Computn hgpnricotim Chnting ylen.

pornduas Tesult
diaqra ot computes
Block iaqvam
) ip deuias i) elp devias m) CPU
Major ceponunh
Memony nit

fALU|
Jrput output
unit unit

kagaand, ebntol
uhit
Moniter
mouse
pndie printer

RAM
ALU
rithmetic
logica
unit
CPU

Control
unt

deicer
(ToP)
 Contol unit
e-f tinit
Thee tuo

cont! unit

Mico contol unit

stoord om conat
.hat data and instue tions toth

Come
and can stored

Sevially tarting nachine (ode

instucti ons stored in raio
that
aathrratie, 4 bqjal
opratiorns.
yereratior Cerputs:
1940. Iwented
thyernann. rrortiu,
level
EA1C - Fetori

urputn
 all
torputen how
gorivaticn: ongstn
instvuction dals
also opatrn t
) tuchg
Achitecture: pnuten Con
Cemputn
sersctut
Monitr Printer,
can ttovduae.
ae
atso
mocile utting tai main toud the
dryrs: Device
oftue
prd dun't itdoperdent
Made
19%0'
Getevaton
tbips)
GetrmMon
 cuton. exe ngrt addess contain uil
which check toUsed is
H-hiqb PC
1S
mgst bit te
S
Cbits
bit) R
(Most
tignii (Aeast 1SB" MSB
toanstering
value to
R+
oprato
Ry
|R,
Bring FALU
alues
to Pirg 12 KANM , ,-Add
proqram -Additorn
MIco
Cperatont
lnguag !+
bansfen called
omeng opem1ten micm
the
honsfm
descmb
th to used rotation
longuage hanes Rogistes #
ContoT| lo d cterk
Ciwcuill

plock dioçrar
t t+
cleck

load

transfen occus iming Dqram

hene

Dienption Example s
tetters and Denotes a
MAR, R,
numeras

Paranthes is ( ) Denotes a

Denotes tansn o
ingounatien
Comna Seperates tuo mico

opraticn,

#Aerrbrmetic Mico cperations :

micro opnation S an
elimentamy opaton
LDith
pngonmed the data etoed mst.
The mico opeoatons has been eatgized into 4.
 ) Paqistn rontir micm opration
o) Aithmetic micm bprvation
3) micm

deignation Deseiptin
Gantents i R, plus B, tranjed to e
Certents t R, minus R transtered tote
Cmplmunt he contents t R, (4's
's cemp tbe contents of
comp
8, plus 2* tomp et R, (subtracia)
R, R, +1 Tncrement the contents o R, by bre
contents Ohe
 Can be
Subtactio

Pomed complement
5’

dicamded

5 - 3=|
 4's al to Fall4':
get
AAB F<
NAND
F+AVB
omparmunt
A
E<AVB
rmplernent
B FeB
EKA
B
NORExclusive
B AE<
NOR
FA
VB
0R
Excusive
OR- FeAB
F5
rantem F8
B
AB AFe
clear
Fodean
Micmopnations| -functi
on
openattn micm
 pentienc!

Spmhelii drcigo aticn Derertion

chit . lett R

chit- night agiatn R

Outa ditt fett
R
Cinclar shitt gh Paqter R
thm ttc shitt - teft R

Aithmetic
shitt - ight
-Aaihmetik Miem openabons 30||24
Mot
Ftt hdder
least sigicant
(tSB) bits
Bo

FA

Mdder
cirtuit is Used orly tor additia.
ale Cannet Constnct -for subtaact
do s's h+B+1
 Cuhtmartor

FA

M=0 ,it a cts

adde,
Ml subtra tor
ocs

for subtaact
for -Additn
Be M
B, M

Iocerertar: to pvious
cincuit)

S,
incemeot
hy uing half adder, peoton
 oddem fall to
nput become. uil
Cy MUX
4x|
|X S
3
MUX
FA
S
Ca
MUX
FA b
thee Not
S
MUX
FA
Subaactin
and
olso
on, deceentpentom inmement,
cintuit
is This
to
able
cincuit aithntic
tect
D: A++Cin
Cin
B

DA+B+| Add with

Sibtroct wth tooru

Cubtra ct

D: At1
Decrerrert A

Transter
Circuit pertom
a2y
Micm operations(
Shitt
type shitt left (h)
e hve 3
shif! shitt (shv)
)Circular shitt shitt tett (shl)

Athme tic shit

) shitt tett (shi)
shitt (sho)
) Logcal lett shitt,
LSB

msb uill
twil) be Alad wrth o!
be lost
shtt tett by position

tift left by
shift posttions
iht: (Mouing bits to
'sidu)
MSB wil LSB ill be lest
b filed

shitt left:

"he MSB lost bit wilN

be
noved to LSB
4) Circula shitt

o o

sitt! t:
5) Aithrretic
stored in
when vatues are
Used
-forn
rognitude 3
posítive -
value

To stone aue
(Bnong
o ooo

- | oooloo
ooo then do a's comp)

a's cemp
 ) fmithmetic stitt iht
for numhey
4
lost

) So, this is
etuced y Erto togIndhi anth
number 2tho ciie
chesy
) Athetic shitt lett

2
foo 2

shitt tett is X2
11

Numbe
) Decimal ahuenber
) BCD (84 2 1)
9) Binany to-)
) Octal (o- )
) Hexddect nal (o -, A- F)
) Evcess 3
 Buc Stnctue:

[output
device
Unit
detc

e u6e 3 set ot wires

I- pas the addess (sed to tell ahat tue ed

2-pas he data . operatin be

3- Contol lines
fcontrd pelomd
Hhe Baic computer
rsent
cOunteY (PC) CPU

Adde qts (MAR).

) Memony ntructins tos
5) A coumu lator (Ac) e prcient in

Mmony Data Rugiste (mDR) ang

ot the

s) Ihstuction
oeqitten prwnt
Pgiates (IR)
Counter is

cortains the addoe« ot net

reesten
uhich need to be executed
ls used stone instnct¡n,
which has to be executed.
hts

MAR stoea
stonts data
MDR
PU

AG t R
stoond
Resut
s

# Data Reprsentatin:

9ired point Reprsentation CFor

42|13
2) Hating point (Fbatng
(23 25
roint)
(o 4ve,1 -e)
is comp'ment ( o , ) ised point
Repoesentatn

Fleatirg oint
12S6
o- 256xID?(Wben decinmal
is moved to

mo Ved t lett)
o2S6*10(When
Mantisa
T2s6i
1256|* uponat
martiua t T
’We yce

)
bong
|10.

Manticsa
 shovld
theutd matu it

tonnalied tloating point papesertatin.

’MSB undali itat mpe;entatrr it caled
noralited Htoating cint eporir btm.
4Multi Poesor ¢ Mulbi computer
u sed or multi taski
Both

tMult
ae

procerr have
tating
than procrist

shoed

P3 PE
Arre copne cted to Samw hared mmer
Nulbti eompubrs:

|Mememy Moy
|Menage
Partin
natwotk

P3
Memony Nemony
 hove sepaate
uontt
tnder
and

toamat!
Tostuctim
nidocu tield
mate

Cortaine operard add

which can be prent in

mimeny en)

epatia eede

lelhat
dit H direct

Add 2453 2456

Medeopcede AF 245s
245y
24 5? (2456
Based

oddor catrpi7
instueticra

thee irctructieng (3 addotu eld)

addors tidd)
( addrs tield)
) Che
(ro )
 stact

adde instctions.

Fo ory patier ,
need addee
that

is ued cinde frcumulaton

instutions , it
Organisatin (euhich have
Value
acumutaton by detault).
3 adde intructent
tcurce
Dutination
code code

not
to eo(o). (A+6) * C+D)
perand:
it is deaat
-Add
ul

’ Valus stoed in mmon at lecation A and

stoned at locatian
stoned

B 4M (A] M[B]
R, M [e] +M (P]

-opeode Telle uhat type opnaton tto be

 addecse Jnstuctin s

estinatinscuracode
Mpcde
M

x: (A+B) * Cc+Db)
Nove
R - R, tm (A
<m(c],
Move
R R +m[o]
R,,D
Mul R,,R,
adderee Intty etton
opard/dddc cprand
C s et
do
cpede
D)
x (A+B)* (c +
Load A
Ac AC + MCB)
Ued Add
te stoe M[TJ AC
ctore
C

Add D Ac < Ac+ MD

Mul M[TITX AC
 store M[x]<MT}
Zeo addre natuctian c!

push A push c pep x

Purh

poP B

Mul

+tnuctin cycle rol'ay

Seqvence od steps Add is thh upod
the instuct
) atting hore
the instruction
a) Dading |T cpcode laddafed!
) Effective addres Add Decoded

) ecution RAn

T ! AR
Counter CPU
TIRM[AR]. Pc pC t1

RE IR (e - )
IeIR (IS)

to 8 bits (de code')

Corueting
 el instctionr
Modblt
have 9

) Mem

eutput
R

s then
it ohether it t
Madhit is LRd to identify
iodie addoess. i
diecl addoss
Medbit is and tndine ct
is diect addet

addees is
 S BU S

Memomyuhit Addess

Raad

1
AR

LO

Pc

INR

IR
clock

COnon bus
 circit :
A aithnetic

Stant

ARE-P

t|
IRE M[AR], PC e-p

Decede cpation cote in IR (12-)

AR IR (O-1), I < IR (5)

(Irdinect)-| o (Dine)

Executes Erecute egitter

AR<-M (ARJ Nothin
pp enere idstçtion
instvtin SC0

Exe cute memony

efereroe ininstnuctio
P