HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT SUBJECT PANEL.

MUMIAS WEST JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2024.

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME.
1. What is a dictatorial government? (1mk)

{i} A system of government where the ruler has total power over his or her subjects.
[ii} A government that exercises rule forcefully / suppress subjects. {1*1=1mk}

2. Mention two physical distinctive characteristics of modern man. (2mks)

i) Bigger skull with bigger brain capacity.

ii) Smaller jaws as well as teeth.
iii) Maintained the upright posture /bipedalism.
iv) Slightly taller than previous species.
v) Less hair on the body. {first 2*1=2mks}

3. Mention two ancient writing used in Mesopotamia and Egypt (2mks)

i) Cuneiform.
ii) Hieroglyphics. {2*1=2mks}

4. Why was the Trans-Atlantic trade also referred to as the Triangular trade? (1mk)

 It was trade across three continents ie America, Africa and Europe. {1*1=1mk}

5. Give two forms of water transport used during the ancient times. (2mks)

i) Rafts.
ii) Canoes.
iii) Dhows/sailing ships.
iv) Oar-driven boats. {first 2*1=2mks}

6. State one advantage of the telephone as a means of communication. (1mk)

i) It is a fast means of transport.

ii) It can store information for future reference.
iii) It enables instant transmission of information/efficiency.
iv) The message can be send to more than one recipient at the same time.
v) It can maintain high level of confidentiality of the information. { 1*1=1mk}

7. What was the Contribution of Galileo Galilei in the field of industry? (1mk)

 He invented the telescope. {1*1=1mk}

8. Give the main factor that contributed to the emergence of Johannesburg as a modern
urban centre. (1mk)

 Discovery of gold at Witwatersrand. {1*1=1mk}

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9. Name two officials who assisted the Emperor in the administration of the Shona kingdom.(2mks)
i) The Head cook.
ii) The Head gate keeper/chancellor.
iii) The Court steward/chamberlain.
iv) The Queen mother.
v) The Head drummer.
vi) The Nine Principal Wives.
vii) The King’s sister.
viii) The Head of the army/Commander.
ix) The Treasurer.
x) The Senior son in law. {first 2*1=2mks}

10. Define the term Constitution. (2mks)

i ) A set of rules or principles that govern a society.
ii) A set of agreed principles and rules which govern a particular state or nation. {1*2=2mks}

11. Identify two survival rights of children. (2mks)

i) Right to a name and nationality from birth.
ii) Right to good food.
iii) Right to shelter.
iv) Right to good health care/services. {first 2*1=2mks}

12. State two Pull factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa. (2mks)
i) Existence of vast resources in Africa.
ii) Well developed trade/ trade routes in the interior.
iii) Existence of navigable rivers like Congo and Niger.
iv) Existence of weak decentralized local communities.
v) Frequent wars / intercommunity wars. {first 2*1=2mks}

13. Name the company that was used by the British to administer her colonies in West Africa.(1mk)

 The Royal Niger Company. {1*1=1mk}

14. Name the newspaper written by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana in the struggle for Ghana’s
independence.(1mk)

 The Accra Evening News. {1*1=1mk}

15. Identify two weapons used during the First World War. (2mks)

i) The machine gun.

ii) The armored tanks.
iii) Aircrafts.
iv) Poisonous gas.
v) The submarine/ ships/ boats. {first 2*1=2mks}
16. Name the body that was formed so as to maintain world peace after the Second World
War. (1mk)

 The United Nations Organization. {1*1=1mk}

17. Name the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement. (1mk)

 Jawaharlal Nehru of India. {1*1=1mk}

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18. (a) Give three stages in the evolution of Man before Homo Erectus. (3mks)
i) Aegyptopithecus /Egyptian ape.
ii) Dryopithecus /Proconsul/Woodland ape.
iii) Kenyapithecus/Kenyan ape/Ramapithecus/Asian ape.
iv) Australopithecus/Zinjanthropus/Southern ape/Nutcracker man.
v) Homo Habilis/Handy man. {any 3*1=3mks}

(b) Describe the way of life of man during the New Stone Age period. (12mks)
i) Tools: Man made smaller tools known as the microliths.
ii) Shelter: Man made shelter from tree branches/grass/ man made huts.
iii) Art: Man decorated the walls with drawings/pictures of animals they hunted
iv) Food: Man began domesticating animals and growing crops as well as hunting and gathering.
v) Lifestyle: Man lived a settled life /sedentary lifestyle.
vi) Government: Man lived in groups hence came up with rules and regulations to guide them.
vii) Religion: Man began to believe in a supreme being for adequate production/ belief in life
after death.
viii) Crafts: Man began specializing in craft skills such as basketry /pottery. {any 6*2=12mks}

19. (a) State three disadvantages of barter system of trade. (3mks)

i) Some goods were bulky/ difficult to carry.
ii) It lacked a common measure of value.
iii) It only occurred where there was a coincidence of wants.
iv) Some goods were indivisible.
v) Some goods were perishable.
vi) Lack of common language undermined it. {first 3*1=3mks}

(b) Explain six factors that led to the development of the Trans-Atlantic Trade. (12mks)
i) European nations had earlier links with West Africa.
ii) African chiefs had developed a taste for European goods e.g. firearms clothes, glass.
iii) The introduction of firearms in West Africa made it easier to raid communities.
iv) Increased demand for slaves to work in European plantations.
v) Increased demand for raw materials in European industries.
vi) Competition or rivalry among European countries to control overseas countries/Colonial rivalry.
vii) The trade was lucrative/ profitable to the merchants.
viii) Improvement in ship building technology hence greater capacity for transporting slaves.
ix) The African laborers were cheaper than American, Indian or European laborers.
x) Existence of well-defined trade routes. {first6*2=12mks}

20. (a) State five privileges enjoyed by the assimilated Africans in the four Communes in
Senegal. (5mks)
i) They were exempted from forced labor.
ii) They were allowed to work in France.
iii) They were exempted from paying taxes.
iv) They were allowed trading rights like French people.
v) They were allowed to send representatives to the French Chamber of Deputies.
vi) They were allowed to vote in France like French people.
vii) They enjoyed the right of the French judicial system like the French.
viii) They were exempted from arbitrary arrest.
ix) They were allowed to operate local authority structures similar to the French. {first 5*1=5mks}

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(b) Discuss five results of the French policy of assimilation in Senegal. (10mks)

i) It led to the promotion of French culture in Senegal.

ii) It undermined African culture as many adopted the French culture.
iii) It undermined the authority of traditional rulers as they were replaced by the assimilated Africans.
iv) Senegal was incorporated into French Republic and regarded as an oversea province of France.
v) Africans from Senegal were allowed to participate in French political affairs/ some of them
became deputies and ministers in the French government .
vi) It created division among Africans in Senegal as some remained citizens while others became
French people.
vii) It created a class of French educated citizens in four communes /rise of educated elites
among Africans.
viii) It led to the development of western/ French education in the four communes.
ix) It led to the rise of nationalism by the educated elites.
x) It undermined the spread of Islam/ led to the spread of Christianity in Senegal.
xi) It reduced racial discrimination in the colonies. {first 5*2=10mks}

21. (a) Give three reasons why Mozambique took too long to achieve independence. (3mks)

i) Portugal was reluctant to part financially with Mozambique.

ii) Portugal was ruled by kings who had no regard for human life.
iii) Portugal regarded Mozambique as one of the provinces and not a colony.
iv) Portugal had succeeded in suppressing revolts by Africans before nationalism in Mozambique.
v) Disunity among Africans in Mozambique until 1960's.
vi) Illiteracy among Africans of Mozambique hence lack of political awareness.
vii) Mozambique housed many settlers who had invested heavily in it hence they were reluctant
to leave. {first 3*1=3mks}

(b) Explain six ways in which nationalists in South Africa fought against apartheid
regime. (12mks)

i) They organized political parties to champion their grievances like African National Congress.
ii) They made use of trade unions to press for better working conditions.
iii) They organized protest marches, defiance campaigns or demonstrations to fight for independence.
iv) They used military force to agitate for their rights.
v) They employed the use of diplomacy in attempt to get the government’s/
international community’s attention.
vi) Those in prison went on hunger strikes to fight for independence.
vii) They used the print media such as pamphlets and newspapers to highlight the injustices of
the regime.
viii) Church leaders such as bishop Desmond Tutu fought against the
apartheid regime. {first6*2=12mks}

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22. (a) State five causes of the Second World War. (5mks)

i) Inability of League of Nations to implement its decisions.

ii) The rise of dictators destroyed democratic rights like Hitler/ Stalin/Mussolini/ Franco.
iii) The system of alliance between major nations encouraged aggression because of mutual support
iv) The policy of appeasement of France and Britain encouraged dictators to carry own with acts
of aggression.
v) The great depression of 1929_1931 forced countries to practice economic protectionism.
vi) Growth of nationalism made countries to concentrate on internal issues at the expense
of international issues/ Nationalistic interests.
vii) Unfavorable conditions imposed on Germany by the Versailles’s treaty humiliated her hence
the grudge against allied powers.
viii) The rise in power of Adolph Hitler/ his determination to regain Germany's lost glory led
to external invasion.
ix) The arms race/ rearmament/ increase armed forces increased tension among nations.
x) The Spain civil war {1936_1939} led by General Franco was supported by Mussolini and
Hitler who provided him with military assistance / Germany was able to test her weapons.
xi) Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 which angered Britain and France.
{first5*1=5mks}

(b) Discuss reasons why the League of Nations failed to preserve world peace. (10mks)

i) Some European nations opposed Versailles treaty because it favored the allies.
ii) The USA did not support league due to the Monroe doctrine.
iii) The membership of organization was not all inclusive as it left out some countries.
iv) The league/ conference of ambassadors violated the objective of maintaining peace
by supporting some nations’ claims against others .
v) The league lacked its own army to implement its decisions.
vi) Colonial rivalry as the search for colonies diverted the member’s attention from the activities
of the League of Nations.
vii) The rise of dictators in Europe weakened it as dictators refused to accept its resolutions.
viii) The economic depression of 1929 weakened most world economies hence they were unable
to support the league of nation financially.
ix) Inadequate funds to implement its programs.
x) Most members were concerned with their sovereignty as opposed to the League of
Nations interests/ Nationalistic interests.
xi) The appeasement policy adopted by some members towards certain regimes in order to
avoid confrontation thus weakening the League of Nations.
{Any 5*2=10mks}

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23.(a) Name the five permanent members to the Security Council of the United Nations. (5mks)

i) Russia.
ii) China.
iii )France.
iv) The United States Of America.
v) The United Kingdom (Britain) . {5*1=5mks}

(b) Explain five factors that eased the Cold War. (10mks)

i) The flexible leadership of Nikita Khrushchev of USSR who took over after Stalin's death
ii) The negotiations between superpowers to reduce arms like SALT {Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks} (1971) and START{Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty}(1991).
iii) The liberal policies introduced by Gorbachev, in which he opened up to the West
iv) The fall of communist rule in eastern European that ushered in Western democracies.
v) The role played by Ronald Reagan of USA by encouraging peace talks with Russia.
vi) The support of Russia for the gulf war of 1991.
vii) Richard Nixon made a friendly move with the USSR by visiting Beijing
(China) &Moscow(Russia) in 1972.
viii) The dissolution of the Warsaw pact.
ix) The unification of Germany in 1991. {first 5*2=10mks}

24. (a) Name three leading Pan-Africanists in the 19th century. (3mks)

i) Marcus Garvey.
ii) Booker T. Washington.
iii) William Edward Burghardt Du Bois. {3*1=3mks}

(b) Explain six achievements of the Pan-African Movement. (12mks)

i) It promoted African nationalism by encouraging Africans to unite against colonial injustices.
ii) It restored African dignity/ confidence by demanding respect for African values.
iii) It led to the formation of the Organization of African Unity.
iv) It mobilized people to protest against European colonization/ domination of Africans
e.g. Mussolini in Ethiopia in 1935.
v) It made Africans aware of their status in society thereby encouraging them to struggle for their rights.
vi) It created a sense of unity among people of Africa descent by enlightening them on their
common origin.
vii) It put pressure on international community to fight apartheid rule in South Africa.
viii) It encouraged the formation of nationalist movements which liberated Africans from colonial rule.
ix) It provided a forum for the African people to discuss their common problems both internal
and external.
x) It laid the basis for interest in the research on African cultures. {fist 6*2=12mks}

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