‫زمن المضارع البسيط‬

‫يتكون من مصدر الفعل بإضافة‪ s‬مع الفاعل المفرد الغائب أو الضمائر (‪) he, she, it‬‬
‫‪ He works in a big firm.‬‬
‫مـال حـظات‪:‬‬
‫إذا كان الفعل ينتهي بالحروف ( ‪) ss – sh – ch – x – o‬‬ ‫‪‬يضاف للفعل ‪es‬‬
‫‪ He watches TV.‬‬ ‫‪She crosses the road.‬‬

‫‪ ‬يضاف للفعل ‪ ies‬إذا كان ينتهي بحرف ‪ y‬يسبقه حرف ساكن ‪.‬‬
‫‪ She studies medicine‬‬ ‫‪he carries his bag.‬‬
‫‪ ‬يضاف ‪ s‬فقط لألفعال التي تنتهي بحرف ‪ y‬يسبقه حرف متحرك‪.‬‬
‫‪ He plays the piano.‬‬
‫‪ She obeys her mother.‬‬
‫االستخدام‪:‬‬
‫يعبر عن عاده متكررة ويستخدم مع الكلمات‬
‫‪(Always – usually – some times – often – ever – never – everyday – every‬‬
‫)‪week ---‬‬
‫‪ I usually get up at 6 o'clock.‬‬
‫يعبر عن حقيقة ثابتة أو شبه ثابتة‪.‬‬
‫‪ The moon moves around the earth.‬‬
‫‪ I prefer reading to watching TV.‬‬
‫النفي‪:‬‬
‫‪‬نستخدم ‪ don't‬أمام الفعل إذا لم ينتهي ب ‪.ies, es, s‬‬
‫‪ I don't work in a hospital.‬‬
‫‪ ‬نستخدم ‪ doesn't‬إذا كان الفعل ينتهي ب ‪ies, es, s‬‬
‫‪ He doesn't eat meat.‬‬
‫االستفهام‪:‬‬
‫يتكون المضارع البسيط في االستفهام من‪:‬‬
‫? الفاعـل ‪ +‬الفعل( المصـدر) ‪ + do \ does +‬أداة االستفـهام‬
‫?‪ Where do you work‬‬
‫?‪ When does he come‬‬
‫‪ ‬تستخدم ‪ does‬مع الفاعل المفرد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬تستخدم ‪ do‬مع الفاعل الجمع‪.‬‬
 ‫زمــــن الماضي البسيط‬
‫تكـوينه ‪:‬‬
‫يتكون من التصريف الثاني للفعل وعاده باضا فه ‪ ed‬لمصدر الفعل ماعدا األفعال الشاذة‬
‫‪ Dr Zewail discovered the femto second in 1997.‬‬
‫استعماالت زمن الماضي البسيط ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬حدث تم وانتهي في الماضي‬
‫‪ I met Ahmed yesterday.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬عاده في الماضي وانتهت ( لم تعد تحدث )‬
‫‪ When I was young, we lived in Cairo.‬‬
‫‪ When I was in Paris, I used to play tennis.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬يستخدم في الحالة الثانية من قاعدة ‪if‬‬

‫‪ If he studied hard, he would succeed.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬يستخدم مع الكلمات التالية‪:‬‬
‫– ‪ - last (week‬تاريخ ‪Yesterday – ago –– in the past – in the ancient times – in +‬‬
‫)‪month -‬‬
‫‪ -5‬يأتي بعد ‪ if only – I wish‬للتعبير عن أمنيه في الوقت الحاضر مطلوبة لكن غير محققة‪.‬‬
‫‪ I wish I saw Ahmed now.‬‬
‫‪ I wish I were a millionaire.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬يأتي قبل أدوات الربط التالية‬
‫‪After , when , as soon as , until‬‬
‫‪ -7‬غالبا ما تستخدم ‪used to‬للتعبير عن عاده كانت في الماضي‪.‬‬
‫‪ When I was a child, I used to play in the street.‬‬
‫النفي ‪:‬‬
‫نستخدم ‪ didn't‬ونحول الفعل الي المصدر ‪.‬‬
‫‪ He didn't succeed in the exam.‬‬
‫االستفهام ‪:‬‬
‫يتكون الماضي البسيط في االستفهام من ‪:‬‬
‫? الفاعل ‪ +‬المصدر ‪ + did +‬اداه االستفهام‬
‫?‪ How did you come to the club‬‬
‫المبني للمجهول ‪:‬‬
‫يتكون الماضي البسيط في المبني للمجهول من ‪:‬‬
‫الفاعل ‪ + was \ were + p . p.+ by +‬المفعول‬
‫‪ The car was repaired by the mechanic.‬‬
 1- I -------------------my dinner at eight o' clock everyday.
a- eats b- ate c - eat d- eaten
2- My brother------------------the newspaper every morning.
a- reads b- read c – has read d-is reading
3- The camera -------------------to take photographs.
a- is using b- is used c - uses d-used
4- The earth --------------------round the sun.
a- moved b- is moving c – is moved d- moves
5- Mr. Salim -------------------comes late.
a- don't b- doesn't c - never d- didn't
6- What time -------------------you usually go to work?
a- do b- does c - will d- are
7- I'll phone you as soon as I -------------------------my work.
a- will finish b- has finished c - finished d- finish
8- English ----------------------all over the world.
a- speaks b- spoken c – is spoken d- will speak
9- I --------------------------my aunt a week ago.
a- visited b- visit c - visiting d- would visit
10- We -----------------an interesting film last night.
a- watch b-watched c – have watched d- would watch
11- When I was on holiday, I --------------------tennis everyday.
a- play b- would play c - played d- have played
12- They -----------attend the conference last month.
a- won't b- didn't c – wasn't d- don't
13- They came to my birthday party and ---------------nice presents.
a- gives b- were giving c – have given d- gave
14- He ---------------------very quickly so we didn't understand.
a- has spoken b- speaks c – spoke d- would speak
15- When ---------------you go to bed last night?
a- did b-will c – do d- was
16- He came to my house and ------------------some tea with me.
a- have b- has c - had d- had had
17- During the holiday, tamer ----------------football every day.
a- played b- plays c – were playing d- has played
18- This house -------------------- two years ago.
a-built b- builds c – has built d- was built
19- When I was young, I ---------- eat a lot of chocolates.
a- use to b- used to c- am used to d- using to
20- A criminal ------- the guard of the bank last night.
a- killed b- has killed c- is killing d-kills
21- If only I ---------------------------in china today.
a- am b- was c- were d- be
22- It is time we ------------------- home.
a- go b- have gone c- went d- going
23- The western desert is one of the --------------------- places on earth.
 a- dry b- drier c- driest d- warmest

Rewrite the following sentences:

1- A beaker is used to hold liquids. (holding)
2- He is experienced in computers. ( experience)
3- Can you direct me to the railway station/ ( direction)
4- His habit is to watch TV in the evening ( used to – usually)
5- He can do his work alone ( doing)
6- Who discovered America? ( discoverer)
7- The thieves planned to rob the bank. ( a plan)
8- The telescope enables astronomers to see the stars. ( able )
9- He usually goes to school on foot. ( going)
10- Noha never comes late. (doesn't)
11- When I was in Paris, I visited the Eiffel tower every day. ( used to)
12- Geologists study the earth to know its secrets. (The earth)
13- A microscope is used to examine very small things ( for)
14- With modern technology, we can increase production. ( enables)
15- Naguib Mahfouz won the Noble prize. (The Noble prize)
16- A chair is used for sitting. (to)

‫زمــــن المضارع المستمر‬

‫تكـوينه‬
‫الفاعل‬ am,is,are + v + ing + ‫يتكون من‬
: ‫استعماالت زمن المضارع المستمر‬
. ‫ حدث يحدث االن – مستمر اثناء الكالم‬-1
Now, he is writing a report.
At the moment she is ironing the shirts.
. ‫ حدث في المستقبل تم التخطيط لة من قبل‬-2
.We are traveling tomorrow
.Every thing is arranged. Tim marrying next Thursday
: ‫عالماته‬
.Now, look, listen, at present, at the moment, be careful, and look out
:‫النفي‬
He is repairing the car. "Negative"
He isn't repairing the car.
‫ الفاعل‬+ am,is,are + not +v+ing.
: ‫االستفهام‬
 Is , Are + ‫ الفاعل‬+ v + ing --------------?
Are you buying a new shirt ?
Yes , I'm buying a new shirt.
: ‫المبني للمجهول‬
: ‫يتكون المضارع المستمر في المبني للمجهول من‬
‫ المفعول‬+ am , is , are + being + p.p .
The government is building many cities in the desert. " Many cities"
Many cities are being built in the desert .
5- ‫ ال تستعمل ازمنه المستمر مع األفعال اآلتية‬:
See – hear – smell – notice ‫أفعال الشعور – الحواس‬
Realize- know – understand – suppose – mean –
forget – remember – trust ‫أفعال التفكير‬
Want – desire – wish – hate – like – love – dislike ‫أفعال العاطفة‬
– care
Own – possess – belong – have ‫أفعال الملكية‬

The past continuous tense ‫زمن الماضي المستمر‬

was , were + v + ing : ‫يتكون من‬

‫ استخدامه‬:
1- ‫ للتعبير عن حدث استمر لفترة في الماضي‬.
 At 10 o, clock yesterday, I was sleeping.
2- ‫ للتعبير عن حدث استمر في الماضي عندما قطعه حدث آخر ويستخدم مع‬:

While - as - just as
3- ‫يأتي بعدها ماضي مستمر والحدث اآلخر يكون ماضي بسيط‬.
 While I was studying, the light went out.

When
‫ يأتي بعدها ماضي بسيط والحدث اآلخر يكون ماضي مستمر‬-4
 When the light went out, I was studying.

1- at the time my father arrived, we ------------ chess.

 a- played b-were played c- were playing d- had
played
2- I ---------- a bath when the phone rang.
a- had b- was having c- having d- have had
3- When I got to the car, I realized that I --------- my keys.
a- am losing b- would lose c- had lost d- was losing
4- while ------------ in the street, I ran into an old friend.
a- walk b- walking c- was walking d- walked
5- When I was young, I ---------- eat a lot of chocolates.
a- using to b- am used to c- used to d- had used to
6- the manager---------------------------------the report now.
a- reads b- reading c- is reading d- is read
7- my new computer -------------------------now.
a- is delivered b- delivers c- is delivering d- is being delivered
8- listen , she ------------------------------- a beautiful song.
a- is singing b- sings c- is being d- is sung
9- I borrowed his car while mine ---------------------------------------.
a- was repairing b- was being c- repairs d- is repairing
repaired
10- look, the boy--------------------------------the tree.
a- is climbed b- is climbing c- climbing d-climbs
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- the is producing many products. ( being)
2- while he was reading the paper, his son arrived. ( when)
3- the dishes was being washed when we finished studying ( being)
4- During his sleep, his money was stolen. (While)
5- he was playing tennis and he fell down suddenly. (When)
6- we have decided to buy a new car ( buying)
8- during his work , he made many mistakes. ( while)
9- As we listening to music, we heard a loud noise. ( during)
10- I'm making a new plan to invest my money. ( made)

‫أزمنه المستقبل‬

Future simple
: ‫تكوينه‬
Will + ‫المـصــدر‬
 He will come tomorrow.
 ‫النفي‬:
‫ الفاعل‬+ will not + ‫المصــــدر‬
 He won't come tomorrow.
: ‫االستفهام‬
‫ اداة االستفهــام‬+ will \ shall + ‫ المصــــدر‬+ ‫الفاعـــل‬
 When will he come?
‫استخدامه‬
. ‫ يستخدم للتعبير عن شيء سوف يحدث في المستقبل‬
: ‫ويستخدم مع الكلمات االتيه‬
Tomorrow , next , in the future , soon , in + ‫تاريخ في المستقبل‬
 I will give a party next Friday.  We will live on the moon in the
future
:‫ للتعبير عن ما ياتي‬will ‫تستخدم‬
. ‫ للتعبير عن حقيقه في المستقبل‬-1
 He will be forty next week.
. ‫ للتبؤ باحداث في المستقبل‬-2
 He will get the first prize.
. ‫ التخاذ قرار سريع‬-3
 I'll have some coffee, please.
.‫ في الطلب او العرض‬-4
 Will you open the door for me, please?
 I'll post the letter for you.
.‫ لعمل ترتيبات‬-5
 We will see you at the party tomorrow.
. ‫ لعمل وعود او تهديد‬-6
 I'll buy you a mobile phone if you succeed.
 I'll resign if I don't get a pay rise.
:‫) ) فقط للتعبير عن ما ياتي‬I, we‫ مع الضميرين‬shall ‫تستخدم‬
. ‫ لعمل اقتراحات‬-1
 Shall we go for a walk?
‫ لتقديم عروض‬-2
 Shall I carry the bag for you?
Going to
: ‫ للتعبير عن ما ياتي‬going to ‫تستخدم‬
. ‫ للتعبير عن نيه تم التخطيط لها قبل لحظه الكالم‬-1
. He is turning the radio; he is going to listen to the news
.‫ للتنبؤ بشيء في المستقبل يوجد عليه دليل‬-2
 The sky is cloudy; I think it's going to rain.
 :‫النفي‬

‫ الفاعل‬+ am,is,are not going to + ‫المصدر‬

 He isn't going to travel to London next week.
: ‫االستفهام‬
‫ اداه االستفهام‬+ am,is,are + ‫ الفاعل‬going to + ‫? المصدر‬
 When is he going to visit us?

Choose the correct answer:

1- He hasn't studied hard. I think he-------------------this exam.
a- will fail b- fails c – is going to fail d- failed
2- You -------------------it if you aren't careful.
a- are breaking b-will break c – have broken d- are going to break
3- My brother -----------------twenty next week.
a- will be b- is being c – is going to be d- is
4- The sky is cloudy, I think it-----------------------------------.
a- is going to rain b- has rained c – will rain d- would rain
5- The ceiling of the room doesn't look very safe, it ------------------------------------.
a- will fail b- is failing c – is going to fail d- falls
6- I'm------------------my uncle at the airport at six o'clock.
a- going to meet b- am meeting c – will meet d- meet
7- What will you -------------------tomorrow?
a- do b- doing c – are doing d- going to do
8- If you play well, you----------------------the match.
a- is going to win b-win c – will win d- would win
9- He -----------------------to London next week, he has booked the tickets.
a- traveling b- is traveling c – will travel d- travels
10- He is filling the bucket with water. He -----------------------------the car.
a- will wash b- washes c- has washed d- is going to wash
11- We are saving up because we ---------------------------buy a car.
a- will b- are being c – are going to d- would
12- You -------------punished if you make that mistake again.
a- will be b- is being c – is going to be d- is
13- I------------------work in an hour. I have arranged it with my boss.
a- will leave b- am leave c – will d- am going to leave

Rewrite the following sentences:

1- I'm going to decorate my room. (decided)
2- "I'll cut the electric current if you don't pay the bill." ( he threatened)
3- He planned to start anew business. ( going to)
4- We have arranged to hold a meeting tomorrow. ( we are)
5- I've arranged to give my wedding party next week. (I'm)
6- Her aim in life is to become an engineer. ( will)
 7- I plan to build the second floor next week. (going)
8- I don't intend to do this work again. (going)
9- He said" shall I post the letter for you" (offered)
10- father said" I'll buy you a computer if you succeed" (promised)

‫زمــــن المضــــــــــارع الـتــام‬

Have, has + p.p :‫يتــكـــون مــــن‬
 I have just written the report.  She has already cleaned the house.
:‫ استخدامه‬
:‫ يعبر عن حدث بدا وانتهي في الماضي لكن أثره في الحاضر‬-1
 I have lost my key. (I can't open the door)
 He has just arrived ‫حدث انتهي منذ فتره قصيرة‬

.‫ يعبر عن حدث بدا في الماضي وما زال مستمر حتى أالن‬-2

 I have lived in Tanta for 20 years = I still live in Tanta
. I lived in Tanta for 20 years = I live somewhere else now ‫لكن الحظ‬

.‫ لنقصد أن شيئا ما قد حدث منذ وقت قريب لكن لم يحدد الزمن‬lately – recently ‫ نستخدم‬-3
 I haven't seen her lately.
.‫ في النفي واالستفهام‬yet ‫ في اإلثبات وتستخدم‬just – already ‫ تستخدم‬-4
 I have already phoned the doctor.
 I haven't phoned the doctor yet.
 Have you yet finished your homework?
.‫في النفي‬ )never( ‫ ) في السؤال عن خبره الشخص و‬ever( ‫تستخدم‬--5
 Have you ever been to Paris?
 No, I have never been to Paris
‫ عالماته‬-6
Since ‫ منذ‬Already ‫ بالفعل‬Up till now ‫حتى اآلن‬
For ‫ منذ‬Just ‫ حاال‬Ever ‫سبق أبدا‬
Lately ‫ حديثا‬Yet ‫ ليس بعد‬Never )‫أبدا (ال‬
recently ‫ مؤخرا‬So far ‫حتى أالن‬

 Has, have been to + ‫ذهب إلي مكان وعاد منه‬ ‫مكان‬

 He has been to London (now he is in Egypt)
 Has, have gone to + ‫ذهب إلي مكان وما زال هناك‬ ‫مكان‬
He has gone to Italy (he is still there)
 MR . Hesham
$
‫الفــــرق بــــين‬
 Since ‫نقطه بداية الحدث‬  for ‫ الفترة‬- ‫مده الحدث‬
.‫ فعل واحد نضعه في زمن المضارع التام‬since ‫ إذا جاء مع‬
 She has learned English since 1995.

.‫ فعالن نضع قبلها زمن المضارع التام وبعدها زمن الماضي البسيط‬since ‫إذا جاء مع‬

+ ‫ مضارع تام‬since + ‫ماضي بسيط‬

 She has been in bed since she arrived home.
 He has been studying since he returned from school.
:‫ الحظ الجدول األتي‬
Since For
Since 7 o'clock For 2 hours
Since 2000 For 5 years
Since yesterday For a day - one day
Since last night For a night - the last night
Since April For 2 months
Since Friday For five days
Since then For ages , along time
Since spring For a season
Since his arrival For years – a while
: ‫ مالحظات‬

: ‫ نستخدم زمن المضارع التام منفي‬when ‫ بدال من‬since ‫استخدام‬ ‫ إذا طلب‬-1
 I last saw her when she was a child. (Since)
 I haven't seen her since she was a child.
‫ قبل المصدر من الفعل‬began to ‫ نستخدم الفعل‬for ‫ بدال من‬ago ‫ إذا طلب استخدام‬-2
: ‫األصلي‬
 She has played tennis for five years.
 She began to play tennis five years ago.
: ‫ نستخدم المضارع التام‬a moment ago ‫ بدال من‬just ‫ إذا طلب استخدام‬-3
 She left home a moment ago.
 She has just left home.
: ‫ نتبع الطريقة االتيه‬for ‫ بدال من‬since ‫ إذا طلب استخدام‬-4
 He has worked as a teacher for 5 years.
 He has worked as a teacher since 2000.
 Its 5 years since he worked as a teacher.
ago ‫ بدال من‬for ‫ استخدام‬-5
 The last time I met her was 2 months ago
 I haven't seen her for 2 months.

‫زمــــن المضـــــارع التام المســـــتمر‬

‫يتكون من‬
 Have been + v. ing  Has been + v. ing

 He has been sleeping since he arrived.

 It has been raining for 2 hours.
‫ يؤكد هذا الزمن استمرار الحدث حتى اآلن وقد يستمر في المستقبل‬-

‫عالماته‬:
For----------now Since --------------still
For ---------still All + ‫فتره زمنيه‬
So far ------now ‫ فاعل‬hasn't stopped – finished yet
 She has been doing the housework since 7.30 and she hasn't finished yet.
 He (study – studied – has been studying – has studied) English for 2 years now.
‫ لو حدد عدد المرات نستخدم المضارع التام البسيط وليس المستمر‬-
 He has (written – been writing) 6 reports since last night.
.‫ يستخدم المضارع التام المستمر مع األفعال التي تستغرق وقت طويال‬-
Travel – work – wait – live – stay – sleep – learn - ---------------
.‫ ال يستخدم مع أفعال الحواس واإلدراك والشعور والعاطفة‬-
---Believe – forget – hate – know – like – mean – understand – seem – prefer – own
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Choose the correct answer:
1- I -------------my home work yet
a- have met b- have met c- didn't meet d- will not meat
2- I --------------this secret for a week now.
a-have known b- have been c- had known d- will know
knowing
3- Noha has ----------------drunk coffee.
a- ago b- since c- ever d- just
4- Shoes and bags are made ------------------leather.
a- in b- of c- of d-with
5- Many improvements -------------------in Egypt since 1952.
 a- have made b- have been making c- have been d-had been made
made
6- He -----------------in hospital since he was ill.
a- had stayed b- stayed c- has stayed d- stays
7- Have you----------------- seen a beautiful garden like this?
a- never b- already c- since d- ever
8- It ----------------------- all day. It hasn't stopped yet.
a- has rained b- has been rained c- had been raining d-has been raining
9- I have been learning English -------------------------------10 years now.
a- for b- ago c- since d-yet
10- He graduated from the faculty of engineering -------------2005.
a- for b- since c- in d-on
11- She ----------------------for seven hours now.
a- has slept b- have slept c- has been slept d-has been sleeping
12- The last time I ---------------Hosam was two years ago.
a- met b- have met c- meet d- will meat
13- This is the most exciting story I -------------------.
a- read b- have read c- am reading d- had read
14- We have been living in Tanta --------------we returned from Saudi Arabia.
a- since b- for c- ago d- when
15- He is away, I don't know where he -----------------------.
a- was gone b- has gone to c- has been to d- is going
16- Have you ever ------------------to the pyramids?
a- visited b- been visited c- been d- been visiting
17- He has worked as a taxi driver ---------------5years.
a- since b- for c- ago d- to
.Mona hasn't seen her mother ---------------------last Friday morning -18
a- for b- since c- ago d- from
Rewrite the following
1- He finished his work a moment ago. (just)
2-I went to Alexandria and came back. (have)
3- It's along time since we he wrote to me. (for)
4- He has gone to London since 1995. (for)
5- We last phoned him when he was in the hospital. (haven't)
6- My uncle phoned us a moment ago. (just)
7- It hasn't rained her for years. (The last time)
8- Its five years since I had a car. (for)
9- I haven't met him for two months. (since)
10- It is still raining. (not yet)
11- He has traveled to London and came back. (has been)
12- The last time I visited my village was two years ago. (since)
13-Up till now, no one has beaten him at chess. (never)
14-He is still answering the test. (finished)
15- It's two months since I last ate fish. (haven't)
 ‫زمـــــن الــمــــاضــــي الـتــــام‬

‫تكوينه ‪:‬‬
‫‪Had + p.p‬‬

‫استخدامه‬
‫إذا وقع حدثان في الماضي فان الحدث الذي تم أوال يكون زمنه ماضي تام والحدث الذي تم‬
‫ثانيا يكون زمنه ماضي بسيط ‪.‬‬

‫‪After‬‬
‫‪As soon as‬‬ ‫‪ +‬ماضي تام ‪ ,‬فاعل ‪ +‬ماضي بسيط ‪+‬‬ ‫فاعل‬
‫‪When‬‬

‫‪ First, he watched the film, and then he went to bed.‬‬ ‫)‪(After‬‬
‫‪ After he had watched the film, he went to bed.‬‬

‫‪Till‬‬
‫مـاضـي تــام‬ ‫فــاعــل‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫فــاعـــل‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫مــاضـي بسيــط مـنفـي‬
‫)‬ ‫المصدر ‪didn’t +‬‬ ‫‪(Until‬‬ ‫)‪(had + P.P‬‬

‫‪ He didn’t go home until he had watched TV.‬‬

‫‪no sooner + p.p -----than‬‬

‫‪ + had‬فاعل‬ ‫‪ +‬ماضي ‪hardly + p.p ------when‬‬ ‫فاعل‬
‫بسيط‬
‫‪Scarcely + p.p ------when‬‬
 He had no sooner watched TV than he went to bed.
: ‫ملحوظة‬
-: ‫ تأتى الجملة بعدها علي هيئه استفهام‬, ‫إذا بدأت الجملة بإحدى هذه الكلمات‬

No sooner than
Hardly + had ‫ فاعل‬+ + p.p when + ‫فاعل‬
‫ماضي بسيط‬
Scarcely when

 Hardly had he watched TV when he went to bed.

‫ماضي تــام‬ + ‫فــاعــل‬ before ‫مــاضــي بسيـــط‬ + ‫فــاعــل‬

‫ماضي تــام‬ + ‫فــاعــل‬ by the time ‫مــاضــي بسيـــط‬ + ‫فــاعــل‬

 First, he made a plan. Then he robbed the bank.

 He had made a plan before he robbed the bank.
: ‫مالحظات‬
‫ ) بعد‬noun ( ‫ ) أو‬v + ing ( ‫ نستخدم‬after , before ‫ إذا حذفنا الفاعل بعد‬-1
‫الرابط‬
 After making a plan, he robbed the bank.
 Before lunch, we had watched TV.
‫ ونستخدم‬after ‫ يمكن حذف‬-2

Having + p.p , ‫ م ــاضــي بـسي ـطـ‬+ ‫فــاعــل‬

 Having watched TV, I went to bed .

‫ جميع الروابط الزمنية إذا آتي قبلها مستقبل بسيط يأتي بعدها مضارع بسيط آو مضارع‬-3
‫تام‬
 I will make a plan before I begin the project.

:Choose the correct answer

He didn’t receive my letter I ----------- to him two days -1
.ago
a- had sent b- have sent c- would sent d- sent
 By the time the police ------------, the thief had escaped -2
a- arrive b- had arrived c- have arrived d- arrived
.After -------- a new house, he will marry -3
a- set up b- had set up c- have set d- setting up
4- Having ---------- the letter, I posted it.
a- write b- wrote c- writing d- written
5- Before he passed the exam, Ali ------------- hard.
a- studied b- had studied c- have studied d- studies
6- I didn’t answer the question ------------ I had read the question paper.
a- until b- after c- when d- before
7- As soon as he ---------- at the airport, he telephoned me.
a- arrived b- had arrived c- arriving d- arrives
8- No sooner ----------- the letter than he posted it.
a - he wrote b- has he written c- he had written d - had he written
9- He -------- find a job until he had graduated.
a- won’t b- doesn’t c- didn’t d- couldn’t
10- He ------ no sooner finished his work than he went to the club.
a- had b- did c- has d- was
11- He missed the bus because he ------------ late.
a- had got up b- gets c- has got up d- got up
12-he didn’t remember the promise he -----------
a- took b- has taken c- takes d- had taken
13- As soon as I ---------- the ticket, I ran to catch the bus.
a- bough b- had bought c- have bought d- was buying
14-He ------------me his book yesterday.
a- gave b- gives c- had given d- will give
15- The patient ---------------before the doctor came.
a- died b- dies c- had died d- has died
16- As soon as he had arrived in London he -----------------me.
a- has phoned b- phones c- had phoned d- phoned
17- She --------------------a teacher before she became a guide.
a- has been b- had been c- was being d- is
18- By the time he was five, he ---------------------to write.
a- learnt b- learns c- had learnt d- would learn
19- My father didn't remember the promise ----------------------------.
a- had made b- made c- makes d- has made
20- She --------------her lunch until her husband had come.
a- had had b- won't have c- wasn't have d-didn't have
21- after the report ----------------, I handed it to the manager.
a-had finished b- had been finished c- has been finished d-finished
22- Having graduated, he ------------------abroad.
a- traveled b- had traveled c- has traveled d- travels
23- After --------------my work, I went home.
a-had finished b- finished c- finishing d- being finished
24- They said that the driver ----------------------the accident.
a-had cause b-was caused c- had caused d-has caused
25- I took the medicine when I --------------------- a meal.
a- has had b- have had c- had d- had had
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- He was punished for not paying the fine (because)
2- He left the place when his friend came. (Until)
3- Having visited his uncle, he went shopping. (After)
4- I didn’t know about her success until I had met her (after)
5-She didn’t marry till she had graduated. (When)
6- After I had studied, I went to bed. (Till)
7- He felt ill from eating too much caned food, (By the time)
8- She wrote a postcard then she went to the post office. (Before)
9-I had my breakfast, but before that, I took some exercise (I didn’t)
10 - Why don’t you phone Dalia? (How)
11 - Akram borrowed a tennis racket from Fawzi. (Lent)
12 - He didn’t leave without talking the money. (Until)
13- They weren't eager to work until they had had a holiday. (After)
14- He left the room after taking permission. (before)
15- We went for a walk but first we finished our work. (Having)
16- You were cold because you didn't wear a coat. (If)
17- We didn't visit the museum as we hadn't time. (If)
18- Without doctors' efforts, many patients would have died. (unless)
19- I didn't know the good news as I was abroad. (If)
20- If I had known you were a sleep, I wouldn't have played the piano. (I didn't)

‫المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول‬

‫ نتبع الخطوات التالية‬passive ‫ إلى‬active‫لتحويل الجملة من‬
‫ المفعول‬to be ‫ في زمن الجملة‬+ p.p + ) by+ ‫( الفاعل‬
‫الجدول التالي يوضح تركيب األفعال في صيغة المبنى للمجهول‬
Active Passive
‫المضارع البسيط‬ am , is are + p.p
‫الماضي البسيط‬ was , were + p.p
‫المضارع التام‬ have , has + been + p.p
‫الماضي التام‬ had + been + p.p
‫المستقبل التام‬ will have been + p.p
‫المضارع المستمر‬ am , is , are + being + p.p.
‫الماضي المستمر‬ was , were + p.p
‫المستقبل البسيط‬ will + be + being
 ‫األفعال الناقصة‬ may , can , must , + be + p.p
will,may, shall, have to , had to + be +p.p
must
Ex.
1- Some body cleans my office every day. - My office is cleaned everyday.
2- Ali presented a car to his son. - A car was presented to Ali’s son.
3- Someone is repairing my car. - My car is being repaired.
4- Someone was watching him. - He was being watched.
5- Some one has stolen his car. - His car has been stolen.
6- He has been repairing the car. - The car has been repaired.
7- She had cooked lunch. - Lunch had been cooked.
8- He had been painting the drawing. - The drawing had been painted.
9- Someone will meet you at the station. - You will be met at the station.
10- He can sell the car if you agree. -The car can be sold if you agree.

 ‫ هناك أفعال مساعده أخرى مثل‬:

Active Passive
Has to, have to, had to, would
Ought to, going to, be going to + ‫ الفعل الناقص‬+ be + p.p
‫المصدر‬

1-Someone must show her what to do.

She must be shown what to do next.
2- They are going to draw a new plan.
A new plan is going to be drawn.
:‫ ) اتبع اآلتي‬have + p.p ( ‫إذا وجد في الجملة فعل مساعد يتبعه‬
Will have
Must have
Can’t have
+ ‫مفعول‬ May have + been + p.p
Might have
Should have
Ought to have
Ex.
1-They will have done the homework by 7.30 tonight.
-The homework will have done by 7.30 tonight
2- He can’t have known the truth
-The truth can’t have been known.
‫ مالح ـظــات‬:-
-: ‫ " احذفها واستخدم‬t’didn“ ‫ “ أو‬t’doesn “ ‫ إذا كانت الجملة منفية بـ‬-1
“am , is , are + not + p.p "
 -: ‫ “ احذفها واستخدم‬t’didn“ ‫ إذا كانت الجملة منفية ب‬-2
“ was , were + not + p.p

Ex :-
Active :- The boy doesn’t drink the milk .
Passive :- The milk isn’t drunk .
Active :- They didn't write the lesson .
Passive :- The lesson wasn’t written .
-: )passive ( ‫عند تحويل السؤال إلى‬
. ‫ يحول السؤال إلى جملة خبرية ويحذف عالمة االستفهام‬-1
. ‫ تحول الجملة الخبرية إلى المبنى للمجهول‬-2
‫ توضع الجملة بعد تحويلها إلى صيغة االستفهام‬-3
Ex :-
1- Do people speak English ?
Is English spoken?
2- Did he buy a car ?
Was a car bought ?
3- Can he answer the question ?
Can The question be answered ?
4- Where did they hide the treasure ?
Where was the treasure hidden ?
-: ‫مالحظات‬
) by whom ( ‫ ) تحول إلى‬who ( ‫* إذا بدأ السؤال بـ‬
Ex:-
 Who killed the dog ?
By whom was the dog killed ?

* ‫ أداة االستفهام‬to be + ‫ في زمن الجملة‬+ ‫ ? المفعول‬p.p +

-:Re write the following sentences

1- When will you buy the new car ? (be)
2- How did you do it ? (was)
3- I‘m cleaning my room . (being)
4- Who solve the problem ? (by whom )
5- Can you understand this lesson ? (passive )
6- No body answered the question . (passive)
7- They build a new house . (is)
8- I’m reading a story . (being)
9- I’ll have built a new house . (been)
10-You ought to help your friend . (be)
11-We haven’t told him the truth . (he)
12-This problem can’t be solved . (no body)
13-He didn’t invite me to his party . (I)
14-I’m going to lend her my camera . (she)
 15-He paid me a lot of money . (was)
16-People will show here the new project . (she)

‫تركيبات في صيــغه المبني للمجـــهول‬

 It's said that -------------  It's believed that------------

 He is said to-------------  He is believed to------------
: ‫ يستخدم هذا األسلوب عندما نعبر عن ما يقوله الناس عموما ولكن يستخدم مع أفعال معينه‬

Agree ‫ يوافق‬Claim ‫يطالب‬ decide‫يقرر‬ assume‫يؤكد‬

Allege ‫ يزعم‬Discover ‫يكتشف‬ expect ‫يتوقع‬ know‫يعرف‬
Deny ‫ ينكر‬Consider ‫يعتبر‬ understand‫يفهم‬ think‫يعتقد‬
Suggest‫يقترح‬ Say‫يقو ل‬ recommend‫يوصي‬ suppose‫يفترض‬

: ‫ عنــد تحـويل هـذه االفعـال الــي المبنــي للمجــهول هنــاك طريقـتان‬

 It (is - was) + ‫ التصريف الثالث لألفعال السابقة‬+ that + ‫الجملة المكتوبة‬
 ‫ فاعل‬+ am - is-are-was-were +‫ التصريف الثالث لألفعال السابقة‬to + ‫المصدر‬
 People believe that he is rich :
- It's believed that he is rich. ‫الطريقة األولي‬
- He is believed to be rich. ‫الطريقة الثانية‬
. be to ‫ إلي المصدر‬is ‫ وتحويل‬that ‫ الحظ في الطريقه الثانيه حذف‬
.‫ ليكون فاعل الجملة الجديدة‬that ‫ نبدا بفاعل الجمله الثانيه الذي بعد‬
Ex :
- People say that he travels to Paris every year.
- It's said that he travels to Paris every year.
- He is said to travel to Paris every year.
: ‫يستخدم هذا التعبير في كل االزمنه‬ : ‫ ملحوظه‬
- They have denied that they stole the money.
- It has been denied that they stole they money.
- They have been denied to steal the money.
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

:Choose the correct answer

1- Dr Zewail is known ----------the first Arab to win the Nobel Prize.
a- that he b- to be c- he was d- he is

Hamza Soft MR . Hesham

2- It is -----------that there is no water on the moon.
a- believed b- believes c- believe d- believing
3- -------------------- to commit suicide.
a- It reported b- It is reporting c- It's reported d- He report
4- She --------for her role in helping the poor.
a- know b- were known c- is known d- knowing
5- It's reported that the thief ------------.
a- has caught b- has been c- will catch d- would catch
caught
6- The criminal ---------------to have escaped.
a- reported b- reports c- has reported d- was reported
7- It ------------that they climbed Everest.
a- allege b- is reported c-was reporting d- is reporting
8- The workers -------------- their wages to be increased.
a-is thinking b- are thinking c- are thought d- thinking
9- It -------------------that the earth is not exactly round.
a- has been b- proved c- is proving d- had proved
proved
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- People say that money can't do everything. (is said)
2- I think Ali is the cleverest student in the class. (It's believed)
3- It's alleged that he sold his old car (He)
4- People aren't sure if Ali's car was stolen (It's believed)
5- To exercise daily is necessary for good health. (It's known that ---)
6- Pollution is reported to be very dangerous. (It's reported that)
7- The police alleged that the thief has escaped. (The thief)
8- We believe that she is capable of doing the task (is believed)
9- Can you look for my bag? (I wonder)
10- Everyone agreed that the plan should go ahead. (The plan)

:Verbs followed by to + the infinitive

: ‫والمصدر فقط‬ to ‫افعال يتبعها‬
Agree ‫ يوافق‬Demand ‫يطلب‬ Manage ‫ يستطيع‬Promise ‫يعــد‬
Want ‫ يريد‬Deserve ‫يستحق‬ Long ‫ يشتاق‬decide ‫يقرر‬
Plan ‫ يخطط‬Expect ‫يتوقع‬ Mean ‫ يقصد‬Wish ‫يامل‬
Refuse ‫ يرفض‬Hope ‫يامل‬ Offer ‫ يعرض‬Threaten ‫يهدد‬
attempt ‫ يحاول‬Learn ‫يتعلم‬ pretend ‫ يتظاهر‬Enable ‫يمكن‬
 He offered to help us  he decided to stay at home.
 She wants to be a teacher.  The thief managed to escape.
ing : + ‫) الفعل‬gerund(‫افعال يتبعها‬
Avoid ‫ يتجنب‬Suggest ‫ يقترح‬Keep on ‫ يستمر‬Involve ‫يشمل‬
Enjoy ‫ يتمتع‬Recomme ‫ يوصي‬Mind ‫ يمانع‬Miss
nd
Deny ‫ ينكر‬Imagine ‫ يتخيل‬Dislike ‫ يكره‬It's no use ‫ال فائده‬
Finish ‫ ينهي‬Fancy ‫ يتخيل‬Admit ‫ يعترف‬Can't help ‫ال اتحمل‬
Go ‫ يذهب‬Put off ‫ يؤجل‬Postpon ‫ يؤجل‬Can't ‫ال اتحمل‬
e stand
 I enjoy watching television.  He suggested going to the cinema.
 Hatem denied breaking the glass.  Fancy meeting you here.
‫ والمصدرمع تغيير طفيف في‬to ‫ او‬ing + ‫) الفعل‬gerund(‫افعال يتبعها‬
: .‫المعني‬
begin ‫ يبدا‬continue ‫ يستمر‬like ‫ يحب‬hate ‫يكره‬
start ‫ يبدا‬prefer ‫ يفضل‬love ‫ يحب‬can't bear ‫ال يتحمل‬
I like spending the weekend in Alexandria. (‫) عموما‬
I like to spend the weekend in Alexandria. (‫) مناسبه خاصه‬
: .‫ والمصدرمع تغييركبيرفي المعني‬to ‫ او‬ing + ‫) الفعل‬gerund(‫افعال يتبعها‬
To + ‫يتذكر ان يفعل الشيء‬ ‫المصدر‬
Remember
V + ing ‫يتذكر انه فعل الشيء‬
 He remembered to post the letter.
 He remembered posting the letter.
To + ‫المصدر ينسي ان يفعل الشيء‬
Forget
V + ing ‫ينسي انه فعل الشيء‬
 He forgot to lock the car.
 He forgot locking the car.
To + ‫المصدر ياسف انه مضطر لفعل الشيء‬
Regret
V + ing ‫ياسف او يندم النه فعل الشيء‬
 I regret to phone him late at night.
 I regretted phoniong him late at night.
To + ‫المصدر يبذل مجهود لكي يفعل الشيء‬
Try
V + ing ‫يجرب و سيري ما سوف يحدث‬
 He tried to fix the car but he couldn't.
 He tried taking the medicine.
To + ‫المصدر يتوقف لكي يفعل الشيء‬
Stop
V + ing ‫يتوقف عن فعل الشيء‬
 He stopped to have coffee.
 He stopped having coffee.
 Choose the correct answer:
1- I have finished -------------------------the report.
a- write b- c – to write d- wrote
writing
2- He suggested-------------------------for a swim.
a- to swim b-to swimming c – swimming d- is swimming
3- He decided ------------------------------his car.
a- sell b- to sell c – selling d- to selling
4- Maha agreed to go-------------------------with us.
a- to sail b- to sailing c – sailing d- sailed
5- Fancy--------------------you here.
a- seeing b- is seeing c – was seeing d- see
6- I wanted to avoid ---------------------her but I couldn't.
a- meet b- met c – is meeting d- meeting
7- He demanded ----------------------the manager.
a- would see b- will see c – to see d- seeing
8- He deserved---------------------punished.
a- being b- to being c – would be d- to be
9- The thief denied------------------------the money.
a- stolen b- was stealing c – to steal d- stealing
10- We have arranged -------------------------at 9 o'clock.
a-meeting b- will meet c – to meet d- met
11- He wanted-----------------------------a new camera.
a- buying b- to be bought c – to buy d- to buying
12- I can't stand -----------------------------listening to him.
a- listened b- to listen c – listening d- to be listened
13- He longed ----------------------------back home.
a- to be b- being c – to being d- would be
14- Don't try ------------------if you have never driven before.
a- to drive b- drove c – driving d- to be driven
15- Stop-------------------------, you are giving me a headache.
a- to shout b-shouted c – shouting d- to shouting
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- I didn't expect to meet you here. ( Fancy)
2- He said he didn't steal the money. ( denied)
3- I haven't done my homework yet. (finished)
4- Let's play tennis. ( he suggested)
5- I can do what I want and you can't stop me. ( You can't stop)
6- Would you switch off the light? ( mind)
7- He said it was true that he killed the guard. ( admitted)
8- He said he wouldn't eat anything. ( refused)
9- He said that he would be happy to help me. ( mind)
10-He asked me to be quick in driving. ( quickly)
11- I'd like to have tea with little sugar. (feel like)
12- Hanan was sorry for not helping the poor lady. (regretted)
13- We like to have tea. (enjoy)
 14- He hopes to get the prize. (look forward)
15- I no longer borrow books from the library. (stop)

 Should (Ought to) + ‫مصدر‬:

)‫ينبغي ان – البد وتستخدم العطاء النصيحه (في المضارع‬
 It's necessary to study more. ( should – ought )
 You should \ ought to study more.
 I advise you to study more.
 Shouldn't – oughtn't to: ‫وفي النفــي‬

 It is important not to disturb him. ( should)

 You shouldn't disturb him.
 You oughtn't to come late.

 Should (Ought to) +have + P.P:

)‫كان ينبغي ان تفعل شيء (في الماضي‬
 It was necessary for you to phone me. ( should)
 You should have phoned me.
 You ought to have studied hard.

 Shouldn't ( oughtn't to )+have + P.P :

) ‫لم يكن ينبغي ان تفعل شيء( في الماضي‬
 It wasn't necessay to come late. ( ought)
 You shouldn't have exceeded the speed limit.
 You oughtn't to have come late.
 Must + ‫مصدر‬
+  have to – has to‫مصدر‬ ‫البد ان وتستخدم للتعبيرعن االلزام في الحاضر‬

 It's necessary to follow the rules. ( must)

You must follow the traffic rules.  You have to pay taxes.
 Mustn't + ‫مصدر‬
‫تعبر عن التحريم او حظر فعل شيء في المضارع‬
 It's forbidden to smoke near a patient. ( mustn't)
 You mustn't smoke near a patient.
 You mustn't take photos near a military zone.
+  had to‫مصدر‬ ‫البد ان وتستخدم للتعبيرعن االلزام في الماضي‬
 It was necessary for you to phone me. ( had to)
You had to phone me.

Choose the correct answer:

1- You ---------------------enter the mosque in shoes.
a- should b- needn't c – oughtn't d- shouldn't
2- They ------------------study hard. The exam is near.
a- must b-had to c – needn't d- mustn't
3- They insisted that we--------------------have a meal.
a- must b- should c – have to d- may
4- You--------------------see the film if you have the chance.
a- must b- should c – ought to d- needn't
5- I'm sorry I couldn't meet you yesterday. I --------------------work hard.
a- have to b- had to c – must d- may
6- I---------------him last week but I didn't.
a- should visit b- needn't visit c – had to visit d- may have
visited
7- I can hear you well. You-------------------------shout.
a- needn't b- mustn't c – won't d- had to
8- I didn't know there was a meeting. You---------------------me.
a- must tell b- should have told c – should tell d- may tell
9- You------------take anything out of a shop without paying for it.
a- mustn't b- may not c – needn't d- could
10- The buses are full. I------------------take a taxi.
a- should b- might c – ought d- must
Rewrite the following sentences:
1- I t was necessary to buy a new camera. ( had to)
2- You mustn't wait here. ( allowed)
3- It's not a good thing to waste your time. ( shouldn't)
4- It isn't a good idea to travel during rush hours. ( shouldn't)
5- Would you like me to post the letter for you? ( Shall)
6- He needn't stay up late. ( doesn't)
7- You should learn a foreign language. ( advise)
8- It's necessary to get up early. ( ought)
9- It's forbidden to park here. ( mustn't)
10-What would you advise me to do? ( should)
11-There is a possibility that it will rain tomorrow. ( might)
12-I'd like you to help me with my home work. ( Will)
13-You should finish this task today. ( necessary)
14-Is it necessary to tell him? ( have to)
15-If I were you, I'd refuse his invitation. ( should)
16-Smoking is not allowed here. ( mustn't)
 17-Does she have to take some rest? ( necessary)
18-He needn't go to school on Friday. ( have to)
19-It's necessary to pass the exam to join the university. ( must)
20-It would be a good idea for him to take a holiday. ( has to)

: ‫تكوينه‬
. ‫ الي نهايه الصفه‬ly ‫يتكون الحال خاصه الذي يدل علي الطريقه باضافه‬

 Slow  slowly  nice nicely  usual  usually

: ‫مالحظات‬
. )y( ‫) ونضيف‬e( ‫) نحذف الــ‬le( ‫ الصفات التي تنتهي ب‬-1
 Horrible  horribly  terrible  terribly
)ily( ‫) نحذفها ونضيف‬y( ‫ الصفات التي تنتهي بــ‬-2
 Happy  happily  funny  funnily
. ‫ هناك بعض الكلمات تشتخدم كصفات واحوال دون اي اضافات‬-3
.Fast – hard – early – late
 I took the fast train.  He runs fast
. This is a hard test.  He works hard
: ‫ ) تتكون شبه جمله ظرفيه‬ly ( ‫ اذا كانت الصفه تنتهي بــ‬-4
In + a \ an + ‫ صفه تنتهي بــ‬ly + way
 Friendly  in a friendly way
 Ugly  in an ugly way
 They treated us in a brotherly way.
Adverbs of degree.
( extremely – very – fairly – rather – quite )
. ‫تستخدم ظروف الدرجه لوصف الصفه – الفعل – الظرف‬
.The Nile is extremely long
.I completely agree with you
.He is very friendly

:Choose the correct answer

.He has no money he is ---------------------------poor -1
a- very b-fairly c- quite d-extremely
1- You should climb the stairs ---------------------------------.
a- careful b- care c- carefully d-carelessly
3- My sister is a good student, her studies------------------------------------------.
 a- well b- good c- goodly d- willingly
4- Rasha is -------------------. She thinks that she is the most beautiful girl.
a- conceit b-conceited c-unconnected d-pleasant
5- He thinks of himself only. He is ---------------------------------.
a- conceited b- tolerant c- married d- selfish
6- My father ran very -------------------------and caught a thief.
a- fatly b- fast c- fastness d-fasten
7- I sometimes get up ---------------------and miss the bus.
a- late b- lately c- later d- lateness
8- He played the match very ------------, so he lost it.
a-bad b-badly c- badness d- good
9- This girl behaves in a --------------------------way.
a-friend b-friendship c-friendly d- pen friend
10- He couldn't buy the suit because it was ------------------------expensive.
a- rather b- quite c-never d- hardly
11- Basma is very beautiful and quite well-build ------------------------long black hair.
a - in b- with c- by d- of
12- We like our English teacher. He is --------------------a good person.
a-quite b- rather c- never d- hardly
13- She is very ----------------------. She is never angry or sad.
a- cheer b- silly c- efficient d- cheerful
14- It is raining ----------------------------.
a- heavy b- heavily c-heaviness d-heavenly
15- Shimaa does her work ----------------------------. She is efficient.
a-good b- well c- proper d- prepare
Rewrite the following sentences:
1 - He is a good speaker of English. (speaks)
2- She is a nice singer. (nicely)
3- He left home a few minutes ago. (just)
4- I had a meal. Then I took the medicine. (After)
5- I believe he is unhappy. (seems)
6- The pupil was bad when he answered the question. (badly)
7- The boy is dishonest. (honest)
8- He is tall and has hot blue eyes. (with)
9- Ali is setting behind Amer. (front)
10- The shop is on the right of the bus stop. (left)
11- He is fluent in English. (fluently)
12- Pressure affects everyone in the society. (effect)
13- He was an efficient worker. (efficiently)
14- He is a very good driver. (Well)

 Who \ that ((‫للعاقل‬- --- ‫ التي‬-‫الذي‬

‫تحل محل الفاعل العاقل ويأتي بعدها الفعل‬
- That is the doctor. He cured your father.
That is the doctor who cured your father.
- The girl is my daughter. She won the medal.
The girl who\ that won the medal is my daughter.
. ‫وفي هذه الحالة ال يمكن حذفها‬
 Who – whom – that (‫)الذي – التي‬
)‫تحل محل المفعول العاقل ويأتي بعدها الفاعل‬
 -She married the man. She loved him.
She married the man whom \ who \ that\she loved.
- The men were honest. I lived with them in London.
The men with whom I lived in London were honest.
The men I lived with in London were rich. ‫الحظ حذف الضمير‬
. ‫وفي هذه الحالة يمكن حذف هذه الضمائر وتفهم من سياق الجمله‬
Which \ that (‫)الذي – التي‬
‫وتحل محل الفاعل والمفعول غيرا لعاقل ويأتي بعدها الفاعل أو الفعل‬
‫يمكن حذفها إذا كانت تحل محل المفعول أي يأتي بعدها الفاعل‬
- He works for a company. It manufactures computers.
He works for a company which \ that manufactures computers
- The film was boring. I watch it last night.
The film which \ that I watched last night was boring.
The film I watched yesterday was boring.‫الحظ حذف الضمير‬
 Whose) ‫في الجمله الثانيه‬ his – her – their – its ‫( وتحل محل ضمائر الملكيه‬
- The man reported the police. His flat was robbed.
The man whose flat was robbed reported the police.
- The plan had to land. Its engine was out of order.
The plane whose engine was out of order had to land.
- I met the boy. The boy’s father was killed.
I met the boy whose father was killed.
- That’s my grandfather. We live in his house.
That’s my grandfather whose house we live in.
That’s my grandfather in whose house we live.
.‫ بدال منها‬that ‫ آو بعد الفعل وال يمكن استخدام‬whose ‫يمكن استخدام حرف الجر قبل‬
 Where ‫حيث وتحل محل المكان ويأتي قبلها المكان مباشره‬
- This is my school. I study in it.
This is my school where I study.
This is my school which I study in.
 When ‫حيث وتحل محل الزمان ويأتي قبلها مباشرة الزمان‬
- They visit my on Friday. I am at home at that day.
They visit me on Friday when I am at home.
- June is the month. We go on holiday in it.
June is the month when we go on holiday
Summary:
Who )‫الذي – التي ( العاقل‬ Whose )‫الذي له ( للملكية‬
Whom )‫الذي – التي ( المفعول العاقل‬ Where )‫حيث ( للمكان‬
That )‫الذي – التي ( للعاقل وغير العاقل‬ When )‫حيث ( للزمان‬
which ( ‫الذي – التي ( غير العاقل‬ what )‫ما (لغير العاقل‬

1- The man........ Sent you this letter is my cousin.

a- which b- whose c- whom d- who
2- The flat........ I lives had only two rooms.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
3-This is the cassette …….. Won the prize.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
4-Eight o’clock is …….. I usually go to work.
a- what b-whose c- whom d-when
5-The suit ……... you are wearing is fashionable.
a- which b-where c- whose d-who
6-London is the largest city in England …… my pen friend lives.
a- which b-whose c- where d-what
7-This is the book ……. I keep in my bag.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
8-My birthday is the day ……. I was born.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-when
9-My father is the person …….. Wife is my mother.
a- which b-whose c- where d-who
9- The youth --------traveled abroad could make a lot of money.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
10- He is the Egyptian -------- has won the gold medal.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
11- This is the camera ------------ a week ago.
a- which he lent it to me b- he lent me it
c- He lent me d- that he lent me it
12- There is a hairdresser nearby -------- I have my hair cut.
a- which b-where c- whom d-when
13- The man -------leg was broken was taken to hospital.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
14- This is the house -----------I lived when I was a child.
a- which b-where c- when d-whose
15-I doesn't know the man -------- I met yesterday.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
16- You should decide ---------girl is mistaken.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
17- The girl -------------- I told about is coming towards us.
 a- which b-whose c- whom d-when
18- That is the painting --------- price is over 10.000 pounds.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
19- The musician ------------ is well known.
a- you read about him b- You read about
c- whom you read about him d- that you read about him
20- He did -------- I told him to do.
a- what b-whose c- whose d-who
21- This is the company in ---------- he works.
a- which b-whose c- whom d-who
22- This is exactly -------------I wanted you to do at once.
a- who b-whose c- whom d-what
23- The Egyptians are -------- shaping a bright future.
a- able to b-capable c- enable d-have ability
24- Computers ---------us to communicate with other countries.
a- able to b-capable c- enable d-have ability
25- Paper is made --------- cotton or wood.
a- in b-from c- of d-by
26-This is the football team ------- members have won the gold medal.
a- who b-whose c- whom d-what
27- Is that the singer about ---------- you told me?
a- who b-whose c- whom d-what
Rewrite the following sentences
1- Ahmed often travels to England. His wife is English. ( whose)
2- the library is a place and we like to read in it ( where)
3- Do you know that man? He is standing over there. ( who )
4- Who is the girl? We met her yesterday. (whom)
5- He told me a story. I have never heard it before (which)
6- We understand our lessons with the help of our teachers. (enable)
7- means of transport help countries to exchange goods (enable)
8- The police haven’t found the man. he stole the money ( that)
9- Do you know the girl? you borrowed her book ( whose)
10-There is a cinema near our house. We spend our time in it (which)
11-The boy plays the guitar, he is my son. (Who)
12-This is the bank. T worked in it for ten years. (Where)
13- That is my friend, his father is a doctor. (Whose)
14- This is the library; I spend most of my time in it. (Where)
15-The man was angry because his car was stolen. (Whose)
16- He wants to know the time of his arrival. (When)
17-When the police dog saw the thief. It attacked him. (Which)
 ‫ مضارع بسيط‬, will +
‫المصدر‬
If ‫ماضي بسيط‬ , would +
‫المصدر‬
‫ماضي تا م‬ , would have +
P.P

The zero conditional

If + ‫ مضارع بسيط‬, ‫مضارع بسيط‬

‫تستـخـدم للتعبير عن مــواقــف حــقـيقــية‬ 
 If you heat water, it turns into steam.  If you don't water plants, they die.

The first conditional

‫مضـ ــارع بسيـ ـ ـ ــط‬ , will + ‫ال ـم ـ ـ ــصدر‬

If
‫ أم ــر – ن ــهي – رج ـ ــاء‬, ‫مضـ ــارع بسيـ ـ ـ ــط‬
 If you meet Osama, give him this letter please.
.‫ امكانيه ( احتمال حدوث شيء في المستقبل‬-1
 If the sun shines, we will go out.
.‫ المستقبل‬MR
‫وعود في‬ ‫ توقعات ( تنبؤات) أو‬-2
. Hesham
 If you will play will, you will win.  If you succeed,$ I'll give you a present.
:‫ مــالحــظــات‬
will ‫ بدال من‬can, may ‫ يمكن استخدام‬-1
what ‫ يمكن تكوين سؤال علي الحالة األولي بـ‬-2
 What + will + ‫ فاعل‬+ do + if + )‫?فعل الشرط (مضارع بسيط‬
 What will you do if you get a job?
. ‫ في الحالة األولي‬if ‫ بدال من‬should ‫ يمكن استخدام‬-3
 If he studies hard, he will succeed.
 Should he study hard, he would succeed.

The conditional
The second second conditional
If + ‫مــاض ــي بسيــط‬ , would + ‫ال ـم ـ ـ ــصدر‬
 If she studied, she would succeed.
:‫ تستخدم الحالة الثانية في الحاالت االتيه‬
‫ للتعبير عن حدث غير محتمل أو مستحيل وقوعه في الوقت الحاضر‬-1
 If I didn't feel so tired, I'd go out with you
 If I were rich, I would buy a car.
‫ إعطاء النصيحة‬-2
 If I were you, I'd see a doctor.
:‫ مــالحــظــات‬
would ‫ بدال من‬could, might ‫ يمكن استخدام‬-1
 If he were strong enough, he could carry the heavy bag.
.‫ تحول الجملة المثيته إلي منفية والعكس عند استخدام الحالة الثانية‬-2
. therefore , so , that's why ‫ والجملة قبل‬as, because ‫ ألجمله بعد‬if ‫ يأتي بعد‬-3
 He can go for a swim because it's fine. (If)
 He wouldn't go for a swim if it weren't fine.
 I'm too busy therefore I can't visit him today. (If)
 If I weren't too busy, I'd visit him today.
. ‫ في الحالة الثانية‬if ‫ بدال من‬should ‫ يمكن استخدام‬-4
 If he studied, he'd succeed.
 Should he study, he would succeed.
. ‫ في الحالة الثانية‬if ‫ بدال من‬Had ‫ يمكن استخدام‬-5
 If I had enough money, I'd buy a new house.
 Had I enough money, I'd buy a new house.
‫وفي حـالـة السـؤال‬
What + would ‫ فاعل‬+ + do + if +)‫? فعل الشرط (ماضي بسيط‬
 What you would do if your car was stolen?
 I'd tell the police.

The third conditional

The third conditional

If + ‫مــاضـ ـ تـام‬ , would have + p. p.

.‫ تستخدم الحالة الثالثة للتعبير عن مواقف مستحيلة الوقوع في الماضي‬
 He didn't get up early, so he didn't catch the bus. (If)
 If he had got up early, he would have caught the bus.
 He was angry because we called him a bad name. (If)
 If we hadn't called him a bad name, he wouldn't have been angry.
:‫ مــالحــظــات‬
‫ تحول الجملة المثيته إلي منفية والعكس‬-1
 . therefore , so , that's why ‫ والجملة قبل‬as, because ‫ ألجمله بعد‬if ‫ يأتي بعد‬-2
. ‫ في الحالة الثالثة‬if ‫ بدال من‬Had ‫ يمكن استخدام‬-3
 If she had studied, she would have succeeded.
 Had she studied, she would have succeeded.
‫وفي حـالـة السـؤال‬
What + would ‫ فاعل‬+ +have done + if +)‫? فعل الشرط (ماضي تام‬
 What you have done if you had practiced well?
 I'd have won the medal.

Unless = if not

. ‫ في النفي ولها نفس القواعد‬if ‫ بدال من‬unless ‫ تستخدم‬

 If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam. (Unless)
 Unless he had worked hard, he wouldn't have passed the exam.
 Unless he had worked hard, he would have failed the exam.

. ing + ‫ في اإلثبات ويأتي بعدها اسم أو فعل‬if ‫ بدال من‬incase of ‫ يمكن استخدام‬
 If you are strong, you will defeat your enemy.
 Incase of being strong, you will defeat your enemy.
 Incase of your strength, you will defeat your enemy.
.‫ في النفي‬if ‫ بدال من‬without, but for ‫ يمكن استخدام‬
 If I don't finish early, I won't go home early. (Without)
 Unless I finish early, I won't go home early. (Without)
 Without finishing early, I won't go home early.

‫ والفعل بعدها منفي أو بدال‬if ‫ بدال من‬without, but for ‫الحظ انه يمكن استخدام‬ 
. ‫والفعل بعدها مثبت‬ unless ‫من‬
.‫ في الحالة الثانية‬without ‫ بدال من‬if it weren't for ‫يمكن استخدام‬
Without + ‫اسم‬ would + ‫المـصــد ر‬
If it weren't for + ‫اسم‬ would + ‫المـصــد ر‬
 Without hard work, he wouldn't pass the exam.
 If it weren't for hard work, he wouldn't pass the exam.
.‫ في الحالة الثالثة‬without ‫ بدال من‬if it hadn't been for ‫ يمكن استخدام‬
Without + ‫اســم‬ would have + p.
p
If it hadn't been for + ‫اس ــم‬ would have + p. p
 Without hard work, he wouldn't pass the exam.
 If it hadn't been for hard work, he wouldn't have passed the exam.

Choose the correct answer:

1- Had I had a good memory? I ------------remembered his name.
a - would have b- will have c- shall have d- may have
2- ---------------------I phoned him, he wouldn't have come in time.
a- Unless b- Hadn't c- If d- Provided
3- -----------------------he hurries up, he will miss the train.
a- If b- Without c Unless - d- But for
4- -----------------he enough money, he would buy a car.
a- Were b- Unless c Without - d- Had
5- I would have bought this car unless I -------------------in trouble.
a- had been b- have been c- were d- am
6- ----------------in your position, I'd accept his offer.
a- Had b- Were c Unless - d- Without
.If a volcano erupts, it -----------------dust into the atmosphere -7
a- will send b- sent c- send d- would send
8- If the ice caps melt, the sea level -----------------------.
a- rises b- would rise c rose - d- have risen
9- If he hadn't bought a car, he -------------------that accident.
a- wouldn't have b- hadn't had c didn't have d- wouldn't have had
10- If he had been more careful, he------------------all these mistakes.
a- would make b- - wouldn't make c-Would have d- wouldn't have
made made
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets:
1- Due to his carelessness, he lost his money (if)
2- Without my father's help, I wouldn't have passed the test (unless)
3- Hurry up or you won't catch the bus (if)
4- He can't get married now because he doesn't have a flat. (Had)
5- He won't join the army since he is short (if)
6- I forgot your address so I didn't send you an invitation (if)
7- He didn't help her, so she didn't finish in time. (If)
8- He was out, so he didn't see the robbery (unless)
9- The shirt is too tight so I can't wear it (provided)
10- Due to his intelligence, he achieved great progress. (If)
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
 ‫االسماء المعدوده واالسماء غير المعدوده‬

 Countable nouns ‫األســماء المعــدودة‬ :

‫ االسم المفرد الذي يمكن جمعه‬-1
. ies , es , s ‫ في المفرد ويجمع بإضافة‬a , an ‫ نضع قبله‬-2
 A boy  boys  A box  boxes
 An orange  oranges  a party  parties
: ‫ وقد يكون له جمع شاذ مثل‬-3
 A child  children  a man  men
:‫ يمكن أن تسبقه الكلمات أو التعبيرات اآلتية مع االسم المعدود في الجمع‬-4
 Some , any , many , a few , few
 A lot of, a great number of, a plenty of
 I'd like some magazines
 Do you want any books ?
 There are a few apples in the fridge.
‫ كم العدد‬How many‫ ونسال عنه بــ‬-5
 How many books did you buy?
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Uncountable nouns: ‫األســماء غــير المعــدودة‬
‫ هو االسم المفرد الذي ال يمكن عده ( جمعه) والدال علي الكميه‬-1
. s ‫ وال نضيف له‬a , an ‫ ال يسبقه‬-2
 (bread , cheese , sugar , milk , water , ink , information , petrol , home work , news )
: ‫ يمكن ان تسبقه الكلمات االتيه‬-3
 Some, any, much , a little, little , a great amount of ,
- a lot of , a piece of , a bit of
- I'd like a piece of information.
- I'd like to drink some milk.
- There is a little sugar.
. How many ‫ وليس‬How much ‫ نسال عنه بــ‬-4
 How much money do you want?
. ‫ يأخذ بعده فعل مفرد وليس جمع‬-5
 All the information is true .
 Money plays an important role in our life.
.‫ لكن تعامل معامله المفرد‬s ‫ هناك بعض االسماء تنتهي بحرف‬-6
- Maths ‫رياضيات‬
- Physics‫فيزياء‬
 - Athletics‫ألعاب رياضيه‬
- Gymnastics‫الجمباز‬
:‫ يمكن تحويل األسماء التي ال تعد إلي أسماء تعد باستخدام‬
- (items of – bits of – pieces of – sheets of –loaves of – slices of------)
- I'd like a piece of advice .
- I'd like pieces of advice .
: ‫هناك أسماء يمكن أن تعد أو ال تعد حسب المعني‬
Light ‫ ضوء‬A light ‫لمبه‬
Coffee ‫ بن‬A coffee ‫فنجان قهوه‬
Iron ‫ حديد‬An iron ‫مكواه‬
Experience ‫ خبره‬An experience ‫موقف – تجربه‬
Hair ‫ شعره‬A hair ‫شعره سقطت من جسم االنسان‬

Ex :
1- He drank a lot of milk . (many)
- He drank many cups of milk.
2- He gave me valuable advice. ( a)
- He gave me a piece of valuable advice.
3- I bought a little glue (few)
- I bought few tubes of glue
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

Choose the correct answer :

1- He didn't stay so long a time , only ------------------days.
a- much b- a few c- a little d- a lot
2- I'd like to buy -------------flowers , please.
a- one b- a little c- a d- some
3- I want a-------------------of chalk .
a- one b- piece c- lots d- few
4- May I have -------------------stories , please?
a- any b- few c- some d- the
5- I haven't got --------------money left .
a- many b- much c- some d- few
6- Mathematics -----------------------an interesting subject.
a- are b- is c- has d- have
7- a -------------students were absent yesterday.
a- Little b- A lot c- Some d- Few
8- Please give me ------------------water.
a- any b- many c- some d- few
9- She told us a ----------------of stories.
a- much b- some c- lot d- little
10- Will you buy ----------------------butter?
a- some b- many c- any d- few
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

‫الضمائر المنعكسه‬

‫ضما ئر‬ ‫ضمائر‬ ‫ضمائر ملكيه‬ ‫ضمائر ملكي غير‬ ‫الضمائر‬

‫الفاعل‬ ‫المفعول‬ ‫متبوعة باسم‬ ‫متبوعة باسم‬ ‫المنعكسة‬
I Me My Mine Myself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They Them Their Theirs Their selves
You‫للمفرد‬ You Your Yours Yourself
You‫للجمع‬ You Your Yours yourselves

: ‫استخدامها‬
.‫ عندما يكون المفعول به هو نفسه الفاعل‬-1
 Sarah cut herself when she was peeling an orange
 I am teaching myself English
) ‫ تستخدم للتأكيد (ويستخدم بعد الفاعل آو المفعول أو الفعل المتعدي‬-2
 The president himself came here yesterday.
 I have done the homework my self.
 Hala went herself.

.on my own )‫الضمائر بمعني بمفرده آو وحده ( بدون مساعده‬ ‫ قبل هذه‬by ‫ تستعمل‬-3
 By myself = alone = with no help
 The old woman lives by herself = alone = on her own.
 I learned to use this computer by myself = without any help.
. ‫ يمكن استخدامها كضمير منعكس‬one self -4
 One can hurt oneself this way.
: ‫ ال تستخدم الضمائر المنعكسة بعد أفعال معينه مثل‬-5
 Dress – wash – shower – shave –relax – remember – rest – wonder – worry – hurry
 I got up, dressed and went to work.
.‫ ال تستخدم الضمائر المنعكسة بعد حروف جر المكان أو الموقع‬-6
 She put her books next to her
 My father likes to have all his family near (him – himself – his)
 ‫ ادرس هذه التعبيرات جيدا‬
 Enjoy yourself = have a good time.
 Behave yourself = be good.
 She lives by herself = she lives alone
 I like being by myself = I like being alone.
 Help yourself to tea = don't wait to be offered tea.
:Rewrite the following sentences
1- Sami and Ali were injured when they fell off their bicycles. (themselves)
2- She went to the club alone (herself)
3- They had a good time at the club (themselves)
4- No one helped her do her homework. (herself)
5- I don't have my clothes ironed (on my own)
6- He did his homework with no help. (himself)
7-He doesn't like to stay alone in the house (himself)
8- He did every thing with no help (himself)
9- On the second floor there are two bed rooms (upstairs
12- I hope your son behave well (himself)
13- I repaired the watch with no help. (my self)

‫االستنتــاج‬

Must be ‫ البد انه‬----------

.‫تعبر عن شبه تأكيد في الوقت الحاضر‬
 He always gets top mark. He must be intelligent.
Must have + p . p ‫ البد انه كان‬--------------
.‫تعبر عن شبه تأكيد في الماضي‬
 He was absent yesterday, he must have been ill.
 The door was broken; the thief must have entered through it.
Can't be ‫ ال يمكن أن يكون‬-----------------
.‫تعبر أن المتكلم شبه متأكد من عدم كونيه الشيء في المضارع‬
 He has a car, he can't be poor.
Can't have + p . p ‫ ال يمكن انه كان‬------------
.‫تعبر أن المتكلم شبه متأكد من عدم كونيه الشيء في الماضي‬
 I phoned you but no one answered, he can't have been at home.
Could + ‫مصدر‬
May be ‫تعبر عن استنتاج غير مؤكد في المضارع‬
 This tourist could \ may be French, I'm not sure.
Could have + p . p ‫تعبر عن استنتاج غير مؤكد في الماضي‬
 The thief could have escaped through the window.
Might be )‫(احتمال بعيد في المضارع‬ ‫غير متأكد تماما‬
 He speaks German, he might be Egyptian.
Might have + p . p ‫( احتمال بعيد‬ ‫في الماضي ) غير متأكد تماما‬
 He might have answered the exam, he answered nothing.
‫درجات التأكيد في المضارع‬
 He is ill (certain)
 He must be ill. (near certain)
 He may be certain (uncertain)
 He might be ill. (very uncertain)
‫درجات التأكيد في الماضي‬

 He was ill (certain)

 He must have been ill. (near certain)
 He may have been certain (uncertain)
 He might have been ill. (very uncertain)
Choose the correct answer.
1- Ahmed is a professor of chemistry. He ---------------------very clever.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
2- The telephone range, but I didn't hear it. I --------------been a sleep.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
3- That -----------Ahmed. He looks very old.
a- can't be b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
4- You ------------learned hard to learn it.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
5- You ----------------driven for 20 years, you drive badly.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
6-his daughter joined the faculty of medicine, she ------------------been clever.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
7- The thief -----------entered through the window because it was locked.
a- must have b- must be c- can't have d- couldn't have
8- It -----------my home work. It isn't my hand writing.
a- can't be b- must be c- can't have been d- couldn't have
9- I'm not sure, he ---------------tired when he stopped working.
a- might be b- might have been c- can't have been d- couldn't have
10- Stop, you'll punish! You ---------------have parked.
a- shouldn't b- must c- can't d- might not
Rewrite the following:
1-I think she had come late because of the traffic jam. (must)
2-I'm sure Ahmed didn't boil the water before he made the tea. (couldn't)
3-It isn't possible that he caught the train (couldn't)
4-I'm very uncertain he received my letter. (might)
5-Perhaps my uncle went shopping. (may)
6-I was quite sure that he didn't commit this serious crime on purpose (can't)
7-Globalwarming is causing ice caps to melt. (as a result of)
 ‫روابط تدل علي التناقض‬:
Although + ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫فعل‬  ‫بالرغم من‬
Though ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫ فعل‬+  ‫بالرغم من‬
Even though ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫ فعل‬+  ‫بالرغم م‬
Whether --------or not  ‫ أم ال‬----------- ‫سواء‬
 Although he is young, he is wise.
 I will buy this shirt even though it is expensive.
 I will buy this shirt whether it is cheap or not.

(v) + Ing ‫بالرغم من‬

In spite of + despite
(n) ‫بالرغم من‬
 In spite of being innocent, he was punished.
 Despite his innocence, he was punished.

However
But ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫فعل‬ ‫لكن‬
Yet
 He is rich, but (however) he is unhappy.

‫ صفه)) حال‬+ as +‫ فاعل‬+ ‫فعل‬

However (‫ صفه )حال‬+ ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫فعل‬ ‫بالرغم من‬
Whatever ‫ اسم‬+ ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫فعل‬

Ex :  He was strong. He was defeated.

 Strong as he was, he was defeated.
 However strong he was, he was defeated.
 Whatever his strength, he was defeated.
‫ روابط تدل علي االضافه‬:
‫ الفاعل‬not only ‫ فعل‬-----, but also ----------- ‫ لكن أيضا‬-‫ليس فقط‬
‫ الفاعل‬not only ‫ فعل‬-----, but-------as well . ‫ لكن أيضا‬-‫ليس فقط‬
 She not only went to the market but she also went to the zoo.
 He not only succeeded, but he got high marks as well.
In addition to v + ing
Besides ‫باال أضافه إلي‬
As well as noun
 In addition to (Besides) going to the market, she went to the zoo.
 ‫ ملحوظة‬:
.‫ في بداية الجملة فان الجملة بعدها تكون علي هيئه سؤال‬not only ‫إذا استخدمنا‬
Not only + ‫ فعل مساعد‬+ ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫فعل‬

 Not only did she go to the market, but she went to the zoo as well.
 ‫ إذا ربطت‬as well as ‫بين فاعلين فان فعل الجملة يتبع الفاعل األول‬.
He is a teacher. I’m a teacher.
‫روابط تدل علي السبب‬:
Because
As ‫ بسبب‬- ‫الن‬ ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫فعل‬
Since
 He stayed in bed because (as-since) he was ill.

Because of v + ing
Owing to ‫بسبب‬
Due to
As a result of noun
 He stayed in bed because of being ill (his illness)
‫روابط تدل علي النتيجة‬:
So, therefore
That’s why, that’s the reason why ‫لذلك – لذا – ولهذا السبب‬
Consequently

 I felt ill. I went to bed.

 I felt ill so I went to bed
 I didn’t have enough money; consequently I didn’t buy a car.
‫ روابط تدل علي الغرض‬:
To = in order to –in order not to + ‫لكي‬ ‫المصدر‬
So as to – so as not to ‫ المصدر‬+
 He studies hard to get high marks.
 He studies hard so as not to fail.
So that = in order that ‫ فاعل‬+ may (might) ‫لكي‬ ‫المصدر‬
 He works day and night. He wants to make money.
 He works day and night so that he may make money.
 He studies hard in order that he may get high marks.
 He saved up for years. He aimed at buying a car
(Use: in order to – so that)

Choose the correct answer:

 1- he worked hard ------------ he succeeded.
a- because b- as c- therefore d- unless
2- it was hot, ----------- we went swimming.
a- so b- because c- since d- although
3-- ----------- typing the report, she posted it.
a- in order to b- because c- in addition to d- since
4- Azza passed her exam ----------- being ill.
a- although b- because of c- but d- because
5- I tried the phone ------ there was no answer.
a- although b- despite c- but d- because
6- he is an expert at computer-------------he’s only 14.
a- so that b- because c- although d- but
7- I have never done karate --------- I have seen karate on TV.
a-if b- even if c- so d- as
8---------------he was a beginner, he won the gold medal.
a- because b- however c-Unless d- even though
9 - he didn’t stop smoking----------the doctor’s advice.
a-in spite of b- although c- however d- because

Rewrite the following sentences:

1- Though the film is boring, I am going to watch it. (whether------or not)
2- Although hr received high salary, he is not content. (Despite)
3- She graduated and got a job in a bank. (not only-----)
4- We sat in the living room and watched TV. (Watching)
5- On holiday he visited London and Paris. (Besides)
6- Despite his hard work, he is unlucky. (Although)
7- The shoes are old but comfortable. (Although)
8- He doesn’t like playing tennis. He doesn’t mind watching it on TV
(However)
9- I got the tape to record some music. (so that)
10- We cancelled our journey because of the rain. (because)
11- She always gets high marks because she is intelligent (owing to)
12- Although he spoke slowly, we couldn’t hear him (despite)
13- He is clever and his friends are clever too (as well as)
14- Hazem as well as his friends play football (not only)
15- Despite his serious illness, he went on working. (Although-despite)
16- I’d like to go to Luxor. I want to see the monuments. (So as to)
17- He couldn’t come due to his illness (since)
18- I have to run every day because I want to be healthy. (So)
 ‫الكالم غير المباشر‬

: ‫تحويل الجملة الخبرية‬

‫الجملة الخبرية هي الجملة التي تتكون من فاعل وفعل‬ 
-: ‫عند تحويل الجملة الخبرية إلى غير المباشر نتبع الخطوات اآلتية‬ 
: ‫ يتغير فعل القول كما يلي‬: ‫أوًال‬
Say  say that Says  says that
Say to  tell + ‫ مفعول‬+ that Says to  Tells + ‫ مفعول‬+ that
Said  Said that Said to  told + ‫ مفعول‬+ that
That ‫* يمكن االستغناء عن كلمة‬
_: ‫ يتغير زمن الجملة كالتالي‬-: ‫ثانيًا‬
: ‫يتغير الزمن كالتالي‬ Said / Said to ‫ إذا كان فعل القول ماضي‬
Go ‫مضارع بسيط‬ Went  ‫ماضي بسيط‬
is going ‫مضارع مستمر‬ Was going  ‫ماضي مستمر‬
has gone ‫ مضارع تام‬had gone  ‫ماضي تام‬
Went ‫ ماضي بسيط‬had gone / went  ‫ ماضي بسيط‬/ ‫ماضي تام‬
Will go ‫مستقبل بسيط‬  would go
Can  could Shall  should
Have to  had to Has to  had to
Must  had to
say – says have said – has said – tell ‫ إذا كان فعل القول مضارع أو مستقبل‬-: ‫ملحــوظـــة‬
‫ تتغير الضمائر حسب المعنى‬. ‫تتغير الضمائر فقط وال تتغير األزمنة‬
Ex.
 He said “ I missed the train “ He said “ that he missed the
train
 He said to me “ I’ll reach London tomorrow
He told me ( that ) he would reach London the
next day
: ‫يتغير الظروف وأسماء اإلشارة كالتالى‬
Direct Indirect Direct Indirect
This That Tomorrow The next day
These Those Next ( week ) The following (week)
To day That day Here There
Tonight That night Yesterday The day before
Now Then Last (week) The previous week

:Choose the correct answer

1- He said that he ………… T. V then
 a- is watching b) was watching c) had watched
2- My brother told me that he ………… at Cairo air port the next day.
a) Will arrive b) would arrive c) has arrived b) had arrived
3- He …… he would spend the weekend on his farm .
a) Said b) told c) asked d) ordered
4- He told me that he ………… answer my questions then
a) couldn’t b) didn’t c) doesn’t d) wouldn't
5- Mr. Hassan told me that he ………… the meeting the month before
a) Wouldn’t attend b) doesn’t attend c) hadn’t attended . d) didn't attended
.Rewrite the following sentences
1- He said to me “ I didn’t send her any letters “ " he told me "
2- He said to me “ If you like it , I’ll Take you to my house “ told “
3- You must take the medicine “ “ The doctor told me “
4- Ashraf told me that he didn’t want to go out that evening “ Ashraf said to me "
5- She told me that she had spent a lot of time in hospital the previous year
“ She said to me “
6- You can’t go out until you have finished “ Our teacher said that "
7- He said to me “ I’ll help you in our home work “ He told me
8- I’m going to move to Tanta “ Said Saim ‘ Salim said “ .
9- The price of the car is 20,000 pounds ‘ He told me
10- I’ m sure you mode many mistakes” " he told me"
11 - They said “ we’re writing the report now hey told me” . " the said that"

‫تحويل السؤال إلى غير مباشر‬

‫ إذا كان السؤال يبدأ بفعل مساعد‬: ‫ أوًال‬.
. asked ‫ إلى‬said to ‫ أو‬Said ‫ يتغير فعل القول‬-1
. ) ‫ يليها فاعل ثم فعل ثم بقية الجملة ( جملة خبرية‬whether ‫ أو‬if ‫ تحذف األقواس ونربط بـ‬-2
. ‫ تتغير األزمنة مثل الجملة الخبرية‬-3
: ‫ الترتيب يكون كالتالى‬-4
‫ فاعل‬if + Asked + ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫ فعل‬+ ‫باقى الجملة‬
: Asked ‫بدائل كلمة‬
 He Enquired  I didn’t know …………
 He wonted to know  Tell me …………
 He wondered  He would like to know
Ex .
 “Are you coming to the party “ she asked me”
She asked me if I was coming to the party.
 Did you get a computer ‘ He asked “
He asked if I had got a computer
 He said to her “ Have you done your homework “ He wondered”
He wondered if I had done my home work
 : ‫ملحوظة‬
. ‫ إذا كان السؤال يبدأ بأداة استفهام تحذف األقواس ونربط بنفس أداة االستفهام‬
‫ وتحول الفعل إلى ماضى‬does / do ‫ تحذف‬
) had + P. P ( ‫ ويحول الفعل إلى ماضى تام‬did ‫ تحذف‬
‫ فاعل‬asked + ‫ أداة استفهام‬+ ‫ باقى الجملة – فعل – فاعل‬
 He said “ where can you get bread ?
He asked where I could get bread
 He said “ what is your home ?
He asked what my name is

‫الجملة األمرية أو الطلب أو النصيحة‬

‫عند التحويل إلى غير مباشر‬
asked  said – said to ‫ تحويل فعل القول‬
asked ‫ وهنا بدائل أخرى لكلمة‬
advised me ‫نصحنى‬ begged me ‫ترجانى‬
wanted me ‫أراد منى‬ request me ‫طلب منى‬
told me ‫أمرنى‬ ordered me ‫أمرنى‬
‫ ثم المصدر‬not to ‫ أو‬to ‫تربط الجملة بـ‬
‫ للجملة المنفية‬Not to ‫ للجملة المثبته‬To 
 He asked me to + ‫المصدر‬  He asked me not to +
‫المصدر‬
 My teacher said “ Study hard to succeed”
My teacher advised me to study hard
Hazem said “ go home Mona “
Hazem told me to go home.
She said “ Don’t play with matches ‘
He told me not to play with matches.
 I said to him “ please, writhe your name clearly “
I asked him to write his name clearly .
.Rewrite the following sentences
1- Do you speak English? “ I wondered “
2- Have you finished doing your exercise? “ I asked him “ .
3- He asked me what I was doing then. “ He said to me “
4- “ Where can I exchange some money ? “ He wonted to know “
5- Can you come to dinner on Fridays ? “ He asked me “
6- He said to me “ How long have you been waiting? “ " He asked "
7- “ Would you like to go sailing? “ “ He wondered “
8- “ Is mother making food? “ “ He wanted to know “.
9- He said to me, “ Give me your pen “ " He asked "
10- Mother said to her children “ Don’t play with matches “ " Mother warned"
11- He said “ Don’t go hear the sea, Ali " " he warned -----"
12- Could you open the door, please.? "He asked"
13- “ How did you get to school” she said " She asked "
14- I said to him “ where did you buy your car ? “ "I asked Ibrahim"
15- "What time does the train arrive? “ " I asked "
16- “ Have you had any thing to eat " "He asked me"
17- “ Who will come to the cinema with me” "Samy wondered”.
18- Don’t make too noise, please “ he said “He asked "
19- “ leave your keys on the desk, please” “ He told me “
20- Would you talk more quietly? "He asked "
21- “Would you turn on the T.V” “ She asked “ .
24- Don’t spend too much money on holidays “ My father told me”

‫السؤال المذيل‬

. ‫) للتأكيد ومعناه أليس كذلك‬, ( ‫هو سؤال تضعه فى نهاية الجملة الخبرية مسبوقا بـ‬
‫كيفية تكوين السؤال المذيل‬
‫ فعل مساعد منفى‬+ ‫ ضمير فاعل‬ ‫ جملة مثبتة‬.
‫ فعل مساعد مثبت‬+ ‫ ضمير فاعل‬ ‫ جملة منفية‬.
 Ahmed is a teacher, isn’t he?
 They aren’t foreigner. Are they?
‫يراعى عند تكوين السؤال المذيل‬
‫ إذا كانت الجملة مثبتة يكون السؤال منفى والعكس‬-1
am – is – will – can ‫نستخدم نفس الفعل المساعد الموجود فى الجملة‬ -2
‫حسب زمن الجملة‬ Do does – did ‫إذا لم يكن فى الجملة فعل مساعد تستخدم‬ -3
. ‫ أما إذا كان ضمير نستخدم الضمير الذى يعود عليه‬، ‫ نستخدم نفس الفاعل الموجود إذا كان ضمير‬-4
- Karima works hard. Doesn’t she?
- She is studying, isn’t she?
- He wrote the lesson, didn’t he?
. ‫هناك بعض الشواذ البد أن تدرسها جيدًا‬
 I’ m not a teacher, am I?
 I’m late, aren’t I?
 Open the door, with you? ‫الجملة األمرية‬
 Don’t open the door, will you?
 Let’s go out, shall we?
 Let us go out, will you?

‫ إذا وجدت فى الجملة إحدى هذه الكلمات فى الجملة تكون الجملة منفية وبالتالى يكون السؤال المذيل مثبت‬.
Hardly No …… Seldom ‫نادرًا‬ Rarely ‫نادرًا‬
Never Scarcely ‫نادرًا‬ Very little very few
 She hardly cooks fish, does she?
. ) They ( ‫وهذه الكلمات تعوض عنها بالضمير‬
Everyone Every body Someone Some body
 Every one attended the party didn’t they?
 No thing is lost, is it?
 No one came late, did they?
Few and little ‫تعطى معنى النفى ولذلك يكون السؤال المذيل مثبت‬
 Few people know the answer, did they?
 Little progress has been made, has it?
a few, a littl ‫معناها قليل ولكن يكفى والجملةمثبته السؤال المذيل يكون منفى‬
 A few people knew the answer, didn’t they?
 A little progress has been made, hasn’t it?

Put a question tag: - .

1- Elephants are very strong animals ………?
2- She will miss the tram,
3- I never drink tea,
4- Let’s go and see the film ………?
5- You needn’t leave so early,
6- No one could tell me the answer ………?
7- No one warned you ………?
8- No thing could stop him ………?
9- The car broke down,
10- She can’t write ………?
11- The tea is very hot ………?
12- He hasn’t painted the room yet ………?
13- He hadn’t told me about here ………?
14- I'll visit him tomorrow ………?
15- They‘re playing football ………?
16- You’d rather stay at home ………?
17- You’d better stay at home ………?
18- Let us leave early ………?
19- You will do it alone ………?
20- He didn’t work yesterday ………?