CLASS-XII
BIOLOGY (Code No. 054)
Session 2020-21
Time: 3 Hrs Theory: 70 Marks
Practical: 25 Marks
Internal assessment : 05 Marks
Total: 100 Marks
Syllabus (Theory)
Max Marks 70 Time allowed 3 Hours
Unit Title No. of periods Marks
I Reproduction 30 14
II Genetics and 40 18
Evolution
III Biology and 30 14
Human Welfare
IV Biotechnology and 30 10
its Applications
V Ecology and 30 14
Environment
Total 160 70
Syllabus (Theory)
Unit I: Reproduction
Chapter 1 Reproduction in organisms:
Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organism for continuation of species;
Modes of reproduction-Asexual and sexual reproduction; Modes –Binary fission,
sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Chapter 2 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants:
Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-
types, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction;
Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and
embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis,
parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.
Chapter 3 Human Reproduction:
Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation,
embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and
placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation
(Elementary idea).
Chapter 4 Reproductive health:
Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control –
Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis;
Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary ides for general
awareness).
Unit II. Genetics and Evolution
Chapter 5 Heredity and variation:
Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Co-
dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy;
Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance;
Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee;
Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance – Haemophilia, Colour
blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans- Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders
in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance:
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and
RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code,
translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human
genome project; DNA finger printing.
Chapter 7 Evolution:
Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution
(Paleontological, Comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence);
Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of
evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with
examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s
principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.
Unit III. Biology and Human Welfare
Chapter 8 Human Health and Disease:
Pathogens/ parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis,
Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, dengue, chickengunia, ring
worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AID’s;
Adolescence, drug and alcochol abuse.
Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Improvement in food production: plant breeding, tissues culture, single cell
protein, Bifortification, Apiculture and animal husbandary.
Chapter 10 Microbes in human welfare:
In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy
generation and Microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers, Antibiotics-
production.
Unit IV. Biotechnology and its applications
Chapter 11 Biotechnology: Principles and processes:
Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
Chapter 12 Biotechnology and its applications
Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine
production, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms- Bt crops; Transgenic
Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.
Unit V. Ecology and environment
Chapter 13 Organisms and populations
Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population
interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth
rate and death rate, age distribution.
Chapter 14 Ecosystem:
Patterns, components; productivity and decompositions; Energy flow; Pyramids of
number, biomass, energy; Nutrients cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological
succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release.
Chapter 15 Biodiversity and Conservation:
Concepts of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss
of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms,
extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.
Chapter 16 Environmental issues:
Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid
waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming;
Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental
issues.
STRUCTURE OF QUESTION PAPER (PRACTICAL)
Time Allowed: 3hours
Max. Marks:25
Evaluation Scheme
One Major Experiment 4 Marks
One Minor Experiment 3 Marks
Slide Preparation 3Marks
Spotting 7 Marks
Practical Record+ Viva voce Credit to the 4Marks
Project Record+Viva voce students work 4Marks
over the
academic
session may be
given
Total 25 Marks
A. List of Experiments 60 Periods
1. Study pollen germination on a slide.
2. Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for
texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds
of plants found in them.
3. Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH,
clarity and presence of any living organism.
4. Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different
sites.
5. Study the plant population density by quadrat method.
6. Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.
7. Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
8. Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of
salivary amylase on starch.
9. Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds,
papaya,etc.
B. Study/observation of the following (Spotting)
1. Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).
2. Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide.
3. Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of
ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
4. Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
5. T.S. of blastula through permanent slides(Mammalian).
6. Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.
7. Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of
tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colourblindness.
8. Controlled pollination - emasculation, tagging and bagging.
9. Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any
fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on
symptoms of diseases that they cause.
10. Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in xeric conditions.
Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
11. Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic
conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
Internal assessment :
Total = 05 Marks
Book Bank =2 marks
Average of Periodic assessment tests = 3 marks
