HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS FINAL TEST EF a) Muscular mass and fat b) Height and weight ©) Height and abdominal perimeter d) Abdominal and thorax perimeters a) Motion sickness b) Decompression sickness ©) Barotrauma d) Angina a) Cholera b) Yellow fever ©) Malaria d) Dengue a) Nicotine b) Lead ©) Carbon monoxide d) Tar a) Liver b) Heart ©) Bone marrow d) Capillaries Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up. This is called: a) Sensory threshold b) Sensory fitter ©) Sensory strength d) Sensory volume a) Selective attention b) Divided attention ©) Selective communication d) Divided communication~ Will show itself in time 2- Will not be foreseen by programmers 3- Lies dormant 4- Only becomes apparent under certain conditions 5- Will easily recognized by programmers a) 1,2,3and 4are correct b) Only 3is correct ©) 1,3,4and 5 are correct d) 1,4and 5 are correct goon vom> a) Hypermetropia b) Myopia ©) Presbyopia d) Astigmatism a) Cones b) Rods ©) Comea d) Lens How does the black hole effect alter the pilots’ judgement of the approach? a) Over-estimation of height b) Under-estimation of height ©) Tends to make the approach too fast d) Tends to make the approach faster than normal a) Less than 10% b) 10-15% ©) 20-25% d) Over 50% a) By-passes the inner ear b) By-passes the outer ear ©) By-passes outer and inner ear d) By-passes the tympanic membraneCoriolis illusion happens when a) Otolithic organ is damaged b) Two semicircular canals in each ear are simultaneously stimulated ©) Cochleais excited in excess d) Asudden change in temperature occurs Glaicomais; a) A fogging of the lens b) Damage of the optic nerve caused by increased intraocular pressure ©) Damage of the retina caused by increased blood pressure d) Distortion of the image on the retina caused by damage of the cornea, Which one of the following statements regarding CO intoxication is true? a) CO produces anemic hypoxia b) COis odorless ©) Headache, nausea and dizziness are first symptoms @) Allofthem JARIEASA considers unfit blood pressure over: a) 130/80 b) 140/90 c) 160/95 d) 170/100 ‘The volume of air that is normally mobilized in a breath is called: a) Vital capacity b) Pulmonary capacity ©) Tidal volume d) Pulmonary volume The vital capacity amounts to about: a) 500ml b) 1000 mi ©) 3000 mi d) 5000 mi Barometric pressure will be % MSL at: a) 8000 ft b) 18000 ft ©) 36000/t d) 45000 ft Compensatory mechanisms start becoming evident at: a) 5000 ft b) 10000 ft ©) 15000 ft d) 20000 fta) Oxygen in the cells b) Water vapor in the alveoli ©) Nitrogen in the air d) Carbon dioxide in the blood Which of the following symptoms could a pilot get when he is subjected to hypoxia? 4- Fatigue 2- Euphoria 3- Lack of concentration 4- Pain in the joints 5- Sensation of suffocation a) 1,2,3and 4 are correct b) 4and5 are correct ©) 1,2and3 are correct d) Only 5is correct a) Boyle's law b) Charles’ law ©) Henry's law d) Dalton’s law a) Frontal b) Maxillar ©) Ethmoidal d) Sphenoidal Bubble formation in blood and tissue happens in: a) Barotraumas b) Decompression sickness ©) Hypoxia d) Hyperventilation a) hours b) 12hours ©) 24hours d) 48 hoursTo safely supply the crew with oxygen, at which altitude is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen plus pressure after a rapid decompression? a) Approximately 14000 ft b) Approximately 20000 ft c) Approximately 38000 ft d) Approximately 45000 ft a) 10seconds b) 30 seconds ©) 3minutes d) 30 minutes What are the two major goals in the design of human-centered man-machine_ ‘interfaces? a) Make the design error resistant and tolerant b) Train the pilots to the highest standards and make it design error resistant ©) Make the design error resistant and incorporate better automated warning devices {@)) Train the pilots in more realistic simulators and make the design error tolerant a) Ican doit, | will show them how good | am. b) Itwon't happen to me ©) The rules are not meant for me d) I must always act without hesitation Working memory enables us for example: a) To remember our own name b) To store a large amount of visual information for about 0,5 seconds ©) Toignore messages for other aircraft d) To remember a clearance long enough to write it down Ifyou hear about “echoic memory” you know it means: a) Sensory memory for sight b) Sensory memory for sound ©) Long term memory for sound d) Short term memory for sight When we tend to seek only for information that confirms our model and ignore any other information that may cast doubt on its accuracy, his is known as: a) Convergency b) Redundancy ©) Confirmation bias d) Expectation bias‘The associative phase is also known as: a) Declarative knowledge b) Environmental capture ‘c) Knowledge compilation d) Procedural knowledge From the following list select errors associated with knowledge-based behavior: 1- Action slip 2+ Error of commission 3- Confirmation bias 4- Environmental capture 5+ Departure from SOP a) 2and5 b) 2and4 co) 3 d) None of the above How can the amount of information being processed in the working memory be increased? a) Chunking and pneumatics b) Zipping and pneumonics ©) Chunking and pegging d) Mnemonics and chunking a) hours b) Shours ©) 10hours @) 12hours a) REMsleep primarily re-vitalizes your body, not your brain b) REM sleep primarily re-vitalizes your brain after a strenuous mental activity ©) REM sleep consists of four stages d) REM sleep creates a high degree of muscular activity in your body a) G+P+ b) Ateam player c) Stable extravert d) Synergistic~ Judgement 2. Attention 3- Memory 4- Concentration a) 1and2only b) tonly 0) 1,2and4 4) All What are the three reactions of the GAS? a) Alarm, resistance and exhaustion b) Alert, resistance and exhaustion ©) Temporal, cognitive and resultante d) Psychological, psychosomatic and somatic If you approach an airfield with VFR at a prescribed altitude, exactly following the approach procedure, and you encounter no unexpected or new problems you show: a) Rule and skill-based behavior b) Knowledge based behavior ©) Rule based behavior 4) Skillbased behavior a) White cells b) Platelets ) Red cells d) Lymphocytes The normal rate of breathing is: a) 4-8 bpm b) 12-20bpm ©) 20-30 bpm d) 60-100 bpm a) Ahormone produced in the kidney b) protein which carries oxygen ©) Akind of immunoglobin d) Aprotein that collaborates in the blood clotting process a) Redcells b) White cells ©) Platelets d) Bone marrowa) Right atrium b) Right ventricle ©) Leftatrium 4) Leftventricle a) Aorta b) Pulmonary vein ¢) Pulmonary artery d) Cavavein a) Heartrate b) Blood pressure ©) Cardiac output d) Stroke volume Memory impairment starts at approximately: a) 8000 ft b) 12000 ft ) 18000 ft d) 200001t Physiological compensatory mechanisms are no longer capable of providing adequate oxygenation at: a) 5000ft b) 10000 ft ©) 150001t d) 20000 ft a) Hypoxia b) Hyperventilation ‘c) Motion sickness d) Salicilates intoxication A deterioration of night vision occurs at altitude as low as: a) 3000 ft b) 6000 ft ) 10000 ft d) 14000 fta) Peripheral nervous system b) Central nervous system ©) Autonomic nervous system d) Sensory nervous system ‘Sweating is controlled by: a) Vegetative nervous system b) Central nervous system ©) Peripheral nervous system d) Sensory nervous system a) Outer ear b) Middle ear ©) Inner ear d) Eustachian tube Conductive deafness may result from: a) Noise pollution b) Ossicles damage ©) Eardrum damage d) BandC Which of the following is considered an external factor in error generation? a) Mistaken perception b) Preconceived assumption ©) Experimentation d) Stressors What are the main positive capabilities in an individual's decision-making process? a) Composability, innovativity, adaptability b) Creativity, inevitability, adaptability ©) Composability, inevitability, adaptability 4) Creativity, flexibility, adaptability The illusion of pitching up or down is a: a) Somatogravic illusion b) Somatogyral illusion ©) Visual illusion d) Proprioceptive illusion The maximum density of rods is found about: a) 10° from fovea b) 10° from blind spot ©) Inthe fovea d) About 50° from foveaa) Comea b) Retina ©) Iris d) Lens a) Fotopic vision b) Mesopie vision ©) Scotopic vision d) Chromatic vision a) 3minutes b) Sminutes ©) 10 minutes d) 30 minutes a) Israrein males b) Does not affect visual acuity ©) Is caused by a defect in the lens d) Affects visual field The influence of prior knowledge in the functional model of information processing is known as: a) Bottom-up b) Top-down ©) Top-up d) Feed-back Working memory is: a) Long term memory b) Semantic memory ©) Sensory memory d) Short term memory Which one of the following factors increases most the risk of coronary heart disease? a) Family history b) Stress ©) Obesity d) AlcoholThe composition of the Earth's atmospherelis: a) 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, 1% other gases b) 78% oxygen, 21% nitrogen, 1% other gases ©) 21% oxygen, 78% hydrogen, 1% other gases d) 21% nitrogen, 75% oxygen, 3% CO 2, 1% other gases The inspiratory reserve volume amounts to about: a) 500ml b) 1000 mi c) 3000 mi d) 5000mi Barometric pressure will be 4 MSL at: a) 10000 ft b) 18000 ft c) 36000 ft d) 4500 ft Hypobaric hypoxia is defined by: a) Boyle's law b) Charles’ law ©) Henry's law d) Dalton’s law The blue tinge of lips and fingertips is called: a) Cyanosis b) Cinetosis ©) Formication d) Hypercamnia The otholitic organ is placed in a) Outer ear b) Middle ear ©) Inner ear d) Eustachian tube In somatogyral illusions which structure is involved? a) Cochlea b) Otolithic organ ) Semicircular canals d) Proprioceptive system Oxygen required by the heart muscle is carried by: a) Aorta b) Cava ©) Pulmonary arteries d) Coronary arteriesIf the blood supply to the heart is cut off completely, a portion of the muscle may die, this is called: a) Angina b) Bradycardia c) Syncope @) Infarct Normal heart rate is: a) 20-40 bpm b) 40-60 bpm ©) 60-100 bpm d) 100-140 bpm a) Insufficient amount of platelets b) Insufficient amount of hemoglobin ©) Insufficient amount of antibodies d) Insufficient amount of blood cells, (Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas because Itproduces; a) Anemic hypoxia b) Stagnant hypoxia ©) Hypoxic hypoxia d) Histotoxic hypoxia Which of the following statements regarding CO intoxication is false? a) CO produces histotoxic hypoxia b) COis odorless ©) Headache, nausea and dizziness are first symptoms d) Effects are cumulative a) 2hours b) hours ©) 12hours @) 24hours At35000 ft TUC at moderate activity is about: a) Sminutes b) 2minutes ‘c) 30.seconds d) 10 secondsTachycardia is considered when heart rate is over: a) 20bpm b) 40 bpm c) 60 bpm d) 100 bpm Tetania occurs in: a) oes b) Hypoxia ©) Hyperventilation d) Barotraumas Maximum changes in barometric pressure occur: a) Between sea level and 8000 ft b) Between 15000-20000 ft ©) Between 30000-38000 ft d) Over 50000 ft In every type of shock we will find: a) Lowheart rate b) Low body temperature ©) Low breathing rate d) Low blood pressure In order to control hyperventilation caused by psychological factors we will apply: a) Pure oxygen b) Plastic bag ©) Analgesics d) Sedative drugs a) Abdominal b) Dental ©) Sinuses d) Middle ear ‘The maximum amount of air mobilized in a single breath is called: a) Tidal volume b) Pulmonary capacity c) Vital capacity d) Lungs capacity Over which altitude is the use of oxygen supplements mandatory? a) 5000 ft b) 8000 ft c) 14000 ft d) 22000fta) Liveware — Environment b) Liveware- Software c) Liveware — Hardware d) Liveware -Liveware 1) Obesity 2) Distress 3) Smoking 4) Family history a) Only 3is correct, 1, 2 and 4 are false b) 1, 2and3 are correct, 4 is false ©) 1,2,8and4 are correct d) 2and3 are correct, 1 and 4 are false Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in aviation show that: a) Thereishardly evera single cause responsible b) Only front-line operators are involved ©) Only ilottraining will make it possible to improve the situation d) Failure of the human factor is always connected with technical breakdowns a) Whichis cited in current statistics, applies to the flight crew and AT only b) Has increased considerably since 1980, the percentage of accident in which this factor has been involved has more than tripled since this date c)_Itis cited in approximately 70%-80% of aviation accidents d) Plays a negligible role in commercial aviation accidents. It is much more important in general aviation. Carbon monoxide poisoning: a) Ismore likely to occur in airplanes where the cabin heating is supplied by passing cabin air over the exhaust manifolds. b) Ismore likely to occur in twin-engine airplanes because of high engine efficiency ©) Canonly occurin jet-powered airplanes d) Canonly occur above 15 degrees OAT Angular accelerations are picked up in the inner ear by: ‘a) The semicircular canals b) The tympanum ©) The saccule and utricle d) The cochleaa) The illusion of turn b) The feeling of rotation ‘c) Theillusion of climbing or descending d) The impression of stationary objects moving to the right or left Why should a pilot turn his attention to the instruments when approaching on a snowed up, foggy or cloudy winter day? Because: a) Perception of distance and speed is difficult in an environment of low contrast b)_ His attention will be distracted automatically under these conditions ©) The danger of a greying out will make it impossible to determine the height above the terrain d) Pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong information Astigmatism is normally caused by: a) Lack of accommodation b) Lack of vitamin A ©) Lack of empty field d) Amis-shaped cornea Coriolis illusion, causing spatial disorientation is the result of: a) Undergoing positive G b) Simultaneous head movements during aircraft maneuvers ©) Gazing in the direction of a flashing light d) Normal deterioration of the semicircular canals with age ‘The amount of light which strikes the retina is controlled by: a) Thelens b) The ciliary body ©) The cornea 4) The pupil A pilot, trying to pick up a fallen object from the cockpit floor during a tight turn, experiences: a) Autokinetic illusion b) Coriolis illusion c) Barotrauma d) Pressure vertigo Rods (scotopic visual cells) allow for: a) Precise vision of contours and colors b) Good, virtually instantaneous night vision (scotopic vision) c) Good night vision after adaptation to darkness (30 minutes) d) Red vision, both during the day and night.‘What is understood by airsickness? a) Anillness caused by evaporation of gasesin the blood. | ©) Anillness caused by reduced air pressure. 4) Anillness caused by an infection in the middle ear, Autokinesis is: a) the automatic adjustment of the crystalline lens to objects situated at different distances b) The phenomenon of spinning lights after the abuse of alcohol ©) The change in diameter of the pupil, when looking in the dark | The human ears capable of perceiving vibrations between the frequenci a) 20000-40000Hz b) 0-16Hz 4) 30-15000dB ‘Whatis the main purpose of the central nervous system? a) The control of human emotions. b) The control of human emotions including love, hate, fear, anger and sadness. mules ante aetvatont muscle mestansms, d) The activation of the body's muscles. a) Heartrate b) Adrenal gland ©) Bloodpressure a) Carbon monoxide in the smoke of cigarettes assists diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli c) Carbon monoxide increases the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli 1d) The smoke of one cigarette can cause an obstruction in the respiratory tract a) With flights towards the north b) With fights towards the south d) With flights towards the westWhich one of the following statements is correct regarding the use of cockpit lighting for night fight? a) Reducing the light intensity to a minimum level will eliminate blind spots b) Colouration shown on mapsis least affected by the use of direct red lighting ©) Cockpit lighting may only be used during short intervals to protect the light adaption d) Theuse of regular white light, such as flashlight, will impair night adaption How can the process of learning be enhanced? a) Byincreasing the psychological pressure on the student b) Byreinforcing successful performance ©) By punishing the learner for unsuccessful trials d) By reinforcing errors Whats divided attention? a) Difficulty of concentrating ona particular objective b) Ease of concentrating on a particular objective c) Alternative management of several matters of interest d) The adverse effect of motivation which leads to one's attention being dispersed Working memory enables us, for example: a) Toremember our own name b) Tostorea large amount of visual information for about 0,5 seconds ©) Toignore messages for other aircraft d) Toremember aclearance long enough to write it down The human information processing system is highly efficient compared to computers. because ofits: ©) Working memory capacity d) Independence from attention Whatis the effect of tiredness on attention? a) Itleadsto one’s attention being dispersed between different centers of interest b) Itincreases the ability to manage multiple matters ) Itreduces the ability to manage multiple matters d) Ithasno specific effects on attention ‘The maximum number of unrelated items that can be stored in working memory is: a) About 30items b) Unlimited ¢) About 7items d) Very limited - only 3 itemsWhat are the main factors which bring about reduced or low vigilance (hypovigilance)? 2) 3) Alackof stimulation. 4) 1) The monotony of the task. Tiredness, the need for sleep. Excessive stress. a) 13 b) 3.4 °) 123 d) 2,4 ‘The choice of the moment you select flaps depending on situation and conditions of the landing is: a) Always automated behaviour b) Skill and/or rule based behaviour ©) Knowledge based behaviour d) Pressure based behaviour Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up. Thisis called: a) Sensory threshold b) Sensory filter ©) Sensory strength d) Sensory volume ‘The lowest level of Maslow's model of the hierarchy of human needsis: a) Safety and security needs b) Self-esteemneeds ©) Belonging and affection needs d) Physiological needs Which of the following statements best fits the definition of an active error? Active error is: a) Produced either by a front-line operator or by a remote operator and results ina hidden or latent consequence ata specific momentoof the action b) Produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected ©) Essentially results from the application of a bad rule or the poor application of a good rule by airplane designers d) Rare in front-line actions and difficult to detect owing to the fact that it usually occurs ina complex system of uncontrolled and involuntary deviations When cana system be said to be tolerant to error? When: a) Latent errors do not entail serious consequences for safety b) Its safety systemis too permeable to error ©) Its safety system has taken account of all statistically probable errors d) The consequences of an error will not seriously jeopardize safetya) Lossof situational awareness b) Poor visual scanning for other airplanes ©) Hurry up errors d) Incapacitation Which of the following statements concerning communication is valid? a) The syntax of communication is of little importance to its success. Only the words uttered are important b) Professional communication means to exchange information as little as possible ¢) Professional communication means using a restricted and specific language, tailored to minimize misunderstandings. d) Communication must take priority over any other flight activity under all circumstances a) Heredity b) Development c) Personality d) Learning a) Carbon monoxide b) Tar ©) The combination of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide d) Nicotine a) 1-1,Shoursaday b) 2-2,5hoursaday ©) 3-3,Shoursaday d) 4-4,5hoursaday a) Liver b) Spleen ©) Pancreas d) Kidneys a) Hydrophobia, cholera, dysentery b) Tetanus, typhoid, cholera ©) Tetanus, typhoid, cholera, dysentery d) Typhoid, cholera, dysenteryWhatisa stressor? a) Isthe trigger response of the body against a stressful situation b) Isthe direct cause of the stress reactions | 4) Allarecorrect ‘Whatis the relation between stress and performance? a) Stress (eustress) will affect negatively performance b) It follows the “U" mechanism, by which certain levels of stress (hypostress) will increase performance ©) It follows the inverted “U" mechanism, by which certain levels of stress (hyperstress) will increase performance b) Asmall amountof alcohol increases visual acuity ©) Anincrease of altitude decreases the adverse effects of alcohol d) When drinking coffee, the human body metabolises alcohol at a faster rate than normal a) Nose and pharyngeal cavity and external atmosphere b) Frontal, nose and maxillary sinuses | inuses of the nose and external atmosphere The rate of absorption of alcohol depends on many factors. However, the rate of metabolism or digestion of alcohol in the body is relatively constant. Itis about: a) 0,2-0,25mg per hour b) 0,02-0,05 mg per hour 4) 0,3-0,35 mg per hour a) Minerals, carbohydrates and vitamins b) Minerals and vitamins 4d) Proteinand vitamins a) Excessive use of alcohol ©) Bycontact with the saliva of infected animals 4d) Contaminated food and watera) Airborne transmitted diseases ©) STD 4) Insect transmitted diseases Which of the following diseases is nota STD: b) Sypt ©) Gonorthea d) Herpes Normal sleep architecture includes a) 75%REMsleep c) Reduce as muchas possible phase 4 d) Orthodox sleep should be less than 30% b) Vaccination requires a suspension of medical certificate ©) Vaccination requires always medication for a minimum of 7 days to reduce side effects 4) Nothing n particular