THE

CONTEMPORARY WORLD

The Study of Globalization

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

• Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalizations;
• Cite the essence of globalization in the economy;
• Relate the effects of globalization in different sectors;
• Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of
globalization; and
• Agree on a working definition for the course
 Questions

• Have you tried listened to songs in Spotify or Youtube Music?

• Did you crave for food like Chicken Joy, Chicken McDo, KFC
Chicken and many more?
• Do you have an account on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and
many more?
• Do you have things or gadgets from foreign brands?
 THE MODERN WORLD
or
THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Globalization
• Globalization is the Increasing Interaction of people, states or
countries through the growth of the International flow of money,
ideas, and culture. Thus, globalization is primarily focused on
economic process of integration that has social and cultural
aspects
• It is the Interconnectedness of people and business across the
world that eventually lead to global, cultural, political, and
economic integration.
• It is the ability to move and communicate easily with others all over
the world in order to conduct business internationally
Globalization as defined by other
Authors
“Globalization as process by which the people of the world are
incorporated into a single world society.”
– Martin Albrow & Elizabeth King
“Globalization as the intensification of worldwide social relations which
link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by
events occurring many miles away and vice versa.”
- Anthony Giddens (The Consequence of Modernity)
“Globalization as the compression of the world and the intensification of
the consciousness of the world as a whole.”
- Prof. Roland Robertson (University of Aberdeen)
 Characteristics of
Globalization
• There is social mobility of movement of people regardless
of reason
• There is an intensification of interactions
• It’s an active process
• Borderless interaction
• Spread of ideas, knowledge, technology, culture, religion,
etc.
 Historical Foundation Of The Term
“Globalization”

Before the age Age of

1820's 1900's 20th Century
of discovery discovery
 Historical Foundation Of The Term
“Globalization
• 1897, Charles Taze Russel (Watch tower bible & tract society) coined
the term CORPORATE GIANTS, referring to a large national trust and
other large enterprises of the time.
• 1930, The word GLOBALIZE as a noun appeared in a publication
entitled “Towards new Education” where it denoted a holistic view of
human experience in education
• Late 1970’s - Globalization was coined
• Early 1981 – Globalization was used as an economic sense
• Late 1980’s – Globalization was popularized by Theodore Levitt
 Historical Foundation Of The Term
“Globalization
• Late 2000’s – The IMF identified four basic aspect of globalization
• 2013, the globalization was used to define “Borderless society”
• 2017, Globalization was often used in the academe
• 2018, Globalization was now used in all disciplines
 Structures of Globalization
• SOCIAL
A measure of how easily information and ideas pass between people
in their own country and between different countries (Includes access to
internet and social media networks)
• POLITICAL
The amount of political co-operation there between countries
• ECONOMIC
Countries that trade with many others and few trade barriers are
economically globalized
 Structures of Globalization
“The term Globality is to signify a social condition characterized by
the existence of global economic, political, cultural, and environmental
interconnections and flows that make many of the currently existing borders
and boundaries irrelevant.”
Manfred B. Steger
 Factors Affecting Globalization
• ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
It refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies
as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and
services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of
technologies.
• MILITARY GLOBALIZATION
It is a process which embodies the growing extensity and
intensity of military relations among the political units of the world system. It
reflects both the expanding network of worldwide military ties and relations,
as well as the impact of key military technological innovations.
 Factors Affecting Globalization
• CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
It is the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around
the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. This
process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been
diffused by the internet, popular culture media and international travel.
• ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
The effects of globalization in the ecology are still not
completely identified, through some studies suggest that the process of
globalization has many consequences in our ecology.
 Factors Affecting Globalization
• GLOBALIZATION IN POLITICS
Through globalization, political issues are now often discussed. Many
laws also are already implemented regarding political agenda of the
government.
• GLOBALIZATION IN TECHNOLOGY
Through the advancement of technology, we can now already
communicate with others despite the distance that separate us, and through
our technology today, the process of globalization is now taking place much
faster.
 Factors Affecting Globalization
• GLOBALIZATION IN GEOGRAPHY
It is moving towards the trend of a borderless world, that is through
globalization we can now explore different countries without having any
threat or dangers.
In general, globalization is a concept, which promotes the idea of
uniting all the countries in the whole world. However, globalization as a
process contains many issues to achieve its goal, which is to unify every
one of us. It can also make a solution in problems arising in every country.
 Three (3) Important Pieces of
Information in Globalization

1. We are slowly leaving behind the conditions of modernity that

gradually unfolded from the 16th century onwards.
2. We are moving toward the new condition of (postmodern)
globality; and
3. We have not yet reached it.
Four (4) Distinct Qualities Lie
at the Core of the Phenomenon

1. Globalization involves the creation of new and the multiplication

of existing social networks and activities that increasingly
overcome traditional political, economic, cultural and
geographical boundaries.
2. Quality of globalization is reflected in the expansion and the
stretching of social relations, activities and interdependencies.
Four (4) Distinct Qualities Lie
at the Core of the Phenomenon

3. Globalization involves the intensification and acceleration of

social exchanges and activities.
4. The creation, expansion and intensification of social
interconnections and interdependencies do not occur merely on
an objective, material level.
 Indicators of Globalization
• Interdependence of countries in different social aspects
• Advancement of science, technology etc.
• Environmental issues across borders
• Economic globalization, cultural globalization and political
globalization
 Nature of Globalization

• A conglomerate of various multiple units located in different parts of

the globe which are linked by common ownership.
• Multiple units draw a common pool of resources such as money,
credit, information, patents, trade names and control system.
 Nature of Globalization
• The units respond to some common strategy.
• Product presence is in different markets of the world.
• Human resources are highly diverse.
• Transaction involving intellectual properties such as
• Copyrights
• Patents
• Trademarks
• And process technologies are across the globe
 Reasons for Globalization
• Rapid shrinking of time and distance across the globe.
One can easily cross the bridge going to the other side of the market
place due to advance tools of technology than before
• Domestic markets are no longer rich as a consequence of many
interlocking factors
• Companies and institutions go global to find political and economic stability
which is relatively good in other countries than the country of origin.
• To get technological and managerial know-how of other countries due to
their advancement in science, technology, education, health, and other
fields of discipline
 Reasons for Globalization
• To reduce high transportation costs if one goes globally using the advance
tools of communication and information.
• To be close to raw materials and to markets for their finished products
which are not available in the country of origin.
• The creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) had made it possible
in stimulating increased cross border trade. There are other world bodies
like the UN and several arbitration bodies where countries agree.
 Globalization as
a Process, Condition and Ideology
Globalization as a Process
Globalization is viewed as a multidimensional set of social process
that generate and increase worldwide social interdependencies and
exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness
of deepening connections between the local and the distant. This view
argues that globalization is about the compression of time and space
brought about by changes in technology and the political, cultural, and
economic aspects of human existence.
 Globalization as
a Process, Condition and Ideology
If globalization is viewed as a process, which denotes happening over
a stretch of time, can we trace its beginning? In short when did globalization
start? Globalization scholars disagree on this answer:
Scholars specializing in international relations, political science,
media studies and economics date globalization from the 1970s with the
information of global value chains and accelerated communication.
In sociology, the timeline stretches wider since the point of interest is
modernity, which began during the period of Renaissance, followed by the
enlightenment, then the French revolution and lasted up until the period of
industrialization in the late 1700s and throughout the 1800s
 Globalization as
a Process, Condition and Ideology
Globalization as a Condition
Globalization is also referred to by scholars as globality. It is a social
condition characterized by trans-planetary connectivity and supra-
territoriality. In terms of trans-planetary relations, globality is about the
establishment of social links between people located at different places of
our planet. Here, our planet is not treated as a collection of geographical
units but as a social space or an arena of social life. Supra-territorial
relations are “social connections that transcend territorial geography”
In other words, globalization as a social condition is characterized by
thick economic political and cultural interconnections and global flows that
render political borders and economic barriers irrelevant
 Globalization as
a Process, Condition and Ideology
Globalization as an Ideology
Globalization exists in people’s consciousness because it
consists of a set of coherent and complementary ideas and beliefs about the
global order. In other words, globalization is a political belief system that
benefits a certain class. Globalization as an ideology is defined by 6 core
claims:
 Six Core Claims in Globalization
Claim One: Globalization is about the liberalization and global
integration of market.
Previous work on globalism suggest that globalization and market
constitute its twin core concept. Market of course, plays an important role in
two established ideologies:
1. The Libertarian variant of liberalism (refers to as neoliberalism)
2. The late twentieth century brand of Anglo-American conservatism
(neoconservatism)
 Six Core Claims in Globalization
Neoliberalism and neoconservatism should not been seen as
ideological opposites for their similarities sometimes outweigh their
differences. In general, neoconservatives agree with neoliberals on the
importance of free markets and free trade.
In foreign affairs neoconservatives advocate a more assertive and
expansive use of both economic and military power, although they often
embrace the liberal idea of promoting freedom and democracy around the
world.
 Six Core Claims in Globalization
The following are Two (2) examples of liberty and integration
1.Globalization is about the triumph of markets over governments.
(both proponents and opponents of globalization agree that the driving
force today is markets which are suborning the role of government)
everybody ought to accept the following truth about globalization:
2.The driving idea behind globalization is free-market capitalism – the
more you let market forces rule and the more you open your economy to
free trade and competition, the more efficient your economy will be.
Globalization means the spread of free-market capitalism to virtually every
country in the world.
 Six Core Claims in Globalization
Claim Two: Globalization is Inevitable and Irreversible.
State leaders pushing for neoliberal policies have been heard
proclaiming that globalization is happening and cannot be stopped, as it was
a global wave that has been sweeping the world.
Globalist claims of inevitability on market terms bears a striking
resemblance to conservative and religious narratives. Christian stories of
human origins and the fall from grace as well as doctrines of original sin and
redemption often find their contemporary expression in globalist discourse
about the creation of wealth, the seductive temptation of statism, captivity to
economic cycles and ultimately, salvation through the advent of the global
free market.
 Six Core Claims in Globalization
Claim Three: Nobody is In-Charge of Globalization
Picking up from the classical liberal notion on the “self-regulating
market”, globalization does not promote the agenda of any specific class or
group. In this sense, globalists are not dictating their own agenda on people.
What unfold, instead, are events that follow the immutable imperatives of a
transcendental force much larger than narrow partisan interest.
 Six Core Claims in Globalization
Claim Four: Globalization benefits everyone (In the long run)
Free trade and free market globalist believe that it will bring wealth
and prosperity to everyone. This claim is often backed up by several
success stories of businessmen from underdeveloped countries that have
embraced globalization.
Claim four represents another bold example of combining elements
from seemingly incompatible ideologies under the master concept
globalization. Economic growth and progress in today’s interdependent
world is bound up with the process of globalization.
 Six Core Claims in Globalization
Globalization provides great opportunities for the future not only for
our countries, but for all others too. Positive aspects include:
1. An unprecedented expansion of trade and investment;
2. The opening up to international trade of the world’s most populous
regions and opportunities for more developing countries to improve
their standards of living
3. The increasingly rapid dissemination of information
4. Technological innovation
5. Proliferation of skilled jobs
 Six Core Claims in Globalization
Claim Five: Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in
the world
Globalist share the belief that democracy, freedom, free markets, free
trade are synonymous terms. Although democracy and freedom comprise a
particular type of political system while free markets and free trade refers to
a particular economic system, globalization scholars and state leaders argue
about the interconnection of the two (2) systems. The claim that
globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world is thus largely
based on a narrow formal -procedural understanding of democracy.
 Six Core Claims in Globalization
Claim Six: Globalization requires a global war on terror
This final decontestant chain attests to globalism’s political
responsiveness and conceptual flexibility. It combines the idea to economic
globalization with openly militaristic and nationalistic ideas associated with
the American-led global war on terror. Claim 6 possesses somewhat
paradoxical character. If global terror were no longer a major issue, it would
disappear without causing globalism to collapse. In that case, it seems that
claim 6 is contingent one and thus less important than the previous five.
 Dimensions Of Globalization
1. Planning to expand the business on a worldwide scope
2. Giving up the distinction between domestic and foreign market and
instead developing a global outlook of such business
3. Locating the production and the physical facilities of the business
by considering global business dynamics irrespective of national
consideration.
4. Creating product development and production planning on a global
market sphere
 Dimensions Of Globalization
5. Global sourcing of the factors of production such as raw materials
components, machinery, technology, finance and others that are
obtained from the best source anywhere in the world
6. Global orientation or organization structure and management
culture.
 Merits Of Globalization
1. Global competition and imports keep a lid on prices such that
inflation is less likely to derail economic growth.
2. An open economy spurs fast innovation with fresh ideas from
abroad
3. Export jobs often pay more than other jobs
4. Unfettered capital flow keeps interest rates low
5. Living standard go up faster
 Merits Of Globalization
6. Productivity grows more quickly when countries produce goods and
services in which they are of comparative advantage
7. Countries liberalize their visa rules and procedures so as to permit
the full flow of people from country to country
8. It results in freeing up the unproductive sector to investment and
the productive sector to export related activities resulting in a win –
win situation for the world economy.
 Demerits Of Globalization
1. Several people lose their jobs when companies import cheap labor or
materials or shift production abroad.
2. Workers face pay out demands from employers who often threatens to
export jobs
3. Unregulated globalization can cause serious problems to poor and
developing countries in terms of labor force, wages, benefits, job
termination and others
4. High foreign stake on industries where it is not necessarily needed could
affect the economic growth of domestic enterprise
5. Sovereignty of a country and company/institution may be at stake
 Philosophy Underlying
Globalization
1. The concept of globalization has only recently been widely accepted and
adapted – words like global, globality, globalization, globalism as well as
the concepts of global market, global ecology, global citizen, its more
truly unknown up to the very end of the 20th century.
2. Discussion of world issues used the derivatives of “International” rather
than “Global” relations because of the recent popularized new concept of
globalization has resulted in innumerable contradicting definitions of the
same.
3. While, normatively speaking, some people associate globalization with
progress, prosperity, and peace, some other consider it to be
retrogression, disaster and decay.
 Philosophy Underlying
Globalization
4. The common and disputable characteristics of all its definitions is the view
that globalization is “a process of economic, social, culture, and political
activity which transcends nation-state borders and that it pertains to the
world as a whole.” It is within this context that the multidimensionality of the
globalization process comes to the force.
5. Globalization is a complex and controversial process of the building of the
world as a whole due to the creation of global institutional structures and
global cultural forms like a free market (economic unification of the world
with uniform patterns of production and consumption; democratic
integration of the world based on common interest of humankind, such as
equality, human rights protection, rule of law, peace and security, and moral
integration of the world based on humanistic values – instead of national
state particularism.
 Philosophy Underlying
Globalization
6. Various ideological movements of resistance to globalization have been
emerging in response to globalization such as the violent and
destructive mass demonstrations staged in various countries are a
manifestation of resistance
THANK YOU