CH-6- MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

What is Manufacturing ?
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable
products is called manufacturing.
Manufacturing belongs to secondary sector in which the primary materials are processed and
converted into finished goods.
Importance of Manufacturing
Economic Backbone: The manufacturing sector is crucial for overall and economic
development.
1. Modernizing Agriculture:
• Helps modernize agriculture.
• Reduces dependence on agricultural income by creating jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors
2.Eradication of Unemployment and Poverty:
• Essential for eliminating unemployment and poverty.
• Public and joint sector industries aim to reduce regional disparities by setting up industries in
tribal and backward areas.
3. Trade and Foreign Exchange:
• Exporting manufactured goods boosts trade and commerce.
• Generates foreign exchange
4. Prosperity through Value Addition:
• Prosperous countries transform raw materials into diverse, high-value finished goods,
• India's growth depends on increasing and diversifying its manufacturing sector.
5. Synergy with Agriculture:
• Agro-industries enhance agricultural productivity.
• Provide essential products like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery to
farmers.
• Manufacturing industry supports and improves agricultural efficiency.
6. Global Competition:
• Efficiency and competitiveness are crucial in a globalized world.
• Indian manufactured goods must meet international quality standards to compete
globally.

Agriculture and industry in India are interdependent on each other:

Agro-industries in India have boosted agriculture by raising its productivity. Industries depend
on agriculture for their raw materials, e.g. cotton textile industry. Industries provide many
agricultural inputs like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, PVC pipes, machines and tools,
etc. to the farmers. Development of different modes of transport by industrial sector has not only
helped farmers to obtain agricultural inputs but has also helped them trade their products.

Classification of industies:
1.Based on source of raw materials used :
• Agro-based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile. rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
• Mineral-based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

2. According to their main role

• Basic or key industries that supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods
Example: iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting
• Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers. Example: sugar,
toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

3. Based on capital investment:

• A small scale industry is described based on the maximum investment allowed on its assets,
which currenty stands at rupees one crore.if the investment exceeds this amount in any
sectors,it is classified as a large scale industry.
4.Based on ownership:
• Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies- BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals-Reliance,
TATA, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of
individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
• Cooperative sector industries are those owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of
raw materials, workers, or both. They gather resources together and divide profits or losses
accordingly, like the sugar industry in Maharashtra and the coir industry in Kerala. Examples
include Amul and Lijat Papad.

5. Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:
• Heavy industries such as iron and steel
• Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical
industries.
Agro-Based Industries Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries
are based on agricultural raw materials.

Industrial Locations are affected by the availability of

• Raw Materials
• Labour
• Capital
• Power
• Markets
• Government Policy

Textile Industry
• The textile sector in the Indian economy contributes significantly to industrial production of
14% .
• Employment in the textile sector involves 35 million people directly, second only to agriculture.
• Textiles contribute to foreign exchange profits at about 24.6 per cent.
• It is the country's sole industry that is self-sufficient and comprehensive throughout the value
chain, from raw materials to the highest value-added products.
• The contribution of textiles industry to GDP is 4%
• This is the only in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.

Cotton Textile :-
• India producing cotton textiles since ancient times with hand spinning and handloom weaving
techniques.
• After the 18th century, powerlooms came into use and traditional industries suffered a setback.
• The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
• In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of
Maharashtra and Gujarat.
• This was due to Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities,
labour, moist climate, etc.
• Spinning continues to be centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu however
weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs
of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc.
• India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it
cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.
• India exports yarn to Japan.
• The country also export cotton goods to U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, East European
countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and African countries.
• India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles (tool used in spinning) in the world,
after China.
• India has a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn, about one-fourth of the total trade.
• However, our trade in garments is only 4 percent of the world’s total.
Problems that Cotton textiles industry facing nowadays:
• Irregular supply of electricity
• Old and outdated machinery
• Low output of labour
• Tough competition with the synthetic fibre industry

Jute Textiles:
• India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods.
• The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra
• It stands second in the jute export after Bangladesh.
• After partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India, but three-fourth of the jute producing
area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
• Jute industry is located along the Hugli river in West Bengal..
The factors responsible for the location of jute mills in Hugli basin are:
• The West Bengal is the largest producer of Jute in India
• Abundant and inexpensive water from the Hugli river for processing raw jute.
• Cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh
• Supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of
raw material to the mills
• Inexpensive (Cheap) water transport and Kolkata port for export of jute goods
Challenges faced by the Jute industry:
• Things from synthetic fibre are in the market
• Synthetic fibre is cheap, compare to jute.
• The jute cultivation is very expensive and hard
• Stiff competition in the international market from other substitutes is a big challenge.
• Bangladesh is a big challenge as a competitor while Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand
are other competitors
Sugar Industry
• India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production
of gur and khandsari
• Sugar mills in India spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat.
• In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to concentrate in the Southern and Western
states, especially in Maharashtra.
This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content
and cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season

Challenges faced by the Sugar industry :

•This is a seasonal and short term industry.
•Sugarcane production per hectare is low.
•Old machines in use. Inefficient method of production.
•Need to maximise the use of baggase.
•Transport delay in reaching cane to factories.

Mineral based Industries

• Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries.
•The steel industry is considered to be the backbone of other industries as they rely on it for
machinery.
• Steel is necessary for the production of various engineering goods, construction materials,
defense equipment, medical devices, telephonic equipment, scientific equipment, and consumer
goods.
• The production and consumption of steel are often seen as indicators of a country's
development.
• iron and steel is classified as a heavy industry because both the raw materials (iron ore,
coking coal; limestone) and finished products are heavy and bulky, leading to high
transportation costs.
• The raw materials are needed in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1, with manganese also
required to harden the steel.
• The ideal location for steel plants should have an efficient transport network for distribution to
markets.
• The Chhotanagpur plateau region is the most suitable location for iron and steel industries due
to its advantages, such as low-cost iron ore, high-grade raw materials in close proximity, cheap
labor, and a large domestic market with growth potential.
India not able to perform to its full potential in production of iron and steel because:
• High costs and limited availability of coking coal
• Lower productivity of labour
• Irregular supply of energy
• Poor infrastructure
• Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have given a boost to the industry with the
efforts of private entrepreneurs.
Aluminium Smelting :-
• It is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
• Bauxite is the basic raw material of this industry which is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured
rock
• It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
• Aluminium has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in different
industries
• The factors responsible for the location of this Industry are regular supply of electricity and
availability of raw material at minimum cost.
• In India, aluminium smelting plants are located in Odisha, West 'Bengal, Kerala, Uttar
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Aluminium possesses the following characteristics:
- Lightweight
- Corrosion-resistant
- Excellent heat conductivity
- Malleable
- Strengthens when combined with other metals
• Aluminium's unique properties make it a versatile material with diverse applications and
contribute to the growth and adoption of the aluminium smelting industry.
Chemical Industries
• In India, the chemical industry is fast growing and diversifying in nature.
• It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
• Chemical industry has two sectors namely organic and inorganic sectors
Organic sector :-
• Organic sector produces organic chemicals. These chemicals include petrochemicals.
• Petrochemicals are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-
stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals,
• Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
Inorganic sector :-
• Inorganic sector produces inorganic chemicals.
• These chemicals include sulphuric acid used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres,
plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass,
soaps and detergents paper) and caustic soda.
• These chemical plants are located all over the country.
Fertiliser Industry
• The fertilizer industry in India primarily focuses on producing nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic
fertilizers, ammonium phosphate (DAP), and complex fertilizers.
• Nitrogenous fertilizers, particularly urea, are the main products of the industry.
• Complex fertilizers contain a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
• Potash, or potassium, is entirely imported as India does not have any commercially usable
reserves of potash or potassium compounds.
• The industry expanded to various parts of the country after the Green Revolution.
• Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Kerala contribute to half of the fertilizer
production in India.
• Other significant fertilizer producers include Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar,
Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka.
Cement Industry
• Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads,
airports, dams and for other commercial establishments
• This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum
• The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.
• After independence the industry flourished in India
• Its plants are located in Gujarat due to its access to the market in the gulf countries.
Why the development of Cement industry is very important for our country
• Our cement industry provides best quality product.
• There is a great demand in Asian and African countries and within India also.
• This industry is doing well in production and as export.
• Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms led the cement industry
to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production.

Automobile Industry
• Automobiles in India are used for quick transportation of goods and passengers.
• Various types of vehicles such as trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers,
and utility vehicles are manufactured in India.
• The liberalization of the economy led to the introduction of new and modern vehicle models,
which increased the demand for vehicles in the market.
• This resulted in a healthy growth of the automobile industry, including the production of
passenger cars, two-wheelers, and three-wheelers.
• The automobile industry is mainly located around major cities like Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai,
Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, and Bengaluru.
Information Technology and Electronics Industry
• The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to
television,telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and
many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry.
• Bangalore is considered as the electronic capital of India.
• Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai,
Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
• The major IT industry concentration is at Bangalore, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad
and Pune.
• The IT industry has employed a mass number of people.
• This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years
because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
• The growth of industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and development
but also causes serious problem, the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise and resulting
degradation of the environment.
• Industries are responsible for pollution like:
I. Air pollution
• Causes: High levels of sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide; particulate matter from smoke
and industrial activities.
• Sources: Factories, chemical plants, and fossil fuel burning.
• Effects: Harm to health, animals, plants, buildings, and contributes to climate change.
II. Water pollution
• Causes: Discharge of industrial wastes, including dyes, detergents, heavy metals, and
pesticides.
• Sources: Textile, chemical, petroleum refineries, and tanneries.
• Effects: Thermal pollution affects aquatic life; nuclear waste causes severe health issues; soil
contamination impacts groundwater.
Ill. Thermal pollution
• Cause: Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is
• drained into rivers and ponds before cooling
• Effect: Disrupts aquatic life by altering water temperature
IV. Nuclear Pollution:
• Cause: Waste from nuclear power plants and weapon production.
• Effects: Causes cancers, birth defects, and miscarriages
V.Soil and Water Pollution:
• Cause: Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging,
salts and garbage renders the soil useless.
• Efect: Contaminates soil and groundwater; rainwater carries pollutants into the soil.
VI. Noise pollution
• Causes: Industrial activities, machinery, and construction work. Industrial and construction
activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also
make a lot of noise.
• Effects: Hearing impairment, increased heart rate, blood pressure, and stress.
Control of Environmental Degradation
To reduce industrial pollution and manage environmental impact, consider the following
measures:
I. Reduction of Freshwater Pollution:
. Minimize Water Use: Reuse and recycle water in multiple stages.
• Rainwater Harvesting: Collect and use rainwater for various needs.
• Effluent Treatment: Treat hot water and effluents before releasing into water bodies.
II. Industrial Effluent Treatment:
• Primary Treatment: Mechanical processes such as screening, grinding, flocculation, and
sedimentation.
• Secondary Treatment: Biological processes to further clean the water.
• Tertiary Treatment: Advanced biological, chemical, and physical processes for recycling
wastewater.
Groundwater Management:
• Regulate Withdrawal: Legally control excessive groundwater extraction to protect resources.
Air Pollution Control:
• Reduce Particulate Matter: Install electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers, and
inertial separators in smoke stacks.
• Switch Fuel: Use oil or gas instead of coal to lower smoke emissions.
• Noise Reduction: Equip machinery with silencers, use noise-absorbing materials, and redesign
machinery for efficiency.
Noise pollution control :
• Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
• Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.