MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

 Production of goods in large quantities afterprocessing

from raw materials to morevaluable products is called
manufacturing.
 Manufacturing comes under Secondary Sector because it
transforms the primary materials into finished goods.
IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING:-
Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of
development.
The economic strength of a country is measured by the
development of
manufacturing industries.
a) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture.
b) They also reduce the heavy dependence of people on
agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary
and tertiary sectors.
c) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty from our country.
d) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and
commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
e) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide
variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous.
f) These improve the standard of living.
“Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each
other”
 They move hand in hand.
 The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to
agriculture by raising its productivity.
 They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their
products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides,
pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc.
to the farmers.
The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council(NMCC)
has been set up with the objective of improving industrial
capacity.
Industrial Location:-
It is influenced by
NATURAL FACTORS HUMAN FACTORS
availability of raw material, labour, market, Government
capital, power, transport , policies, insurance, etc.
communication, etc
  Consequently, manufacturing activity tends to locate at
the most appropriate place where all the factors of
industrial location are either available or can be arranged
at lower cost.
 After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows.
Sometimes,
industries are located in or near the cities. Thus,
industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Cities
provide markets and also provide services such as banking,
insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice,
etc. to the industry.
 Many industries tend to come together to make use of the
advantages offered by the urban centres known as
Agglomeration Economies.

Classification of Industries:-Industries may be classified as

follows:
A) On the basis of source of raw materials used:
1. Agro based: cotton, woolen, jute, silk textile, rubber and
sugar, tea, coffee.
2. Mineral based: iron and steel, aluminium, machine tools,
petrochemicals.
B) According to their main role:
1. Basic or key industries are those which supply their
products as raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g.
iron and steel and copper smelting,aluminum smelting.
2. Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by
consumers –sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines,
fans etc.
C) On the basis of capital investment:
1. A small scale industry is started with less than one crore
investment .
2. A large scale industry is started with more than one crore
investment.

D) On the basis of ownership:

1. Public sector- owned and operated by government agencies
– BHEL, SAIL etc.
2. Private sector- industries owned and operated by individuals
or a group of individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur
Industries.
3. Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and
individuals or a group ofindividuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly
owned by public and private sector.

4. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the

producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They
pool in the resources and share the profits or losses
proportionately. Such examples are the sugar industry in
Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

E)-Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished

goods:
1. Heavy industries such as iron and steel
2. Light industries that use light raw materials and produce
light goods such as electrical goods industries.
Agro-based Industries
Cotton, jute, silk, woolen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc.
industries are based on agricultural raw materials.

Textile Industry: The textile industry occupies unique position

in the Indian
economy, because it contributes significantly to industrial
production (14 per cent),employment generation (35 million
persons directly – the second largest after agriculture)and
foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6
per cent). It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP. It is the only
industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the
value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added
products.

Cotton Textiles:
 In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand
spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the18th
century, power-looms came into use.
 Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the
colonial period because they could not compete with the
mill-made cloth from England.
 While spinning continues to be centralized in Maharashtra,
Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralised
to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and
designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc.
 India has world class production in spinning, but weaving
supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the
high quality yarn produced in the country.
 Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and in mills.
 The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to
weavers in their homes as acottage industry.
 The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai
in 1854.
 The two world wars were fought in Europe,India was a
British colony. There was a demand for cloth in U.K.
hence, they gavea boost to the development of the cotton
textile industry.
 In the early years, the cotton textileindustry was
concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra
and Gujarat.
 Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including
accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc.
contributed towards its growth.

>India exports yarn to Japan. Other importers of cotton goods

from India are U.S.A., U.K., Russia, France, East European
countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and African countries.
THE PROBLEMS OF COTTON INDUSTRIES:-
1. We have made significant increase in the production of
good quality long staple cotton the need to import is still
felt.
2. Power supply is erratic
3. Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and
processing
sectors in particular.
4. The low output of labour
5. Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
Jute Textiles:-
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and
stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. There
were about
80 jute mills in India in 2010-11. Most of these are located in
West Bengal. > Factors responsible for their location in the
Hugli basin are:
1. Proximity of the jute producing areas
2. Inexpensive water transport
 3. Supported by a good network of railways, roadways and
waterways
4. Abundant water for processing raw jute
5. Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of
Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
6. Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking,
insurance and port
facilities for export of jute goods.
Challenges faced by the industry include--
1. Stiff competition in the international market from
synthetic substitutes
2. Stiff competition from other competitors like Bangladesh,
Brazil, Philippines,Egypt and Thailand.
 In 2005, National JutePolicy was formulated with the
objective of
A) Increasing productivity (C) Enhancing the yield per
hectare
B) Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers (D) Improving
quality
 The growing global concern for environment friendly,
biodegradable
materials, has once again opened the opportunity for jute
products.

Sugar Industry:-
 India stands second as a world producer of production of
gur and khandsari. The raw material used in this industry
is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces.
 Sixtyper cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
 This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to
the cooperative sector.
 In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift
and concentrate in the southern and western states,
especially in Maharashtra.This is because -
1. The cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.
2. The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
3. Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these
states.
4. Availability of assured irrigation.
 Major challenges include--
1. The seasonal nature of the industry
2. Old and inefficient methods of production
 3. Transport delay in reaching cane to factories
4. The need to maximise the use of baggase.

Mineral-based Industries:-
Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are
called mineral-based industries.
Iron and Steel Industry
 The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all
the other industries — 1. heavy, mediumand light, depend
on it for their machinery.
2 .Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering
goods, defence, construction material, medical,
telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer
goods.
.
 Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as
the index of a country’s development.
 Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw
materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky
entailing heavy transportation costs.
 Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the
ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of
manganese, are also required to harden the steel.
 The finished products also need an efficient transport
network for their distribution to the markets and
consumers.
 Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use
steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use
steel ingots aswell. They produce mild and alloy steel of
given specifications.
 An integrated steel plant is large, handles everything in
one complex – from putting together raw material to steel
making, rolling and shaping.
 There are 10 Integrated Steel Plants in India- 9
government & 1 private(TISCO).
 The government units market their steel through Steel
Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL).
 Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum
concentration of iron and steel industries. It is largely,
because of the relative advantages this region has for the
development of this industry. These include-
 1. low cost of iron ore 2.high grade raw materials
in proximity 3. Cheap labour 4.vast growth
potential in the homemarket.
Problems of this industry include -
(a) High costs and limited availability of cokingcoal

(b) Poor infrastructure (c) Lower productivity of

labour (d) Irregular supply of energy

Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have given a boost

to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw
material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location
of the industry.
.
Aluminium Smelting
 Aluminium smelting is the second most important
metallurgical industry in India.
 It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat,
malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other
metals.
 It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It has
gained popularity as a substitute of steel,copper, zinc and
lead in a number of industries.
 Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in
Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, UttarPradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra and TN.
 Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw
material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for
location of the industry.
 NALCO- National Aluminum Corporation & BALCO – Bharat
Aluminum Corporation control the aluminum industries in
India.
.
Industries are responsible for four types ofpollution:
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise.

Control of Environmental Degradation:-

Some suggestions are-
(i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling
it in two or more successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in
rivers and ponds.
>Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases
(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means.
This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation.
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process
(c) Tertiary treatment by biological,chemical and physical
processes.
This involves recycling of wastewater.
NTPC is a major power providing corporationin India.
It has ISO certification for EMS(Environment Management
System) 14001.
The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the
natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and
fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.
This has been possible through-
(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest
techniques and
upgrading existing equipment.
(b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and
addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for
afforestation.
(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond
management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste
management.
(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database
management for all its power stations.