TOPRANK REVIEW CENTER

Professor: Atty. Arlene Capili

November 2024

OUTLINE

I. Scientific Method
II. Research
a. Nursing Research
b. Research in Nursing
c. Evidence Based Practice
d. Importance of Research in Nursing
e. Ultimate Goal of Nursing Research
III. 5 Major Steps of the Research Process
a. Phase I: The Conceptual Phase
b. Phase 2: The Design and Planning
c. Phase 3: Empirical Phase
d. Phase 4:The Analytic Phase
e. Phase 5:The Disseminating Phase

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SITUATION
a. Staffing
A professional nurse is assumed to update herself b. Directing
about the profession to maintain competence in c. Planning
practice. The nursing management process is a topic for d. Controlling
both staff and head nurses.
5. The purpose of organizational structure is to:
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Planning
• Knowing where you are and where you want to be; allow • Purpose of organization structure is in the Organizing
what you want to happen; assess situation Phase
• This is the time where you conduct your SWOT analysis, • Purpose of organization structure; For work distribution
tools in planning (hierarchy of planning: mission, vision, • Management - focus is Goal Accomplishment
philosophy, objectives, etc.)
• Where you set your budget
Organizing a. Have a written plan of organizational structure of her
• You establish a formal structure of the organization and governing bodies - Organizational Structure is not a Plan
create the job qualification and job description; b. Explain to each member the line of authority -Scalar chain
• Includes staffing c. Inform all her staff members of the philosophy and goals
• Where you create the structure (ilang department, unit) of the institution - Planning
• Alam mo kung kanino mo bibigay yung trabaho d. Provide mechanism through which tasks are
• Utilize different nursing care system (case method, functional distributed among members for goal realization
method, team nursing, etc.)
Directing Jun is the new supervisor of the medical-surgical unit with 40
• The issuance of orders, assignments, and instructions; bed capacity.
naguutos kana, giving instructions, delegations
• Includes Delegation, Problem solving and Decision SITUATION
making
Controlling 6. A critical component of the supervisory process is
• Seeing to it that what is planned is done; Kung ano yung delegation. Which of the following is the most
plinano mo, yun yung mangyayari empowering to the staff?
• Evaluation; other term: reviewing, checking, determining and
comparing
DELEGATION
1. This major function of the management process • Immediate superior - pwede lang ang mag-utos sayo
establishes formal authority. It defines qualifications • Delegation and Evaluation complement each other
and also includes staffing:

a. Planning
a. Delegation starts at top management
b. Organizing
b. Delegation frees the manager to do other task
c. Directing
c. Effective delegation requires the nurse manager to
d. Controlling
determine the abilities of the staff - Evaluation (strength lang,
walang weakness); formal authority staffing
2. On the other hand, this major function of the
d. Delegation enables the staff to improve competence
management process actuates efforts towards the
and confidence
accomplishment of goals. It includes updating policies
and procedures:
7. Which task can be delegated to the nursing aid when
the patient is stable?
• You are already implementing the plan
• SKIP THE WARD SINCE UNLICENSED, SIMPLE TASK,
a. Planning
STABLE PATIENT
b. Organizing
c. Directing
4 POINTERS OF DELEGATION
d. Controlling
Position of the Staff:
3. She noticed that policies and standard operating • Licensed - isa-isahin mo yung mga ward na
procedures (SOP’s) are strictly implemented in the pinaggalingan niya kasi yun lang ang kaya niyang gawin
hospital. What management function is this? or alagaan tsaka mo i- compare sa ward na pupuntahan
niya
a. Planning • Unlicensed - Simple Tasks (DO NOT CONSIDER OR
b. Organizing SKIP THE WARD
c. Controlling Ward
d. Directing • Kung saan galing at saan pupunta
• There will be times the nurse will float to another unit
4. The management function that involves determining Capabilities of the Staff
the objectives of an organization and tasks needed to • Capabilities will depend on the position in the ward
complete objectives is Condition of the Patient
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• Stable or Unstable
• Nurse which is a professional in OB unit; they tend to do
a. Administering tap water enema - LABATIBA; simple CS for labor which is more on abdominal so they could
task handle type of cases like abdominal procedures.
b. Incorporating potassium chloride intravenously -
medication; performed by licensed only 11. As the supervisor, you plan to implement change in
c. Teaching patient to administer insulin - health teaching; the nursing unit from team nursing to primary nursing.
one of the scope of nursing practice (under RA 9173) You anticipate that there will be resistance to change. In
d. Taking CVP / Central Venous Patient - complicated order to avoid such, which of the following should be
procedure done?

STEPS IN CHANGE PROCESS

UNLICENSED DELEGATION TIP Perceive the Need to Change
• Identify the problem, determine the issue, accept the fact
• Unlicensed - we give dirty task to them to change
Initiate a Group Interaction***
• Bring the group together, meeting with the group (we
8. A nurse manager assigned a registered nurse from usually do is planning, try to find the best solution here)
telemetry unit to the pediatrics unit. There were three • This step is the key to problem solving
patients assigned to the RN. Which of the following • Best thing that you are going to do
patients should not be assigned to the floated nurse? • Who is the key? - The Group
• If the problem concerns the group = consult the Whole
• Licensed; Telemetry To Pedia Ward Group
• Telemetry Nurse - read cardiac monitors, easily read • If the problem is just one staff/ one individual = consult
ECGs (TELE: MONITOR; METRY: MEASURE)
the individual (privately and confidentiality, not in front of
a. A 9-year-old child diagnosed with rheumatic fever - others (violation of code of ethics)
possible complication is rheumatic heart disease Implement the Plan
b. A young infant after pyloromyotomy - opening of the • One step at a time
pylorus; done with infants with pyloric stenosis (GI disorder) • Implement the change gradually to prevent resistance
c. A 4-year-old with VSD following cardiac catheterization - • Status quo - present situation; nakasanayan
cardiac problem Evaluate the Overall Results
d. A 5-month-old with Kawasaki disease - autoimmune
disease; inflammation of the blood vessels/vasculitis 2 Aspects of Delegation:

9. The registered nurse is planning to delegate tasks to 1.) Technical Aspect - includes tasks, procedures,
unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). Which of the materials, and equipments
following task could the registered nurse safely
assigned to a UAP? • The problem will fall in the technical aspect

• Unlicensed; Simple Task; Stable Pt. If technical is the problem; this are the answers:
• Show
a. Monitor the I&O of a comatose toddler client with • Teach
salicylate poisoning - Complicated Task • Demonstrate
b. Perform a complete bed bath on a 2-year-old with multiple • Supervise
injuries from a serious fall - Dirty Task but Complicated • Do or Perform it with the nurse
c. Check the IV of a preschooler with Kawasaki disease -
Complicated Task 2.) Interpersonal - includes attitudes, behaviors, and
d. Give an oatmeal bath to an infant with eczema - skin styles of direction giving
disorder and simple task (hindi nakakahawa); oatmeal has
the properties that relieve itching; not complicated task If attitude and Behavior is the Problem; this are the
answers:
10. A nurse in charge in the pediatric unit is absent. The • Verbalization of the feelings - know the cause of the
nurse manager decided to assign the nurse in the problem
obstetrics unit to the pediatrics unit. Which of the • Talk with them
following patients could the nurse manager safely
assign to the float nurse? If Styles of Direction Giving:
• Assertiveness - sending direct messages, standing up for
• Licensed; OB Unit To Pedia Unit; Pregnant, Postpartum, your own rights without stepping the rights of others
and Gyne Pt’s (ABDOMINAL SURGERY PATIENTS D/T - Therapeutic
CS); Unstable Pt’s. • X Aggressiveness - not concerned with the feelings of
others
a. A child who had multiple injuries from a serious vehicle
accident - Ortho Case
b. A child diagnosed with Kawasaki disease and with cardiac
a. Determine the need for change - there is already the
complications - Cardiac Case
problem
c. A child who has had a nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor
b. Confront the staff individually - Group
- Removal of the Kidney’s; Abdominal Surgery
c. Develop the change one step at a time
d. A child receiving an IV chelating therapy for lead
d. Use coercion to implement change
poisoning
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(ex. patient has fever, you provide TSB and you check the
12. The supervisor has implemented to change. A nurse temperature of the patient)
aide seems to be resistant to the change. Which of the ◦ Retrospective - past; discharged patient - tapos na ang
following should be done? - interpersonal problem ginawa sa kaniya (ex. bumalik siya sa hospital, iccheck
(attitude and behavior) yung patient chart niya)
◦ Source of Evaluation in Retrospective: Patient Chart
a. Ignore the resistance
b. Utilize coercion • 2. Performance Appraisal - staff focused
c. Give reward to the nursing assistant ◦ Informal appraisal - incidental; walang balak mag-
d. Talk to the nurse assistant and encourage evaluate
verbalization of feelings ◦ Formal appraisal - systematically done; scheduled for the
evaluation (ex. Evaluation of CIs)
13. As a medication nurse, you are tasked to give • Review session - irereveal yung result ng evaluation
digoxin to a patient with arrhythmia. You noticed that
the heart rate is 40 beats per minute and the potassium 3. Identify Strength and Weaknesses
level is below normal. The physician orders digoxin
STAT. An assertive response of the nurse should be: • You concentrate on both (strength and weakness), not
only on one
4. Act to Reinforce the Strengths and Take Corrective
Measure to Weakness
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION EXAM TIP
• Support the strengths
• Basahin mo with Feelings Para Alam mo yung Dating Sayo • Go back to your 2 aspects in correcting your weaknesses

a. Be contented on the result of the evaluation

a. “I think we have first to monitor the patient’s cardiac b. Do something to improve the standard
rate before giving the drug.” c. Help maintain the standard of the institution
b. “I don’t want to carry out your order” d. Publish the result to the publication
c. “Don’t you know the precaution for giving this drug?”
d. “Yes doctor. I will give it right now.” 15. When conducting nursing audit, the following must
be considered EXCEPT:
14. Determining the standard of the institution is one of
the concerns in controlling. When the institution has a. Outcome
reached the minimum level of excellence, it should: b. Quality
c. Process
d. Structure
CONTROLLING (OTHER TERMS)
16. The most effective way in conducting the nursing
• Evaluating audit is to:
• Reviewing
• Checking a. Evaluate the records of the patient
• Determining b. Determine the job description of the staff - staff focused
• Comparing c. Evaluate staffing patterns - staff focused
d. Determine job performance - staff focused

4 BASIC STEPS OF CONTROLLING As a nurse in charge, you noted that a lot of confusion
occurs in your unit due to some disorganization. You
1. Develop Standards and Criteria decided to improve work performance.
• Standard - pre-determined level of care 17. When resistance threatens needed change, what
• Criteria - characteristics used to meet the level of care important measure would you use to overcome the
resistance?
Note: the basis of evaluation is standards and criteria
Example: OR Scrubbing SITUATION

3 Types of Standard (SPO): a. Send a memorandum of change - memorandum is a letter

• Structure - includes facilities, equipments, materials, and that circulates within the organization; this is ABRUPT
management system; si Manager ang gumagawa CHANGE not gradual
• Process - includes plans and procedures; si Nurse ang b. Use a problem-solving strategy - general answer
gumagawa c. Gain early support from staff
• Outcome - pertains to results; First thing to look into d. Conduct staff re-education - will not solve resistance to
2. Determine Compliance change

• Determine compliance - you evaluate 18. This is a factor influencing acceptance of staff for
change:
2 Types of Evaluation:
a. Externally imposed
• 1. Nursing Audit - patient focused b. Share its benefits - not all about the benefit
◦ Concurrent - present; you evaluate as the care is given c. Staff participants

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d. Planned ahead - initiate a group interaction - meet with c. Cash budget

the group - plan with them d. Flexible budget - general type

19. These are important qualities of a change agent 23. Which of the following is NOT included in the
except: Operational budget?

a. Leadership skills a. Repairs and maintenance - operational

b. Sociability b. Medical/surgical supplies - operational
c. Credibility c. Purchase of a major equipment - capital
d. Management skills d. Purchase of consumable materials - operational

20. Having to deal with a lot of people, the nurse 24. An operational budget is a financial tool that outlines
manager’s most important communication skill is which anticipated revenue and expenses over a specified
of the following? period. Which of the following are incorrect regarding
budget?
a. Questioning
b. Assertiveness - a style; if you are able to talk with your
staff; this is a communication style not a communication skill IF YOU SEE THE ALL OF THE ABOVE CHOICE IN THE
c. Affirmation EXAM (EXAM TIP)
d. Listening
• 80% correct answer
BUDGET • 20% incorrect
1. Develop Standards and Criteria
a. The budget translates operational plans into financial and
• Focus is revenues and expenses
statistical terms so that income can be projected with
• Income and Cost associated costs
b. Budget serve as standards to plan, monitor, and
4 Common Types of Budget: evaluate the performance of a health care system -
money is not the standard
1.) Capital Budget c. Budget account for the relationship of income to the
• Expensive expenses needed to deliver the services
• For long-term use d. All of the above

25. Which among the following is the purpose of

2.) Operational Budget monitoring a budget?
• Day-to-day expense
• Part-time employees salary • Both Income and expense should be in the choices to be
• Salary of both part time and full-time employees correct

3.) Personnel Budget a. Keep expenses above budget

• Salary for full-time employees b. Maintain revenue above the previous year’s budget
• Full-time employee - working 8 hours a day, 5 days a c. Ensure revenue is generated monthly
week d. Generate revenue and control expenses within a
• Prepared ahead of time, will be prepared in the time of projected framework
Salary
26. Mr. Cabrido gives strong orders, makes decisions
4.) Cash Budget and thinks less of his subordinates. He is a leader who
• Available all the time for emergency purpose is:
• Cash on hand, petty cash, emergency funds
a. Autocratic
21. An old ventilator often malfunctions and has b. Laissez-faire - member focused; when the members are
inefficiencies resulting from the speed of the equipment matured
or downtime (amount of time it is out of service for c. Democratic - compliance
repairs). The organization decided to purchase new d. Bureaucratic
technology because the old one is too expensive to
maintain. What type of budget is allotted for the 27. When the situation calls for compliance of the
equipment? followers to ensure the success of the activity, the best
leadership style that Nurse Beng will use is:
a. Operational budget
b. Capital Budget - long term
c. Construction budget - also taken from the capital budget a. Laissez-faire
d. Any of the above b. Autocratic
c. Democratic
22. Nurse Laila is the project head for a feeding d. Authoritative
program; she requested extra funds in anticipation for
fluctuations in resource needs or meet contingency 28. A leader who defers decision making to his or her
expenses. This type of budget is called: followers is called what type of leader?
a. Operational budget
b. Capital expenditure budget a. Laissez-faire
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b. Democratic SITUATION
c. Autocratic a. Discuss the situation with the group and make a move
d. Employee-centered to resolve it.
b. Ignore the situation
29. What kind of communication style should a nurse c. Give warning to staff
manager should possess? d. Recommend shifting of the staff

a. Passive 34. Desirable goals for a nurse manager include all of

b. Assertive - communication style the following Except:
c. Aggressive
d. Sarcastic a. Select a style of leadership that works best for the
individual and to practice it exclusively
30. The morning supervisor was visiting the ward when b. Use a style of leadership that promotes high – level work
the doctor of a patient complained to her about the staff performance - Contingency
nurse who failed to give the “stat” medication. Applying c. Use a style of leadership that creates the least amount of
the principle of “line of authority”, you expected the disruption - Contingency
supervisor to first: - COMPLAINT d. Adopt a leadership style that best suits the task to be
accomplished – Contingency
SCALAR CHAIN
• Follow the chain of command, hierarchical order 35. Katherine tells one of the staff, “I don’t have time to
Reporting discuss the matter with you now. See me in my office
• Only to immediate superior; don’t bypass the superior later” when the latter asks if they can talk about an
• Nurse - Head Nurse - Supervisor - Chief Nurse issue. Which of the following conflict resolution
Complaint strategies did she use?
• Address the complaint to the immediate superior that you
are complaining a. Smoothing - unacceptable appears to be acceptable
b. Compromise - meeting halfway
a. Reassure the patient that next time the nurse will not miss c. Avoidance
the medication - lose the trust of the patient to the nurse d. Restriction – power
b. Report the incident to the chief nurse
c. Ask the staff nurse to explain the incident 36. She notes that there is an increasing unrest of the
d. Talk to you as the head nurse about the doctor’s staff due to fatigue brought about by shortage of staff.
complaint Which action is a priority? - Problem Solving

31. You delegate to the nursing assistant the task of a. Evaluate the overall result of the unrest
taking the client’s vital signs every 2 hours and b. Initiate a group interaction
recording the vital signs in the patient’s chart. Later you c. Develop a plan and implement it
check the client’s chart and discover that the vital signs d. Identify external and internal forces.
have not been recorded. What is your BEST action?
37. Kathleen knows that one of her staff is experiencing
a. Take the vital signs because it is not the nursing burnout. Which of the following is the best thing for her
assistant’s scope of practice to do? - Interpersonal Problem
b. Speak to the nursing assistant privately to determine
why the vital signs were not recorded a. Advise her staff to go on vacation.
c. Notify the head nurse b. Ignore her observations; it will be resolved even without
d. Call the nursing assistant to the nurses’ station to intervention
reprimand c. Remind her to show loyalty to the institution.
d. Let the staff ventilate her feelings and ask how she
32. Several nurses complain to the nurse manager that can be of help.
one of the nursing aides constantly takes extensive
lunch breaks. The nurse manager should: - Interpersonal 38. St. Raphael Medical Center just opened its new
Problem Performance Improvement Department. Ms. Valencia is
appointed as the Quality Control Officer. She commits
a. Convene a group meeting of all nursing aides to review herself to her new role and plans her strategies to
their responsibilities related to time management. realize the goals and objectives of the department.
b. Talk with nursing aide to explore the reasons for the Which of the following is a primary task that they should
behavior and review expectations perform to have an effective control system? -
c. Arrange a meeting with the nurse so they can confront the Controlling
nursing aide as a group
d. Document the nursing aide’s behavior and place it in the a. Make an interpretation about strengths and weaknesses
aide’s personnel file b. Identify the values of the department
c. Identify structure, process, outcome standards &
As a supervisor you are confronted with several problems criteria
arising from various causes or reasons. It ranks from d. Measure actual performances
Administration - clinical - personnel, which later resulted to
conflict. You tried to find means to resolve it. 39. Ms. Valencia develops the standards to be followed.
Among the following standards, which is considered as
33. When conflicts arise in the unit, the best a structure standard?
thing that the unit manager should do is:
a. The patients verbalized satisfaction of the nursing care
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received - Outcome
b. Rotation of duty will be done every four weeks for all
- Structure
c. All patients shall have their weights taken recorded
- Process
d. Patients shall answer the evaluation form before
discharge – Outcome

40. She knows that performance appraisal consists of all

the following activities EXCEPT:

a. Setting specific standards and activities for individual

performance.
b. Using agency standards as a guide.
c. Determine areas of strength and weaknesses
d. Focusing activity on the correction of identified
behavior. - Weakness only

• more formal, intensive, and comprehensive method for the

discovering of new knowledge
• can finish in months or years

Nursing Research
• deals with clinical problems encountered in the clinical
duty

Research in Nursing
• broader study of nursing and the profession, focuses more
on issues that can affect the nursing profession

Evidenced Based Practice

• the use of current best evidence
• “latest findings”

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN NURSING

• Professionalism - enhance the profession
• Accountability - increase accountability (how far it can go)
• Social Relevance - contribute to society
• Research and Decision Making - new discovery for best
decisions

*ULTIMATE GOAL OF NURSING RESEARCH

• to improve the practice of; nursing (the profession)
◦ client care
◦ patient care
◦ healthcare
◦ nursing care

1. Formulating and delimiting the problem

2. Reviewing the related literature (RL) - synthesis
of previous studies related to the problem of interest
• Purpose: to get an idea and background of the study
• How to create the RRL?
◦ Have a topic
◦ Identify the variables - focus of research
◦ Conduct a computer search/ library search
◦ Remove irrelevant resources
◦ Print it out for easy retrieval
◦ Organize - most important to least important
◦ Retrieving
◦ Copy the article
◦ Conduct a preliminary reading
◦ Critically read the sources
◦ Summarize the resources
◦ Recognized the author - to prevent plagiarism
◦ Copyright infringement - intellectual property
◦ Plagiarism - stealing an idea on an author. Even
if translated to another language
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PHASE 2: THE DESIGN AND PLANNING ◦ Nursing literature

◦ Ideas from external sources
3. Undertaking a clinical fieldwork
• Same purpose on RRL 5 MAJOR STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS
• RL and clinical fieldwork complement each ither ◦ Theory
4. Defining the framework and develop conceptual ◦
definitions PHASE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE
5. Formulating the hypothesis
Experience and clinical fieldwork*
FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY - one that is rich in information
• Graphical representation of concepts and relationship ◦ Social issues - found in the society
between concepts ◦ Scientific research
◦ Concepts came from the RRL - previous researches
◦ No findings on framework - least that is being used because of the criteria of novelty
• Focus - ginagawa lang siya if may need for modification and
◦ Conceptual framework - topic (relate concept to topic) innovation
◦ Theoretical framework - theory
CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEMS (SALT LIN)
DEFINITION OF TERMS • S ignificance of the study
• We define the variables ◦ To people (sila ang target)
• We utilize ◦ To society - at large (not target but can influence)
• Operational ◦ To profession - improve the practice of nursing
Definition • A vailability of the subject
◦ Define the variable on how they were used in the study • L imitations of the subjects
• Conceptual Definition PHENOMENA AMENABLE TO OBSERVATIONS
◦ Utilized for highly technical terms • T ime allotment and Research ability
◦ Definition found in the book, resource material • L imitations of tools
• I nterest or the researcher
• Q: Which phase in research the researcher spend most • N ovelty / newness / freshness of data/idea
of the time?
• A: Phase 2: The Design and Planning Major Types of Data Collection Method
PHASE 5: THE DISSEMINATING PHASE 1. Use of existing data - it is already available
◦ example: during case presentation we used the
patient's chart for research purposes
◦ Any form of reports, documents and records
2. Self reports - Interview, questionnaire
◦ Most widely used form of data collection
6. Selecting a research design ◦ Researcher mismo kumukuha - DIRECT
◦ Flexible
THE PROBLEM
◦ we usually gather OPINIONS
7. Developing protocols for the intervention ◦ Gather data that cannot gather in other methods
◦ Optional, used experimental (with manipulation) ◦ We cannot gather opinion using gadgets and equipments
◦ Protocol - susundin ng lahat ng researcher before, during Crucial disadvantages: Validity & Accuracy
and after giving the intervention to all the subjects to prevent 3. Observation
bias ◦ Participant - you are going to give an intervention
8. Identifying the population to be studied and you are going to observe
9. Designing the sampling plan ◦ Non-participant - wala kang gagawin but just to
• Probability and Non-Probability sampling observe
10. Specifying the methods to measure the research ◦ Phenomena - amenable to observation
variables - characteristics and condition of the subjects
• Methods - tools and instruments on data collection - activities and behavior
11. Developing methods for safeguarding human/animal - skill attainment and performance
rights - environmental characteristics
12. Finalizing and reviewing the research plan - verbal communication
• Phase of research - the researchers spends most of - non-verbal communication
his/her time • Characteristics and condition of the individual
◦ example:
13. Collecting data ◦ Problem sa RH incompatibility -› presence of
14. Preparing the data for analysis rhogam nagpoproduce ng antibody
• Longest phase of research ◦ Problem sa ABO incompatibility - Jaundice
(you can observe the characteristics of the skin)
15. Analyzing the data ◦ Condition: Comatose - you can observe and use
16. Interpreting the results GCS
• Activities and behavior
17. Communicating the findings ◦ BEHAVIOR EXAMPLE:
18. Utilizing the findings in practice ◦ Autism - temper tantrums (ignore but give
ensure and give safety helmet - you can observe the
PHASE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE behavior tantrums
◦ ACTIVITIES EXAMPLE:
• Sources of research problems: "NITESS" ◦ DAT (Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type)
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- Remember A - Alzheimer’s - walang characteristics

Acetylcholine - Amnesia - Aphasia and so on 2. SETS
- Apraxia - hindi na alam gamitin yung mga bagay na alam a. If you have 2 or more sets of the population
niya before, unable to perform you concentrate on their characteristics that
- First initial sign of Alzheimer's - Forgetfulness differentiate them ano man ang characteristics nila
• Skill attainment and performance that is automatically the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
◦ example: Return demonstration b. If vou have 1 set of population ang characteristic ay wala
• Environmental characteristics na silbi, It will form part of the population, hindi na gagamitin
◦ example: PAGASA and characteristics = ELIMINATE IT
HYPOTHESIS
Example: for 2 or more Sets of Population
• Verbal communication
◦ Manner on how a person answer a question 1. Older patient are more risk for fall than younger
• Non - verbal communication patients
4. Biophysiologic measures - use of equipments or ◦ population - older and young patient
gadgets ◦ characteristics that differentiates the population - age -
1. In Vivo - measurement is performed directly on the independent variable
sublect ◦ nagbabago - bago; risk for fall - dependent variable
• Habang nakakablt sa kanya yung equipment or gadgets
you do the measurement 2. Girls are less sexually active than boys
• Research done on a living organism ◦ population - girls and boys
• Bp taking, 02 pulse oximeter ◦ characteristics that differentiates the population -
2. In Vitro - measurement is performed outside gender - independent variable
◦ Kuha muna ng specimen tapos dadalhin sa lab so gagawin ◦ nagbabago - bago; sexually active - dependent variable
sa laboratory
• done in a laboratory dish or test tube. 3. Full term infants who are breastfeeding weight more
◦ Urinalysis, fecalysis, ABG analysis than preterm infants who are mixed fed
◦ population - full term infants breast fed/ preterm infants
CRITERIA USED TO KNOWN EFFECTIVITY mixed bred
• Validity - measure what is supposed to be measured ◦ characteristics that differentiates the population - term
◦ Kung ano mang ang gagamitin mo, or yung tool is and type of feeding - independent variable
masasagot or iaaddress yung research problem mo ◦ nagbabago - bago; weight - dependent variable
◦ refers to whether a measure accurately measures what it 4. Depressed patients who are living with significant
intends to measure. others have lesser chances of committing suicide than
• Reliability - consistency or the repeatability of the tool those depressed patients who are living alone.
◦ Kahit llang beses binigay yung tool, same results / same ◦ population - Depressed patients who are living with
response pa rin dapat = Reliable significant others and Depressed patients who are living
◦ refers to the consistency of a measure in producing the alone
same results over time ◦ characteristics that differentiates the population - living
• Sensitivity - able to detect small variations or find condition - independent variable
differences ◦ nagbabago - bago; chance of committing suicide -
dependent variable
• Tentative prediction or explanation of the relation between
two or more variables Example: for 1 Set of Population

PARTS OF HYPOTHESIS (ICD EFFECT) 1. Education attainment is not related to the compliance
of PTB patients
• Independent Variables - CAUSE ◦ population - PTB patients - wala na kwenta so better
◦ Fixed = set (by the researcher) eliminate it in the options because it is just a part of
• Dependent Variables - EFFECT population
◦ vary - kung ano ang nagvavary sa population, pwede
mabago Go back to hypothesis then ask:
◦ what is being studied kay population and then used fixed
• Population - the research population, also known as the and vary
target population, refers to the entire group or set of ◦ educational attainment - which is fixed - independent
individuals, objects, or events that possess specific variable
characteristics and are of interest to the researcher. It ◦ compliance - which is vary - dependent variable
represents the larger population from which a sample is
drawn. EXPERIMENTAL
• there is always a manipulation - anything that is given
RELATIONSHIP ◦ ang ibibigay sa subject - fixed/set
• all manipulation is automatically independent variable
POPULATION TO WHICH IT APPLIES
◦ Most neglected part Example:
◦ First thing is to IDENTIFY in the population
1. Music therapy decreases the levels of anxiety among
LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS
Cancer patients
◦ population - cancer patients
1. All of the CHARACTERISTICS ◦ 1 set only so eliminate population and go back to what is
◦ *box or encircle the population including all its being studied
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◦ music therapy - given to the patient - independent variable; • Evaluation

fixed/set by the researcher
◦ nagbabago - bago; vary; levels of anxiety - dependent Reviewing, checking, determine, comparing,
variable
1. This major function of the management process
2. The effect of Toprank Nursing Review to the passing establishes formal authority. It defines qualifications
rate of nursing students at the licensure exam. and also includes staffing: W
◦ population - nursing students
A. Planning
B. Organizing
C. Directing
D. Controlling

2. actuates efforts; C. Directing C

3.strictly implemented; C. Controlling C

4. determine objectives ; C. Planning C

5. The purpose of organizational structure is to: D. C

NOTES: PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Purpose of organization structure is in the ORGANIZING

PHASE

Purpose of organization structure : For work distribution

Management – focus is GOAL ACCOMPLISHMENT

SITUATION
SITUATION
Jun is the new supervisor of the medical-surgical unit with 40
A professional nurse is assumed to update herself bed capacity.
about the profession to maintain competence in
practice. The nursing management process is a topic for 6. A critical component of the supervisory process is
both staff and head nurses. delegation. Which of the following is the most
empowering to the staff? C

NOTES: FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT NOTES: DELEGATION

• Immediate superior – pwede lang ang mag-utos sayo
PLANNING • Delegation and Evaluation complement each other
• Knowing where you are and where you want to be; allow
what you want to happen; assess situation a. Delegation starts at top management
b. Delegation frees the manager to do other task
• This is the time where you conduct your SWOT analysis, c. Effective delegation requires the nurse manager to
tools in planning (hierarchy of planning: mission, vision, determine the abilities of the staff – EVALUATION (strength
philosophy, objectives, etc.) lang, walang weakness); should be both strength and
• Where you set your budget weakness
d. Delegation enables the staff to improve competence
ORGANIZING and confidence;
• You establish a formal structure of the organization and
create the job qualification and job description; 7. Which task can be delegated to the nursing aid when
the patient is stable? – SKIP THE WARD SINCE
• Includes staffing UNLICENSED, SIMPLE TASK, STABLE PATIENT C
• Where you create the structure (ilang department, unit)
• Alam mo kung kanino mo bibigay yung trabaho
• Utilize different nursing care system (case method, NOTES: 4 POINTERS OF DELEGATION
functional method, team nursing, etc.)
Consider the POSITION OF THE STAFF; if licensed or
DIRECTING unlicensed
• The issuance of orders, assignments, and instructions;
naguutos kana, giving instructions, delegations Licensed – isa-isahin mo yung mga ward na pinaggalingan
• Includes Delegation, Problem solving and decision niya kasi yun lang ang kaya niyang gawin or alagaan tsaka
making mo i-compare sa ward na pupuntahan niya

CONTROLLING • Unlicensed – SIMPLE TASKS (DO NOT CONSIDER OR

• Seeing to it that what is planned is done; Kung ano yung SKIP THE WARD)
plinano mo, yun yung mangyayari
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--
10. A nurse in charge in the pediatric unit is absent. The
Second to consider; WARD nurse manager decided to assign the nurse in the
obstetrics unit to the pediatrics unit. Which of the
Alamin Kung saan galing at saan pupunta following patients could the nurse manager safely
assign to the float nurse?
• There will be times the nurse will float to another unit
- LICENSED; OB UNIT TO PEDIA UNIT; PREGNANT,
-- POSTPARTUM, AND GYNE PATIENTS (ABDOMINAL
SURGERY PATIENTS D/T CS); UNSTABLE PATIENTS
CAPABILITIES OF THE STAFF
a. A child who had multiple injuries from a serious vehicle
• Capabilities will depend on the position in the ward accident - ORTHO CASE
b. A child diagnosed with Kawasaki disease and with cardiac
-- complications - CARDIAC CASE
c. A child who has had a nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor
CONDITION OF THE PATIENT - REMOVAL OF THE KIDNEYS; ABDOMINAL SURGERY;
from OB nurse so she knows abdominal surgery that’s
Stable or unstable why eto
d. A child receiving an IV chelating therapy for lead
a. Administering tap water enema – LABATIBA; simple poisoning
task
b. Incorporating potassium chloride intravenously – 11. As the supervisor, you plan to implement change in
medication; performed by licensed only the nursing unit from team nursing to primary nursing.
c. Teaching patient to administer insulin – health teaching; You anticipate that there will be resistance to change. In
one of the scope of nursing practice (under RA 9173); order to avoid such, which of the following should be
Registered Nurse; licensed only done?
d. Taking CVP / Central Venous Patient – a complicated
procedure Change Management: Any alteration in the status quo;
status quo is the present situation
NOTES: UNLICENSED DELEGATION TIP
KAPANGYARIHAN: STEPS IN CHANGE PROCESS
Unlicensed - we give dirty task to them;
PERCEIVE THE NEED TO CHANGE
8. A nurse manager assigned a registered nurse from Identify the problem, determine the issue, accept the fact to
telemetry unit to the pediatrics unit. There were three change
patients assigned to the RN. Which of the following
patients should not be assigned to the floated nurse? INITIATE A GROUP INTERACTION***
• Bring the group together, meeting with the group (we
- LICENSED; TELEMETRY TO PEDIA WARD; usually do is planning, try to find the best solution here)
TELEMETRY NURSE - read cardiac monitors, easily read • This step is the key to problem solving
ECGs (TELE: MONITOR; METRY: MEASURE) • Best thing that you are going to do? A: initiate a group
interaction
a. A 9-year-old child diagnosed with rheumatic fever - • Who is the key? A: THE GROUP
possible complication is rheumatic heart disease • If the problem concerns the group - consult the WHOLE
b. A young infant after pyloromyotomy - opening of the GROUP
pylorus; done with infants with pyloric stenosis (GI • Except if the problem is just one staff - consult the
disorder) individual PRIVATELY and CONFIDENTIALY, never
c. A 4-year-old with VSD following cardiac catheterization - confront in the front of others (this is violation of code of
cardiac problem ethics)
d. A 5-month-old with Kawasaki disease - autoimmune
disease; inflammation of the blood vessels/vasculitis IMPLEMENT THE PLAN
• One step at a time
9. The registered nurse is planning to delegate tasks to • Implement the change gradually to prevent resistance;
unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). Which of the • Status quo - present situation; nakasanayan; hindi madali
following task could the registered nurse safely bitawan kasi nakasanayan
assigned to a UAP? UNLICENSED; SIMPLE TASK;
STABLE PATIENT --

a. Monitor the I&O of a comatose toddler client with EVALUATE THE OVERALL RESULTS
salicylate poisoning - COMPLICATED TASK
b. Perform a complete bed bath on a 2-year-old with multiple 2 aspects of delegation:
injuries from a serious fall - DIRTY TASK BUT
COMPLICATED 1. Technical aspect - includes tasks, procedures, materials,
c. Check the IV of a preschooler with Kawasaki disease - and equipment
COMPLICATED TASK
d. Give an oatmeal bath to an infant with eczema - skin NOTE: the PROBLEM will fall in the technical aspect
disorder and simple task (hindi nakakahawa); oatmeal BASTA TECHINICAL ANG PROBLEMA: ETO ANG SAGOT
has the properties that relieves itching; simple; it is a • Show
skin disease • Teach
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• Demonstrate TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT:

• Supervise
• Do or perform it with the nurse KAPANGYARIHAN: 4 BASIC STEPS OF CONTROLLING

2. Interpersonal - includes attitudes, behaviors, and styles 1. DEVELOP STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
of direction giving
• Standard - pre-determined level of care
BASTA ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR AND PROBLEM: • Criteria - characteristics used to meet the level of care
ETO ANG SAGOT
• Verbalization of the feelings - know the cause of the NOTE: the basis of evaluation - is standards and criteria
problem EXAMPLE: OR Scrubbing
• Talk with them
3 TYPES OF STANDARDS (SPO)

• Structure - includes facilities, equipments, materials, and

management system; si MANAGER ang gumagawa
BASTA STYLES OF DIRECTION GIVING: ETO ANG • Process - includes plans and procedures; si NURSE ang
SAGOT gumagawa
• Outcome - pertains to results; FIRST THING TO LOOK
• Assertiveness - sending direct messages, standing up for INTO
your own rights without stepping the rights of others;
THERAPEUTIC 2. DETERMINE COMPLIANCE
• X Aggressiveness - not concerned with the feelings of
others • Determine compliance = you evaluate

a. Determine the need for change - there is already the 2 TYPES OF EVALUATION
problem
b. Confront the staff individually - GROUP THE Nursing Audit - patient focused
c. Develop the change one step at a time
d. Use coercion to implement change; force, violence - error 2 Types of Nursing Audit:

12. The supervisor has implemented to change. A nurse - Concurrent - present; you evaluate as the care
aide seems to be resistant to the change. Which of the is given (ex. patient has fever, you provide TSB
following should be done? - interpersonal problem and you check the temperature of the patient)
(attitude and behavior) - Retrospective - past; discharged patient - tapos na ang
ginawa sa kaniya (ex. bumalik siya sa hospital, iccheck yung
a. Ignore the resistance - automatically wrong patient chart niya)
b. Utilize coercion
c. Give reward to the nursing assistant SOURCE OF EVALUATION IN RETROSPECTIVE :
d. Talk to the nurse assistant and encourage PATIENT CHART
verbalization of feelings
Performance Appraisal – staff focused
13. As a medication nurse, you are tasked to give - Informal appraisal – incidental; walang balak
digoxin to a patient with arrhythmia. You noticed that mag-evaluate; pag may accident
the heart rate is 40 beats per minute and the potassium - Formal appraisal – systematically done;
level is below normal. The physician orders digoxin scheduled for the evaluation (ex. Evaluation of CIs) it will
STAT. An assertive response of the nurse should be: end in review session

NOTES: THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION EXAM TIP Review session - irereveal yung result ng
• BASAHIN MO WITH FEELINGS PARA ALAM MO YUNG evaluation
DATING SAYO
3. IDENTIFY STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES
a. “I think we have first to monitor the patient’s cardiac
rate before giving the drug.” • You concentrate on both; strength and weakness,
b. “I don’t want to carry out your order” not only on one
c. “Don’t you know the precaution for giving this drug?”
d. “Yes doctor. I will give it right now.” 4. ACT TO REINFORCE THE STRENGTHS AND
TAKE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS TO WEAKNESS
14. Determining the standard of the institution is one of • Support the strengths
the concerns in controlling. When the institution has • Go back to your 2 aspects in correcting your
reached the minimum level of excellence, it should:
weaknesses; technical and interpersonal
NOTES: CONTROLLING (OTHER TERMS) -Quality Improvement

• Evaluating Quality assurance

• Reviewing
• Checking a. Be contented on the result of the evaluation
• Determining b. Do something to improve the standard
• Comparing c. Help maintain the standard of the institution

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d. Publish the result to the publication

NOTES: BUDGET - systematic way of meeting
NOTES: IF THE CHOICES HAVE THE SAME MEANING expenses; involves past, present, future expenses
EXAM TIP
• Both WRONG • Focus is revenues and expenses
• Income and cost
15. When conducting nursing audit, the following must
be considered EXCEPT:
a. Outcome 4 COMMON TYPES OF BUDGET
b. Quality
c. Process 1.CAPITAL BUDGET
d. Structure • Expensive
• For long-term use; regardless of price as long as it is
16. The most effective way in conducting the for long term use
nursing audit is to:
a. Evaluate the records of the patient 2. OPERATIONAL BUDGET
b. Determine the job description of the staff – staff • Day-to-day expense
focused • Part-time employees salary
c. Evaluate staffing patterns – staff focused • Salary of both part time and full time employees
d. Determine job performance – staff focused
3. PERSONNEL BUDGET
SITUATION
• Salary for full-time employees
• Full-time employee – working 8 hours a day, 5 days
As a nurse in charge, you noted that a lot of confusion
a week
occurs in your unit due to some disorganization. You
• Prepared ahead of time, will be prepared in the time
decided to improve work performance.
of salary
17. When resistance threatens needed change,
4. CASH BUDGET
what important measure would you use to
overcome the resistance?
• Available all the time for emergency purpose
• Cash on hand, petty cash, emergency funds
a. Send a memorandum of change – memorandum is
a letter that circulates within the organization; this is
21. An old ventilator often malfunctions and has
ABRUPT CHANGE not gradual
inefficiencies resulting from the speed of the
b. Use a problem-solving strategy – general answer
equipment or downtime (amount of time it is out
c. Gain early support from staff
of service for repairs). The organization decided
d. Conduct staff re-education – will not solve
to purchase new technology because the old one
resistance to change
is too expensive to maintain. What type of budget
is allotted for the equipment?
18. This is a factor influencing acceptance of staff
for change:
a. Operational budget
b. Capital Budget – long term
a. Externally imposed
c. Construction budget – also taken from the capital
b. Share its benefits – not all about the benefit
budget
c. Staff participants
d. Any of the above
d. Planned ahead - initiate a group interaction - meet
with the group - plan with them
22. Nurse Laila is the project head for a feeding
program; she requested extra funds in
19. These are important qualities of a change
anticipation for fluctuations in resource needs or
agent except:
meet contingency expenses. This type of budget
a. Leadership skills
is called:
b. Sociability
c. Credibility
a. Operational budget
d. Management skills
b. Capital expenditure budget
c. Cash budget
20. Having to deal with a lot of people, the nurse
d. Flexible budget – general type
manager’s most important communication skill is
which of the following?
23. Which of the following is NOT included in the
a. Questioning
Operational budget?
b. Assertiveness – a style; if you are able to talk with
a. Repairs and maintenance - operational
your staff
b. Medical/surgical supplies - operational
c. Affirmation
c. Purchase of a major equipment - capital
d. Listening
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d. Purchase of consumable materials – operational 29. What kind of communication style should a
nurse manager should possess?
24. An operational budget is a financial tool that
outlines anticipated revenue and expenses over a a. Passive
specified period. Which of the following are b. Assertive
incorrect regarding budget? c. Aggressive
d. Sarcastic
NOTES: IF YOU SEE THE ALL OF THE ABOVE
CHOICE IN THE EXAM (EXAM TIP) 30. The morning supervisor was visiting the ward
when the doctor of a patient complained to her
a.80% correct answer about the staff nurse who failed to give the “stat”
b.20% incorrect medication. Applying the principle of “line of
authority”, you expected the supervisor to first:
a. The budget translates operational plans into COMPLAINT
financial and statistical terms so that income can be
projected with associated costs

b. Budget serve as standards to plan, monitor, NOTES: SCALAR CHAIN

and evaluate the performance of a health care • Follow the chain of command; hierarchical order
system - money is not the standard
c. Budget account for the relationship of income to the REPORTING
expenses needed to deliver the services
d. All of the above • Only to immediate superior; don’t bypass the
superior
25. Which among the following is the purpose of • Nurse -> Head Nurse -> Supervisor -> Chief Nurse
monitoring a budget? – BOTH INCOME AND
EXPENSE DAPAT ANG NASA CHOICE PARA COMPLAINT
MAGING TAMA • Address the complaint to the immediate superior of
the person you are complaining
a. Keep expenses above budget
b. Maintain revenue above the previous year’s budget a. Reassure the patient that next time the nurse will
c. Ensure revenue is generated monthly not miss the medication – lose the trust of the patient
d. Generate revenue and control expenses within to the nurse
a projected framework b. Report the incident to the chief nurse
c. Ask the staff nurse to explain the incident
26. Mr. Cabrido gives strong orders, makes d. Talk to you as the head nurse about the
decisions and thinks less of his subordinates. He doctor’s complaint
is a leader who is:
31. You delegate to the nursing assistant the task
a. Autocratic; best in emergency of taking the client’s vital signs every 2 hours and
b. Laissez-faire – member focused; when the
recording the vital signs in the patient’s chart.
members are matured enough
c. Democratic – compliance; leader by the book Later you check the client’s chart and discover
d. Bureaucratic that the vital signs have not been recorded. What
is your BEST action?
27. When the situation calls for compliance of the
followers to ensure the success of the activity, the a. Take the vital signs because it is not the nursing
best leadership style that Nurse Beng will use is: assistant’s scope of practice
b. Speak to the nursing assistant privately to
a. Laissez-faire
b. Autocratic determine why the vital signs were not recorded
c. Democratic c. Notify the head nurse
d. Authoritative d. Call the nursing assistant to the nurses’ station to
reprimand
28. A leader who defers decision making to his or
her followers is called what type of leader? 32. Several nurses complain to the nurse manager
that one of the nursing aides constantly takes
a. Laissez-faire
b. Democratic extensive lunch breaks. The nurse manager
c. Autocratic should: - INTERPERSONAL PROBLEM
d. Employee-centered

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a. Convene a group meeting of all nursing aides to Collaboration- working hand in hand in solving the
review their responsibilities related to time problem
management. Brainstorming - give suggestions; #1 rule all ideas are
b. Talk with nursing aide to explore the reasons welcome
for the behavior and review expectations
c. Arrange a meeting with the nurse so they can 36. She notes that there is an increasing unrest of
confront the nursing aide as a group the staff due to fatigue brought about by shortage
d. Document the nursing aide’s behavior and place it of staff. Which action is a priority? – PROBLEM
in the aide’s personnel file SOLVING

SITUATION a. Evaluate the overall result of the unrest

As a supervisor you are confronted with several b. Initiate a group interaction
problems arising from various causes or reasons. c. Develop a plan and implement it
It ranks from Administration – clinical – d. Identify external and internal forces.
personnel, which later resulted to conflict. You
tried to find means to resolve it. 37. Kathleen knows that one of her staff is
33. When conflicts arise in the unit, the best thing experiencing burnout. Which of the following is
that the unit manager should do is: the best thing for her to do? – INTERPERSONAL
PROBLEM
a. Discuss the situation with the group and make
a move to resolve it. a. Advise her staff to go on vacation.
b. Ignore the situation b. Ignore her observations; it will be resolved even
c. Give warning to staff without intervention
d. Recommend shifting of the staff c. Remind her to show loyalty to the institution.
d. Let the staff ventilate her feelings and ask how
34. Desirable goals for a nurse manager include she can
all of the following EXCEPT:
38. St. Raphael Medical Center just opened its
a. Select a style of leadership that works best for new Performance Improvement Department. Ms.
the individual and to practice it exclusively Valencia is appointed as the Quality Control
b. Use a style of leadership that promotes high – level Officer. She commits herself to her new role and
work performance - CONTIGENCY plans her strategies to realize the goals and
c. Use a style of leadership that creates the least objectives of the department. Which of the
amount of disruption - CONTINGENCY following is a primary task that they should
d. Adopt a leadership style that best suits the task to perform to have an effective control system? –
be accomplished – CONTINGENCY CONTROLLING

35. Katherine tells one of the staff, “I don’t have a. Make an interpretation about strengths and
time to discuss the matter with you now. See me weaknesses
in my office later” when the latter asks if they can b. Identify the values of the department
talk about an issue. Which of the following c. Identify structure, process, outcome standards
conflict resolution strategies did she use? & criteria
d. Measure actual performances
a. Smoothing - unacceptable appears to be
acceptable 39. Ms. Valencia develops the standards to be
b. Compromise - meeting halfway followed. Among the following standards, which
c. Avoidance is considered as a structure standard?
d. Restriction - power; kung sino may kapangyarihan
sya ang gumagawa paraan a. The patients verbalized satisfaction of the nursing
care received – OUTCOME
Complaints – immediate report of the person who are b. Rotation of duty will be done every four weeks
complaining for all
Dominance – Ako masusunod wala ka magagawa c. All patients shall have their weights taken recorded
Majority Rule: let us divide the house - PROCESS
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d. Patients shall answer the evaluation form before

discharge – OUTCOME 44. Ms. Valencia prepares the process standards.
Which of the following is NOT a process
standard?

a. Initial assessment shall be done to all patients

within twenty-
four hours upon admission. – DONE BY THE NURSE
b. Informed consent shall be secured prior to any
invasive procedure – DONE BY THE DOCTOR,
40. She knows that performance appraisal SECURED BY THE NURSE
consists of all the following activities EXCEPT: c. Patients’ reports 95% satisfaction rate prior to
discharge from the hospital. - OUTCOME
a. Setting specific standards and activities for d. Patient education about their illness and treatment
individual performance. shall be provided for all patients and their families. –
b. Using agency standards as a guide. DONE BY THE NURSE
c. Determine areas of strength and weaknesses
d. Focusing activity on the correction of identified 45. Nurse Mary is the head nurse and tells Nurse
EXCEPT behavior. – WEAKNESS LANG Fatima her staff nurse what to do. What kind of
communication is this?
41. Which of the following statements is NOT true
about performance appraisal? - STAFF FOCUSED NOTES: KINDS OF COMMUNICATION
• Exist within the organization
a. Informing the staff about the specific impressions of
their work help improve their performance. VERTICAL COMMUNICATION
b. A verbal appraisal is an acceptable substitute for a • Patay]],ll
written report. • UPWARD – from the subordinate to the superior
c. Patients are the best source of information (SCALAR CHAIN)
regarding personnel appraisal. – PATIENTS ARE • DOWNWARD – from the superior to the subordinate
ALSO A SOURCE OF PERSONNEL APPRAISAL, (DELEGATION)
BUT NOT THE
d. Let the staff ventilate her feelings and ask how she HORIZONTAL / LATERAL COMMUNICATION - -----
can BEST SOURCE (BEST SOURCE is Observation) • Diretso
• Exist within the same position, same department
42. There are times when Katherine evaluates her a• Example: Maternal Care Department
staff as she makes her daily rounds. Which of the
following is NOT a benefit of conducting an DIAGONAL COMMUNICATION
informal appraisal? • Communication Exist within different departments
a. The staff member is observed in natural setting.
b. Incidental confrontation and collaboration are a. Upward communication
allowed. b. Downward communication
c. The evaluation is focused on objective data c. Lateral communication
systematically. d. Diagonal communication

d. The evaluation may provide valid information for 46. Nurse Jane is coordinating with the OR
compilation of a formal report. department for a scheduled surgery of one of her
patients. This kind of communication is?
43. When she presents the nursing procedures to
be followed, she refers to what type of standards? a. Upward Communication
b. Grapevine; Chismis
a. Process c. Diagonal Communication
b. Outcome d. Lateral Communication
c. Structure
d. Criteria
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• Total care nursing – ikaw ang bahala sa lahat-

lahat sa pasyente
• 1 nurse: 1 patient
• Used by private duty nurse
• Used in ICU

FUNCTIONAL NURSING
47. When responsibilities have to be delegated to
the member, the manager must: • Tasks are delegated among the staff – kaniya-
kaniya ng trabaho ang ginagawa

NOTE: KAPAG NAGDODOBLE ISIP SA TEAM NURSING

DALAWANG CHOICES, BALIKAN MO YUNG • Group of nurses assigned to a group of patients
TANONG (EXAM TIP) wherein there is a team leader
• Example: RLE duty (group of students nurses
a. Ensure that the member is capable of doing the assigned to a group of patients, the team leader is
task the clinical instructor)
b. Supervise the new members all the time – absolute • Usually used in the Pedia ward
words = WRONG
c. Perform the task based on the acceptable standard PRIMARY NURSING***
d. Let the member write an accident report in case of • 24-hour continuous, coordinated,
mistakes comprehensive nursing service of 5 to 6 patients
from admission to discharge
48. He was asked how the staff will be evaluated. • 1:5/6 nurse-patient ratio
He probably will show them the following • Maximum of 5-6 patients, pwede 3 or 4 patients •
EXCEPT: How is the primary nursing being done?
a. Performances Evaluation sheet 1. Primary nurse – responsible to create the NCP;
b. Performance Checklist kung kanino in-endorse ang case
c. Ranking Device 2. Associate primary nurse – reliever associates;
d. Nursing Audit – PATIENT FOCUSED uses the NCP that the primary nurse made; except
there is the change in the patient’s condition
SITUATION provided he will report into the primary
Jun just received his appointment paper as • Ideal used in the ward
permanent employee. He was told by the head nurse ILAN ANG NURSE PER SHIFT? – 1 ILAN ANG
that it was his loyalty, commitment, competence, and NURSE DITO? – Marami ILAN ANG PATIENTS? –
caring attitude that contributed to his present 5-6
appointment.
MODULAR NURSING
49. Which response describes Jun as an assertive • Combination of Team and Primary
person? • There is geographical assignment of patients
• Take care of patient with the same disease
a. “I am used to this. I am born a winner.” - condition (ex.
MAYABANG COVID)
b. “I don’t know why I became permanent. Probably • Magpadala ng nurses to take care of patients
they like • Do case finding
me.” – MAYABANG • Best to use during national emergencies,
c. “Thank you. I hope I will be able to contribute to disaster or
the goals of the department.” Calamities
d. “I expected this to happen. I know I did my best.” -
MAYABANG CASE MANAGEMENT
• Utilizing the health care delivery system wherein
50. The nurse revised the system for the delivery the goals are to delivery quality care, to promote
of nursing care which is referred to as: the quality of life, to decrease fragmentation, and
to contain cost
NOTES: NURSING CARE SYSTEM • EXAMPLE: Nursing homes, Hospice, Psychiatric
• A system that is used to delivery nursing care facilities - Music and Art therapy, Occupational
• Another terms: Modalities of nursing care, therapy
Patterns of nursing care • Focuses on long-term treatment • Case Manager
– nurse
CASE NURSING / CASE METHOD
• Oldest system
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51.-58 paper

Proto gene – e.g Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) gene

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RESEARCH

PAR, RN 2024