1. What is manufacturing?
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw
materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
2. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development.
Explain
OR Importance of manufacturing
Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in
general and economic development in particular mainly because
● Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, it reduces
the heavy dependence of people on agriculture income.
● Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty from our country
∴ Public sector industries and joint sector ventures were set up in
India.
It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by
establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
● Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and
brings in much needed foreign exchange.
● Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of
finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies
in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as
quickly as possible.
3. Agriculture and Industry are not exclusive to each other. Explain with
example.
● The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by
raising its productivity.
● Industries depend on Agriculture for raw materials and sell their
products like Irrigation pumps, fertilisers, PVC pipes, etc to farmers.
Thus, development and competitiveness of the manufacturing industry has
not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also
made the production processes very efficient.
4. In the present day world of globalisation, our industry needs to be
more efficient and competitive. Why?
● Self-sufficiency alone is not enough.
● Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the
international market.
● Only then, will we be able to compete in the international market.
5. Classification of industries
● On the basis of source of raw material used
Agro based - Cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea,
coffee, edible oil.
Mineral based - Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools,
petrochemicals.
● According to their main role
Basic or key industries are those which supply their products as
raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and
copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by
consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.
● On the basis of capital investment:
A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum
investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed
over a period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed
is rupees one crore.
● On the basis of ownership:
Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL,
SAIL etc.
Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a
group of individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and
individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly
owned by the public and private sector.
Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the
producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool
in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately. Such
examples are the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in
Kerala
● Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:
Heavy industries such as iron and steel
Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light
goods such as electrical goods industries.
6. Textile Industry
● It occupies unique position in the Indian economy
● It contributes significantly to industrial production, employment
generation and foreign exchange earnings.
● Only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the
value chain
7. Cotton Textiles
● In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and
handloom weaving techniques.
● After the 18th century, power -looms came into use
● Suffered a setback during the colonial period as they could not compete
with the mill-made cloth from England.
● Localisation of textile industries in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Availability
of raw cotton, market, transport [port], labour moist climate contributed to
localisation
● Closely linked with agriculture and farmers
● Association with other Industries like Chemical and dye, mill store and
packaging
● Spinning concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu while
weaving is decentralized to incorporate traditional skills.
● India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low
quality of fabric as it cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in
the country.
8. The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
9. The two world wars were fought in Europe, India was a British colony.
There was a demand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gave a boost to the
development of the cotton textile industry.
10. Jute Textiles
● India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at
second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.
● Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of
the Hugli river, in a narrow belt.
● proximity of the jute producing areas
● inexpensive water transport
● supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways
to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills,
● abundant water for processing raw jute
● cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha
and Uttar Pradesh.
● Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and
port facilities for export of jute goods.
11. The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra.
12. After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of
the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
13. Sugar Industry
● India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first
place in the production of gur and khandsari.
● The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its
sucrose content reduces.
● The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya
Pradesh.
Unhe Bhoolna Mushkil, Kyonki Tumhara Apna Ghar Hai Mast
Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
● This industry is seasonal in nature, so it is ideally suited to the
cooperative sector.
● Increase in number of mills in Southern and Western states especially in
Maharashtra because of favorable conditions.
○ The cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.
○ The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
○ Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.
14. Iron and Steel Industry
● The iron and steel industry is the basic industry as all the other
industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their
machinery.
● Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods,
construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific
equipment and a variety of consumer goods
● Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index
of a country’s development
● Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of
approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese are also
required to harden the steel.
● Chota Nagpur plateau has the maximum concentration of iron and
steel industries
i. low cost of iron ore
ii. high grade raw materials in proximity
iii. cheap labour
iv. vast growth potential in the home market.
15. Aluminium Smelting
● Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical
industry in India.
● It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable
and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
● It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
● It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead
in a number of industries.
● Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha,
West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu.
Oye Waah! Kya Mast Chamatkar Tha UPaar!
● Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material
at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the
industry.
16. Chemical industry
● The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying.
● It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
● Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture
fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs),
nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and
detergents, paper) and caustic soda
● Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for
manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics,
dye-stuffs and pharmaceuticals.
● The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
● Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other
chemicals.
17. Fertilizer Industry
● The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of
nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphatic fertilizers and
ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a
combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
● Potash is entirely imported in our country as the country does not
have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium
compounds in any form.
● Fertilizer industry expanded after the Green revolution.
● Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute
towards half of the fertilizer production.
Gangs Toh UP ke Khaas
Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan,
Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya
Pradesh and Karnataka.
18. Cement Industry
● Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses,
factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial
establishments.
● This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone,
silica and gypsum.
● Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.
● The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have
suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.
● The first cement plant was set-up in Chennai in 1904. After
Independence the industry expanded.
19. Automobile Industry
● Automobiles provide vehicles for quick transport of good services
and passengers.
E.g. Trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, etc.
● After the liberalisation the demand for vehicles increased in the
market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including
passenger cars, two and three-wheelers
● The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune,
Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and
Bengaluru.
Dilwale Gaane Mein Pyar Chupa Ke Logon ko Behkate Hai
20. Information Technology and Electronics Industry
● The electronics industry covers a wide range of products like
television, telephones, mobile etc
● Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
● Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi,
Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Noida, Lucknow and
Coimbatore.
● The major industry concentration is at Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai,
Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune.
● A major impact of this industry has been on employment
generation.
● The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to
the success of the IT industry in India.
21. Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
● Industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and
development. It led to an increase in pollution of land, water, air,
noise and resulting degradation of the environment.
● Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b)
Water (c) Land (d) Noise.
● The polluting industries also include thermal power plants.
22. Air pollution
● Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of
undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
● Airborne materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust,
sprays, mist and smoke.
● Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns,
refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and
small factories that ignore pollution norms.
● Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
● Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants,
buildings and the atmosphere
23. Water pollution
● Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes
and effluents discharged into rivers.
● The main culprits of water pollution are paper, pulp, chemical,
textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and
electroplating industries
● These industries let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy
metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic
chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water
bodies.
● Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid
wastes in India.
24. Thermal pollution
● Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories
and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
● Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production
facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages.
● Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of wastes
specially glass, industrial effluents etc renders the soil useless. Rain
water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground
and the groundwater also gets contaminated.
25. Noise pollution
● Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment,
generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills makes noise
pollution.
● Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger,
● It can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood
pressure among other physiological effects.
● Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
26. Control of Environmental Degradation
Some suggestions to control Environmental Degradation
● Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it.
Rainwater harvesting to meet our requirements.
● Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into water
bodies.
Industrial effluents can be treated in three ways -
➢ Primary treatment by mechanical means.
➢ Secondary treatment by biological process.
➢ Tertiary treatment biological, chemical and physical processes.
● The use of groundwater reserves by industries should be regulated
legally.
● Using oil or gas instead of coal in factories to control smoke.
● Generators should be fitted with silencers.
● Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of
earplugs and earphones.
27. NTPC shows the way
NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO
certification for EMS (Environment Management System)
(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and
upgrading existing equipment.
(b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing
the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash
water recycling system and liquid waste management.
(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for
all its power stations.
