine Biology.

Short Answer Type

Question 1

Define the terms:

1. Life sciences - Life science is the branch of science that deals with the study of life
processes. The term biology is also used synonymously.
2. Human biology - Human biology is defined as study of human as a living organism
and his relationship with other living organisms.
3. Agriculture - Agriculture is defined as study of raising crops and livestock rearing.
4. Anthropology - The study of humans and their interaction with the society is called
anthropology.
5. Biometrics - Biometrics involve the verification of a person by his body features such
as fingerprints, the pattern of iris in the eye and behavioural characteristics.

Question 2

What is Biology? Name and define its three major branches.

Answer

Biology is one of the major branches of science. It is a natural science which deals with study
of living beings, that is to say animals, plants and even humans. Biology is derived from two
Greek words: 'bios' meaning life and 'logos' meaning study. Biology on the whole can be sub-
divided into three major branches, namely:

1. Botany — Botany is a branch of biology dealing with study of plants.

2. Zoology — Zoology is a field of biology concerning with animal study.
3. Human Biology — It deals with humans as a living entity and their relationship with
other entities.

Question 3

How does Biology help us in leading a healthier life?

Answer

Knowledge of biology has greatly helped us in the field of human health. It provides to
individuals and society, the knowledge that enables us to live a proper life. Basic knowledge
can help in self-analyzing causatives of diseases, different microbes causing diseases.
Thereby examining and studying their mode of living and propagating diseases. This study
has paved the way for production of new drugs synthesized naturally or synthetically killing
causatives of diseases.

Question 4

A farmer and a housewife may have never studied biology, yet both of them know some of its
general principles through experience. State any two principles which they know.

Answer

A farmer, although has never studied biology, knows by his experience how to increase his
produce. He knows how to plough and plant crops and select good quality seeds for sowing.
Right from selecting germfree seeds to sow, act of ploughing, crop plantation, using
fertilizers, irrigation and its types, crop harvesting, cross-breeding with other plants, weed
removal, etc, they have knowledge of basic biological concepts.

A housewife, by using her experience knows which fruit or vegetable to grow and how much
time. She knows all the nutritional values of various foodstuffs. She can suggest first hand
treatment for simple cold, cough and other mild mishaps. She knows to tame some useful
animals like cow, goat and dog for her maximum benefit.

Question 5a

Distinguish between Zoology and Entomology

Answer

Zoology Entomology

It is the study of animals It is the study of insects

Question 5b

Distinguish between Genetics and Eugenics

Answer
 Genetics Eugenics

It is the science of passing body characteristics

It is a science aiming at improving human race
from parents to their offspring which includes
via controlled heredity.
both differences and similarities.

Question 5c

Distinguish between Phycology and Mycology

Answer

Phycology Mycology

It deals with scientific study of algae. Deals with the study of fungi

Question 5d

Distinguish between Space Biology and Exobiology

Answer

Space Biology Exobiology

It is a field of study concerning the Relatively a newer field of science that

survival problems of things that are living considers the study of life away in the
in outer space. universe.

Question 5e

Distinguish between Biotechnology and Bioinformatics

Answer

Biotechnology Bioinformatics

It is the analysis and management of

Usage of microbes or living cells in
biological data that is assembled in
technology and industry.
databases.

Question 5f
Distinguish between Embryology and Immunology

Answer

Embryology Immunology

It is a field of biology that deals with the It is a science dealing with the process and
embryo development in animals and causative of immunity (defend
plants. against/resist diseases).

Question 5g

Distinguish between Ichthyology and Pisciculture

Answer

Ichthyology Pisciculture

It deals with the technique of growing

It is concerned with study of fishes.
fishes.

Descriptive Answer Type

Question 1

Do you think Biology can help in further increasing the yield of food? If so, how?

Answer

Yes, Biology can help in further increasing the yield of food. New varieties of plants and new
breeds of cattle, poultry, etc. are being developed with the knowledge of Biology. The
science has also increased our knowledge of diseases of plants and animals, and how to cure
them. Plants and animals of newer varieties are cultivated by cross-breeding through the
application of biotechnological principles, unleashing unexplored concepts for a brighter
future. All these efforts are helping us to produce more food in fields, dairies and poultry
farms.
 Ch. 2 Cell: The Unit of Life

Progress Check 1

Question 1

Name the following:

1. The kind of microscope that consists of a single biconvex lens. – Simple Microscope
2. The kind of mirror used for throwing light on the object in Hooke's microscope. –
Concave Mirror

Question 2

What is the maximum magnification that can usually be achieved by

1. a compound microscope – 2000 times

2. an electron microscope? – 200,000 times

Progress Check 2

Question 1

Name the following:

1. Any two one-celled organisms. – Bacteria, Amoeba

2. The longest cells in animals. – Nerve Cells
3. Amoeboid cells in humans. – White Blood Cells
4. Shape of white blood cells. - Amoeboid

Question 2

A large surface area/volume ratio of the cells ensure a greater diffusion of certain substances
into the cell. Name such substances. – Nutrients, metabolic wastes, respiratory gases

Progress Check 3

Question 1

Name the part of cell in which

1. many chemical reactions occur with the help of enzymes. - Cytoplasm

2. a network of chromatin fibres occurs. - Nucleoplasm
3. cellulose forms the main component. – Cell Wall
Question 2

Differentiate between

1. an organ and an organelle

2. a plant cell and an animal cell pertaining to the presence of plastids.

Answer

1. Difference between an organ and an organelle:

An organ An organelle

It is bigger in size and visible to naked

It is microscopic
eyes.

Carries out specialized functions in the Carries out specialized functions in the
body. cell.

Example: Heart, Lungs Example: Mitochondria, Ribosomes.

2. A plant cell has plastids while an animal cell does not have plastids.

Question 3

Name the cell organelles concerned with

1. Secretion of enzymes – Golgi Complexes and Dictyosomes

2. Trapping of solar energy - Chloroplasts
3. Synthesis of proteins - Ribosomes
4. Intracellular digestion – Lysosomes
5. Production of ATP - Mitochondria

Question 4

Name the cell organelle/component which is

1. composed of cellulose – Cell Wall

2. formed of an irregular network of tubular double membranes – Endoplasmic
Reticulum
3. a clear space with water or other substances in solution - Vacuoles
4. visible only in cell division stages - Chromosomes

Question 5
Mention if the following statements are true or false. If false, suggest the change in the
information underlined.

1. Prokaryotic cells have larger ribosomes.

2. Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.
3. Amoeba is an example of Prokaryotes.
4. Nuclear membrane is present in bacteria.

Answer

1. False
Corrected Statement— Prokaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes.
2. True
3. False
Corrected Statement— Amoeba is an example of Eukaryotes.
4. False
Corrected Statement— Nuclear membrane is absent in bacteria.

Progress Check 4

Question 1

Column I lists a few activities of living organisms and column II the activity of cells related
to them. Match the items in the two columns.

Column I Column II
(Activity of Organism) (Activity of cells)

1. Repair Contractility of cell

2. Cooling of Body Cells devour germs

3. Movement Cell division

Gland cells give out sweat for

4. Protection from disease
evaporation

Answer

Column I Column II
(Activity of Organism) (Activity of cells)

1. Repair Cell division

 Column I Column II
(Activity of Organism) (Activity of cells)

Gland cells give out sweat for

2. Cooling of Body
evaporation

3. Movement Contractility of cell

4. Protection from disease Cells devour germs

Question 2

Which cell organelle is the key to the life of the cell?

Answer

The Nucleus is the key to the life of the cell.

Question 3

How do you say that a cell also has a life span and death like an organism? Give one
example.

Answer

The cells behave like an organism. They carry out all the processes like an organism viz.
respiration and elimination of wastes. They also have a life span like an organism. They
grow, age, deteriorate and finally die. The dying cells are dissolved or destroyed by their own
lysosomes. For example, Red blood cells of our body die after 120 days. These cells are
continuously replaced by new cells in our body

Question 4

All organisms excrete. Does an individual cell also do it? Give one example

Answer

Yes, an individual cell also excretes like an organism. Most of the waste substances are
digested by the Lysosomes. Some cells may also release the waste product out through their
cell membrane.

Question 5

Every organism needs food. Does a cell also need it? Explain very briefly.

Answer
Yes, a cell also needs food for carrying out different processes. The food in the form of
Glucose is broken down during respiration inside the mitochondria to release energy (ATP).

Multiple Choice Type

Question 1

All life starts as- (ii.) a single cell

Reason — A cell is smallest living entity. Therefore, All life starts as a single cell.

Question 2

Which one of the following is found both in cells of a mango plant and a monkey? – (iv.) cell
membrane

Reason — Cell membrane is found in both animal and plant cell. The plant cell also has a
cell wall, additional to cell membrane.

Question 3

Which one of the following cell organelles is correctly matched with its function? – (i.)
Ribosomes – Synthesis of proteins

Reason — The function of the ribosomes is synthesis of proteins.

Question 4

A plant cell can be identified from an animal cell by the: (i.) Absence of centrosome

Reason — Centrosomes are only found in animal cells.

Question 5

Plant cell has a cell wall made of- (iii.) Cellulose

Reason — The cell wall is made up of cellulose (a non living substance).

Question 6

The cell organelle that helps in respiration of the cell is- - (i.) Mitochondria

Reason — Mitochondria is the organelle responsible for breaking of glucose molecule to

release energy.

Question 7

Which of the following organelles is involved in the formation of the acrosome of a sperm? –
(iv.) Golgi apparatus
Reason — Golgi apparatus contains certain hydrolytic enzymes which helps to break the
outer membrane of ovum.

Question 8

Which part of the nucleus participates in protein synthesis? – (ii.) Nucleolus

Reason — Nucleolus helps in Ribosomal RNA formation after which protein synthesis is
done by ribosomes.

Question 9

The pigment which is not found in plastids is: - (iii.) Anthocyanin

Reason — Anthocyanin is not associated with plastids; instead they remain dissolved in the
cell sap.

Question 10

The tubules of Golgi Complexes are technically termed as: - (i.) Cisternae

Reason — Hollow tubular structure of Golgi Complexes are known as Cisternae.

Very Short Answer Type

Question 1

Name the part of the cell concerned with the following?

1. Liberation of energy - Mitochondria

2. Synthesis of proteins - Ribosomes
3. Transmission of heredity characters from parents to offspring - Chromosomes
4. Initiation of cell division - Centrosome
5. Hydrolytic in function - Lysosomes
6. Entry of only certain substances into and out of the cell. – Plasma membrane/Cell
membrane

Question 2

State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):

(a) All animal cells contain a cell wall.

(b) The cell wall is made of protein.

(c) Centrosome occurs in animal cells.

(d) Plant cells contain large vacuoles.

(e) Protoplasm is the part of the cell which surrounds the nucleus.

(f) Genes are located in chromosomes.

(g) Anthocyanin are the pigments of flowers, which are dissolved in cell-sap.

Answer

(a) False
Corrected statement — All plant cells contain a cell wall.

(b) False
Corrected statement — The cell wall is made of cellulose.

(c) True

(d) True

(e) False
Corrected statement — Cytoplasm is the part of the cell which surrounds the nucleus.

(f) True

(g) False
Corrected statement — Anthocyanin are the pigments of fruits, which are dissolved in cell-
sap.

Question 3

How many chromosome pairs are found in human cells?

Answer

23 pairs of chromosome are found in human cells.

Question 4

What is the name of the chemical substance which constitutes the genes?

Answer

The chemical substance constituting the genes is DNA. It stands for de-oxy ribonucleic acid.

Question 5

Match the items in column ‘A’ with those in column ‘B’

 Column A Column B

Vacuoles Intracellular digestion

Nucleolus Respiratory enzymes

Lysosomes Covered by tonoplast

Anthocyanin Dissolved in the cytoplasm

Cristae Forms RNA

Answer

Column A Column B

Vacuoles Covered by tonoplast

Nucleolus Forms RNA

Lysosomes Intracellular digestion

Anthocyanin Dissolved in the cytoplasm

Cristae Respiratory enzymes

Question 6

Fill in the blanks

1. Lysosomes consists of membranous sacs and secretes 40 types of digestive enzymes.

2. Centriole is surrounded by microtubules, located near the nucleus.
3. Very thin flexible, living membrane which is differently permeable, is called Plasma
membrane
4. More than 1000 chromosomes are found in the nucleus of certain Insects.
5. Genes are heredity units.
6. Leucoplast is a plastid which stores starch.

Question 7

Write the full forms of the following abbreviations:

 1. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid
2. RNA – Ribonucleic acid
3. ATP – Adenosine triphosphate
4. SER – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
5. RER – Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 8

Name the plastid and pigment likely to be found in the cells of

1. petals of sunflower - chromoplast

2. ripe tomato - anthocyanin
3. skin of green mango - chlorophyll
4. cells of potato – no pigment

Short Answer Type

Question 1

Define the terms:

1. Cell organelles - The part of cell having a definite structure and a definite function is
called Cell organelle.
2. Cell inclusions - Various non-living substances like nutrients or pigments present in
the cell are called Cell inclusions.
3. Cytosol - The liquid found inside the cell in which various organelles are found, is
called Cytosol.
4. Cell sap - The watery solution present in the vacuoles is called Cell sap.
5. Cytoplasm - The semi-liquid substance that fills most of the part of cell (except
nucleus) within the cell membrane is called Cytoplasm.

Question 2

Write the exact locations of each of the following:

1. Centrosome – near nucleus (only in animal cells)

2. Chromosome – in nucleus
3. Genes – on chromosomes
4. Mesosome – Plasma membrane of bacteria cells
5. Plasmid – Cytoplasm of bacteria cells

Question 3

Mention three features found only in plant cells and one found only in animal cells.
Answer

Three features found only in plant cells are:

1. Presence of cell wall.

2. Presence of large vacuole.
3. Presence of plastids.

One feature only found in animal cell is presence of centrosome.

Question 4

Why are the cells generally of a small size?

Answer

Cells are generally so little so that they can maximize their ratio of area to volume. They have
to be ready to get the nutrients in and therefore the waste out quickly.The important point is
that the area to the volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets larger. Thus, if the cell grows
beyond a particular limit, not enough material is going to be ready to cross the membrane fast
enough to accommodate the increased cellular volume. That's why cells are so small.

Question 5

It is said that the protoplasm cannot be analysed chemically. Why?

Answer

The protoplasm cannot be analysed chemically because it has complex organic and living cell
organelles which can disintegrate if chemicals are added to analyse. Also due to complexity
of physical and chemical properties the ultimate chemical nature of protoplasm cannot be
determined.

Question 6

What is the difference between an organ and an organelle?

Answer

Attributes Organ Organelle

Visible to the naked eyes, larger

Size Microscopic
in size

They are present throughout the Known as little organs, are found within
Location
body the cell.
 Attributes Organ Organelle

Carry out functions of the entire

Function Carry out functions within the cell
body

Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi

Example Heart, Lungs, Liver
complex.

Question 7

Do you think the cells of an elephant would be larger than the cells of a rat? Explain briefly.

Answer

Cell is the basic unit of life. Cells aggregates to form tissue, organ, organ system and
ultimately organism. Elephant has more cells compared to rat. The cell size is independent of
the size of the entity. The cell size of a rat and that of an elephant are the same. Within the
entity, the cell size is the same, it does not differ. However, what varies is the number of
cells. Number of cells in a large entity such as elephant is much more compared to a smaller
entity such as a rat.

Descriptive Answer Type

Question 1

What is the cell theory? Who propounded it and when?

Answer

The Cell Theory states three major points -

1. The cell is the smallest unit of structure of all living thing

2. The cell is the unit of function of all living things
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

The theory was propounded in 1839 by Schwann and Schleiden. Rudolf Virchow in 1858
made an addition to the cell theory by saying that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 2(a)

Differentiate between Protoplasm and cytoplasm.

Answer
 Protoplasm Cytoplasm

Protoplasm is the living matter of the cell. Mixture of insoluble and soluble organic
The total substance of a living cell-nucleus compounds and water wherein different cell
and cytoplasm organelles are implanted.

Question 2(b)

Differentiate between Nucleolus and nucleus.

Answer

Nucleolus Nucleus

It is present in the cell and is a dense spherical structure.

It is present in the nucleus
It comprises a network of thread-like structures known as
and is round-shaped nucleoli.
chromatin fibres.

Question 2(c)

Differentiate between Centrosome and chromosome.

Answer

Centrosome Chromosome

Centrosome contains two centrioles. Spindle

Chromosome contain genes or hereditary data that
fibres develop from centrosome during cell
transfer genetic traits from parents to offspring.
division.

They are found in the nucleus of both plant and

Found in animal cell only.
animal cell.

Question 2(d)

Differentiate between Cell wall and cell membrane.

Answer
 Cell wall Cell membrane

Non-living rigid layer Living, flexible membrane and thin

Composed of cellulose Composed of lipoproteins

Permeable freely Semi-permeable

Question 2(e)

Differentiate between Plant cell and animal cell.

Answer

Plant cell Animal cell

Cell wall is definite and made of cellulose No cell wall

Centrosome is absent Centrosome is present

Plastids usually present Plastids absent

Question 2(f)

Differentiate between Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Answer

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Have a well-defined nucleus along with a

Cells contain primitive and undefined nucleus.
nuclear membrane.

Other than ribosomes, they do not contain any

Possess other cell organelles.
other cell organelle.

Possess smaller ribosomes. Larger ribosomes.

Example – Blue-green algae Example – Humans

Question 3

State the major functions of the following-

1. Plasma membrane
2. Ribosome
3. Lysosome
4. Mitochondria
5. Golgi apparatus
6. Cytoplasm
7. Asters of centrosome
8. Chromosomes
9. Glycogen granule
10. Vacuoles

Answer

The major functions are as follows-

1. Plasma membrane —

i. Separates contents of cell from its surroundings.

ii. Regulates the entry of certain solutes and ions.
iii. Maintains shape of the cell in animal cells.

2. Ribosome —

i. Protein synthesis

3. Lysosome —

i. Intracellular digestion.
ii. Destroy foreign substances.
iii. They are referred to as 'suicidal bags' as they destroy cell organelles when they
turn old or are damaged.
iv. Digest cartilages during formation of bones.

4. Mitochondria —

i. Controls the cell functions.

ii. Referred to as ‘power house of the cell’, as energy is stored in the form of
ATP.
iii. Involved in cellular respiration to release energy.
iv. Bearers of genes.

5. Golgi apparatus(in animal cells) —

i. Synthesis and secretion of enzymes, hormones,etc.

 ii. Acrosomes of sperms are formed.

6. Cytoplasm —

i. Contains organelles perform multitude of functions.

ii. Performs all metabolic activities.

7. Asters of centrosome —

i. Cell division – regulation and initiation.

ii. Spindle fibre formation.

8. Chromosomes —

i. Passes genetic characteristics from parents to offspring.

9. Glycogen granule —

i. Food for cells.

10. Vacuoles —

i. Stores food, water, pigments and waste products.

ii. Renders turgidity to the plant cell.

Question 4

Mention the three differences between a living cell and a brick in a wall

Answer

Following are the differences between a living cell and a brick in a wall-

Living cell Brick

The living structure is non-rigid Living structure is rigid

Contains cellulose chiefly Contains soil primarily

Is functional in nature, performs critical functions

Non-functional
pertaining to life processes

Generously permeable Impermeable

Question 5

List any six features found both in plant and animal cells.
Answer

Given below are the following six features found both in plant and animal cells

1. Cell membrane is present.

2. Golgi body is present.
3. Liquid matrix known as cytoplasm is observed in the cell.
4. Mitochondria generates energy, is found in the cells.
5. Ribosomes are found. They are responsible for protein synthesis.
6. A prominent nucleus is observed.

Structured/Application/Skill Type

Question 1

Given below are the sketches of two types of cells A and B.

(a) Which one of these is a plant cell? Give reason in support of your answer.

(b) List the cell structures which are common to both the types.

(c) Name the structures found only in plant cells and those found only in animal cells.

Answer

(a) Figure B is a plant cell because in Figure B, the cell has a cell wall, a large vacuole and
the vacuole is seen pushing the nucleus to the periphery.

(b) Cell structures common to both the types in the figure are:

1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Ribosome
4. Cell membrane
5. Lysosome
 6. Endoplasmic reticulum
7. Golgi body

(c) The structures found only in plant cells are Cell wall and Plastid. The structures found
only in animal cells are Centrosome.

Ch. 3 Tissues: Plants and Animal Tissues

Progress Check 1

Question 1

What are the two basic types of plant tissues?

Answer

The two basic types of plant tissues are:

1. Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent tissue

Question 2

Give the technical terms for the following:

1. The category of plant tissues that have lost their ability to multiply. – Permanent
Tissue
2. The kind of plant cells with thin walls and usually a single large vacuole. -
Parenchyma
3. Elongated cells which are thickened at the corners. - Collenchyma
4. The two types of tissues which provide the upward movement of water and dissolved
food materials from the roots/leaves to other parts of the plant. – Xylem & Phloem

Question 3

Mention if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)

1. Phloem cells carry manufactured food from leaves to other parts. - True
2. Veins of leaves have both xylem and phloem. - True
3. The older xylem tissue does not participate in transport. - True
4. The sclerenchyma consists of actively dividing cells. – False

Corrected statement — The sclerenchyma consists of dead cells with thick walls.
Progress Check 2

Question 1

Name the kind of animal tissue in which

1. Cells are flat, cuboidal or columnar, forming protective layer. - Epithelium

2. Cells produce and pour out chemical substances. – Glandular epithelium
3. Cells can contract and relax. – Muscle cells
4. Cells can conduct impulses. – Nerve cell

Question 2

Give one example of each of the following tissues where they are located.

1. Ciliated columnar epithelium – The trachea (Wind pipe)

2. Elastic cartilage – Tip of Nose
3. Unstriated muscles - Iris

Question 3

Write one speciality each of the following :

1. Cartilage – They are elastic.

2. Bone – It is hard and porous tissue with good supply of blood vessels and nerve
cells.
3. Striated muscle – They are voluntary muscles.
4. Cardiac muscle – They do not get tired.

Question 4

Mention if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)

1. Axons of nerve cells are very long.

2. Dendrons bundled together form a nerve.
3. Cardiac muscles get tired soon.
4. Epithelial cells leave space in between.
5. Perikaryon is the nucleus of a nerve cell.
6. Muscles of the iris of the eye are of voluntary type.
7. Cartilage has no blood vessels or the nerves in it.

Answer

1. True
 2. False
Corrected Statement — Axons bundled together form a nerve.
3. False
Corrected Statement — Cardiac muscles do not get tired.
4. False
Corrected Statement — Epithelial cells leave no space in between.
5. False
Corrected Statement — Perikaryon is the cell body of a nerve cell.
6. False
Corrected Statement — Muscles of the iris of the eye are of involuntary type.
7. True

Multiple Choice Type

Question 1

In potato, starch is stored in : - (iii.) Parenchyma

Reason — Parenchyma tissue store food as in potatoes.

Question 2

Tendons and ligaments are examples of : - (iii.) Fibrous connective tissue

Reason — Tendons and ligaments are Fibrous connective tissue connecting muscle to bone
and bone to bone respectively.

Question 3

Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched? – (i.) Meristem – Actively dividing
cells

Reason — Meristems are actively dividing cells found on growing tips of plant.

Question 4

Parenchyma containing chloroplasts is known as: - (iv.) Chlorenchyma

Reason —Parenchyma containing chloroplasts is known as Chlorenchyma which carry out

photosynthesis.

Question 5

Annual rings are the number of : - (iv.) Layers of Xylem in a stem

Reason — Older xylem tissue form the wood and does not take part in transportation and
form the annual ring.
Question 6

Which of the following cells in plants are said to be dead ? – (iv.) Sclerenchyma

Reason — Sclerenchyma become dead. They have deposition of lignin on their walls.

Question 7

Which of the following connects a muscle to a bone? – (iii.) Tendon

Reason — Tendons are connective tissue that connect a muscle to a bone.

Question 8

Which of the following tissues is richly found in the tear gland ? – (iv.) Glandular epithelium

Reason — The cells that release secretion, consist of Glandular epithelium.

Question 9

Which one of the following tissues helps in the growth of plants lengthwise? – (ii.) Apical
meristem

Reason — Apical meristem helps in the growth of plants lengthwise.

Question 10

Cardiac muscle is: - (iv.) Involuntary and Striated

Reason — Cardiac muscles are involuntary in function. The fibres of cardiac muscles are
striated, uninucleated and branched.

Very Short Answer Type

Question 1

Name the kind of tissue found

1. At the tip of plant roots – The Apical Meristem

2. At the lower surface of leaf - Epidermis
3. In the inner lining of intestine – Intestinal Epithelium
4. At the joint between two long bones - Ligament
5. In the walls of the veins of leaves – Vascular Cambium
6. As gritty masses in the skin of pears – Sclereids (Sclerenchyma)

Question 2

Where is the least specialized tissue located in plants

Answer

The least specialized tissue in plants is located in roots, fruits and stem of the plant. It is
known as the Parenchyma.

Question 3

Give one word for each of the following:

1. A group of similar cells performing a specific function. - Tissue

2. Cells least specialized in the plants. - Parenchyma
3. Cells responsible for increase in diameter of the stem and root of dicot plants. -
Cambium

Question 4

Name one place each in living organisms where the following tissues are located:

1. Meristematic tissue – Tip of roots

2. Cartilage – Tip of the nose
3. Squamous epithelium – Found lining the nasal and mouth cavities, blood vessels.
4. Sclerenchyma – Veins and stems of leaves
5. Ciliated epithelium – Lining of wind pipe.
6. Ligament – The ACL attaches the thighbone to the shinbone.

Question 5

Name the kinds of cells found in the following places:

1. Salivary gland - Cuboidal

2. Brain
3. Surface of the human skin
4. Inner lining of the wind pipe

Answer

1. The cells present in the salivary gland are cuboidal epithelium cells.
2. The cells present in the brain are Neuron.
3. The cells present in the surface of the human skin are simple epithelium cells.
4. The cells present in the inner lining of the wind pipe are ciliated columnar
epithelium cells.

Short Answer Type

Question 1
Name any one body part where ciliated epithelium is found in humans? What is its function?

Answer

We find ciliated epithelium tissue in the lining of the trachea.

Ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue that has hair-like structures on it. These hairs called cilia
move back and forth to help move particles out of our body.

Question 2

Define the terms:

1. Tissue: A tissue is group of similar cells performing a specific function.

2. Organ: Several tissues together contributing to some specific function inside the
body, constitute an organ.
3. Organ System: Group of organs performing specific life function is called organ
system.
4. Lymph: Lymph is the fluid surrounding the body cells. It is essentially the blood
plasma that has oozed out of the blood vessels. It contains white blood cells.
5. Neuron: Neuron (nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the nervous system
specialized to transmit information in the form of electrical impulses to different parts
of the body.

Question 3

Write the specific locations of the following tissues in plants/animals.

1. Sclerenchyma - Stems and veins of the leaves.

2. Collenchyma - Leaf stalks and below the epidermis of stems.
3. Ciliated columnar epithelium - The trachea.
4. Cardiac muscles - Heart.

Question 4

List the tissues found in the human heart?

Answer

The tissues found in the human heart are:

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. Muscular tissue

Question 5
Can you consider a cluster of eggs as a tissue? Why?

Answer

No, we cannot consider a cluster of eggs as a tissue. A tissue is a group of cells having a
common origin and performing a common function. A cluster of eggs is not a tissue since
each egg has individual function and they don't function as a group.

Question 6

Name the three kinds of muscles found in the human body. In each case, name one region in
the body where they are found.

Answer

The three kinds of muscles found in the human body are -

1. Skeletal muscle – They are found in biceps

2. Smooth muscle – Intestines and stomach
3. Cardiac muscle – Heart

Long Answer Type

Question 1

Distinguish between following pairs with reference to what is asked in the brackets.

(a) Parenchyma and Collenchyma (cellular structure)

(b) Meristematic and Permanent tissue (cell division)

(c) Blood and Lymph (cellular components)

(d) Bone and Cartilage (porosity)

(e) Voluntary and Involuntary muscles (shape and cellular structure)

Answer

(a) Difference between Parenchyma and Collenchyma (cellular structure):

Parenchyma Collenchyma

Cell is large with thin cell walls having one

Elongated cells with thick cell walls. Cell
large vacuole. Cells are oval, circular and
walls thickened at corners.
polygonal.

(b) Difference between Meristematic and Permanent tissue (cell division):

 Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue

Cells divide and result in growth. Cells cannot divide.

(c) Difference between Blood and Lymph (cellular components):

Blood Lymph

Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, Lymph consists of plasma and white
white blood cells and platelets. blood cells.

(d) Difference between Bone and Cartilage (porosity):

Bone Cartilage

Bone is porous. Cartilage is non-porous.

(e) Difference between Voluntary and Involuntary muscles (shape and cellular structure):

Involuntary muscle cells Voluntary muscle cells

Spindle shaped and small cells. Cylindrical and long cells.

Uni-nucleated cells. Multi-nucleated cells.

Striations are absent. Striations are present.

Question 2

What is the difference between-

1. Cell and tissue?

2. Organ and organism?
3. Organ and organelle?
4. Organ and organ system?

Answer

1. Cell and Tissue

 Cell Tissue

Structural and functional units of living

Cluster of cells performing a specific
entities. They are the building blocks
function.
of life.

Example – Nerve cell. Example – Connective tissue.

2. Organ and Organism

Organ Organism

Multiple tissues make up for an organ. Several organ systems (constituted by

They perform functions within the body. organs) make up for an organism.

Example - Heart Example – animals/humans

3. Organ and Organelle

Organ Organelle

Multiple tissues make up for an organ. They It is a portion/section of a cell that has a
perform functions within the body. certain function.

Example - Heart Example – Ribosome, Lysosomes

4. Organ and Organ System

Organ Organ System

Multiple tissues make up for an organ. Several organs together performing a

They perform functions within the specific life process form an organ
body. system.

Example - Heart Example – Circulatory system

Structured/Application Questions

Question 1
Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow:

1. Identify the tissue and give a reason to support your answer.

2. Name the parts labelled 1,2,3 and 4.
3. Where is this tissue likely to be found in the plant?
4. State the function of the parts labelled 1,2,3 and 4.

Answer

1. The given diagram is a longitudinal section of a phloem tissue of a plant as the cells
exhibit cellular contents.

2. The following parts are labelled:

o 1 → Sieve cell
o 2 → Phloem parenchyma cell
o 3 → Companion cell
o 4 → Sieve plate

3. This tissue is likely to be found in the stem and leaves as it is the tissue that conducts
food, the manufactured food in the leaves needs to be transported to other parts of the
plant.

4. The functions of the labelled parts are as follows-

o 1 → Sieve cell — Assists in transporting food from leaves to storage

structures and other plant parts.
o 2 → Phloem parenchyma cell — Stores fat, starch and other organic food
material.
o 3 → Companion cell — Facilitates the functioning of the cells of sieve tube.
o 4 → Sieve plate — Dissolved organic solutes and water permeates through
these structures as it contains perforations.

Question 2

Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow:
 1. Identify the cell.
2. Name the parts labeled 1,2,3,4,5, and 6.
3. Where is this cell likely to be found in the human body and what is its function.

Answer

1. The cell is the neuron or the nerve cell.

2. The labelled parts are:
o 1 → Perikaryon/Cyton
o 2 → Axon
o 3 → Nucleus
o 4 → Nissl Granules
o 5 → Neurolemma
o 6 → Axon endings
3. In human body, the nerve cell is found in the nervous system.
Function:
i.Transmission of messages from one to another body part.
ii.It is linked with the response and perception of animals.

Question 3

The figures (A and B) given below are two kinds of animal tissues. Study the figures and
answer the following questions:
 1. Identify the tissue A and B.
2. Label all the guidelines marked in the figures A and B.
3. Write one common function of both the tissues A and B.
4. Mention one functional difference between A and B.
5. Write one specific location of each (A and B) in human body.

Answer

1. Tissue A is Cartilage. Tissue B is Bone.

2. Fig. A

o 1 → Matrix
o 2 → Cell

Fig. B

o 1 → Concentric Lamellae
o 2 → Haversian Canal
o 3 → Bone cell

3. Common function of both the tissue is providing support.

4. Cartilage provides support to flexible and elastic parts of body like trachea while bone
is hard and provides structural support to the body.

5. A → Bronchial tubes
B → Ribs

Question 4

1. What are the two kinds of fibrous connective tissue?

2. Write one important function of each.
3. Draw a neat diagram of fibrous connective tissue. Label its four important parts.

Answer

1. Tendons and Ligaments are two fibrous connective tissue.

2. Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments connect bone to bone.

3. Below diagram shows fibrous connective tissue with four of its important parts
labelled:

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