Narayana E techno school

Sec-77, Faridabad

BIOLOGY
INVESTIGARORY
PROJECT

NAME: PAAVNI
CLASS: XII
ROLL NO:
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
TOPIC: CANCER BIOLOGY / ONCOLOGY

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Paavni of class XII of

Narayana E techno School has successfully completed
the Biology Investigatory Project on Cancer/Oncology as
prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE) for the academic year 2024-25.

Date:

Signature of Signature of
Internal Examiner External
Examiner

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 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to our Principal

,ma’am, MS Netravathi Yadav, for giving me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “Cancer
Biology”
which has helped me in doing a lot of research. I would
extend my heartiest thanks to my Biology teacher, Mr.Karan
Sir and Mr.Mukesh sir for providing me with all the support
I required at all times.
I would like to gratefully thank my parents for providing
me with all the facilities and a favourable environment
at home.
I would also thank my friends who have given me support
and helped me in finalizing the project in the given time
frame.

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 THANK YOU
Paavni
Class-XII

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 Introduction 5
Description of Human Cancer Cells 6
Common types of cancer 7
Difference between healthy and cancer cells 8-9
How does cancer cell get activated? 10
Cancer cell division 11-
12
Causes of Cancer 13
Cancer types- Symptoms, 14-
Prevention 16
Diagnosis of cancer 17
Cancer Treatment 18

Case study of Cancer patient 19-

20
Conclusion 21

Bibliography 22

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 Introduction

Cancer is a group of diseases involving, abnormal cell

growth with the potential to invade or spread to other
parts of the body.
Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to
other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include
a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained
weight loss and a change in bowel movements. While these
symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes.
Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
These diseases are characterized by a cellular malfunction.
Healthy cells are programmed to „know what todo and when to
do it‟. Cancerous cells do not have this programming and
therefore replicate and grow out of control.
Cancerous cells in together are called Neoplasm.

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Page 7 of 25
 HUMAN CANCER CELLS

Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid

tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.

Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features visible

under the microscope. The nucleus is often large and irregular,
and the cytoplasm may also display abnormalities.
The shape, size, protein composition, and texture of the
nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The nucleus
may acquire grooves, folds or
Indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and
the nucleolus can become enlarged.
Different combinations of abnormalities are characteristic of
different cancer types, to the extent that nuclear appearance can be
used as a marker in cancer diagnostics and staging.

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 Cancer cell formation Cancer cell multiplication

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  Breast Cancer

 Colorectal Cancer

 Kidney Cancer

 Lung Cancer

 Lymphoma- Non Hodge skin

 Melanoma

 Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer

 Pancreatic Cancer

 Prostate Cancer

 Thyroid Cancer

 Uterine Cancer

 Brain Cancer

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 Normal Cells Cancer Cells
Cell Reproduction
Cell reproduction is needed to replenish These cells may have gene mutations or
the cell population that ages or becomes chromosome mutations that affect the
damaged or destroyed. Normal cells reproductive properties of the cells. They
reproduce properly. don't experience biological aging and
maintain their ability to replicate and grow.
Cell
Communication
Cells communicate with other cells Cancer cells lose the ability to
through chemical signals. These signals communicate with other cells through
help normal cells to know when to chemical signals. They also lose
reproduce and when to stop reproducing. sensitivity to anti-growth signals from
Cell signals are usually transmitted into a surrounding cells. These signals
cell by specific proteins. normally restrict cellular growth.
Cell Specialization
Normal cells have the ability to Cancer cells are unspecialized and do
differentiate or develop into specialized not develop into cells of a specific type.
cells. For example, cells can develop into Similar to stem cells, cancer cells
heart cells, brain cells, lung cells or any proliferate or replicate many times,
other cell of a specific type. for long periods of time.

Cell Death
Normal cells have the ability to self When the genes in a normal cell are
destruct when they become damaged or damaged beyond repair, certain DNA
diseased. checking mechanisms signal for cell
Cells break down and are disposed of destruction.
by white blood cells.

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 Morphological DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

Normal AND

CANCER CELLS

Normal Cells Cancer Cells

Large cytoplasm Small cytoplasm

Single nucleus Multiple nuclei

Single nucleolus Multiple and large
nucleoli
Fine Chromatin Coarse Chromatin

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 How Does Cancer cells activate?

It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged DNA.

Because DNA is encoded with the instructions for cell behavior,
damaged DNA can alter cell processes including those that
regulate growth and division. This is supported by the fact that
tissues which have a high cell-division rate, such as bone and
lymph, are the most common sites for cancer.
Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as a switch that can be turned
on or off depending on cell needs. Free radicals have the ability
to break DNA strands which can result in some genes being
permanently switched on such is the case with cancerous cell
growth. Although it is often taught that the DNA mutations that
lead to cancer happen at random, research suggests there are
epigenetic triggers that may increase prevalence of DNA
damage.

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 CANCER CELL DIVISION

Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth

and repair. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and
these daughter cells are used to build new tissue, or to replace
cells that have died as a result of ageing or damage. Healthy
cells stop dividing when there is no longer a need for more
daughter cells, but cancer cells continue to produce copies.

Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can cause

cancer by accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls
on the system, such as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death
.As a mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a tumor.

Tumor formation Cancer Development

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 Four basic stages of cancer

Differentiating between normal cell division and cancer

cell division
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 CAUSES OF CANCER

⮚ Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.

⮚ Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical
activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol.
⮚ Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing
radiation and environmental pollutants.

⮚ In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers

are due to infections such as hepatitis B,
hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV).
⮚ Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to
inherited genetic defects from a person's
parents.
⮚

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 Most Common types of Cancer:

Lung Cancer
A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people
who smoke.
Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain, Wheezing
and weight loss.
Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work,
Eat diet full of fruits and vegetables,
Exercise most days of the week.

Breast Cancer
A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts.
Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort,
inverted nipple, lump formation near
breasts.
Prevention- Keep weight in check and be physically fit.
Avoid alcohol and smoking. Avoid birth control pills and
regular screening. Avoid post-menopausal hormones

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 Prostate Cancer
A cancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland that
produces seminal fluid.
Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and semen.
Pain in the hips, pelvis, spine or upper leg. Pain or
discomfort during ejaculation.
Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and
a Balanced diet. Ensuring regular ejaculation.
Having green tea regularly.

Throat Cancer
Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal cords,
and other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils and oropharynx.

Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like coughing,

Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath, weight
loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice,Chest
pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen lymph nodes in
the neck, difficulty in swallowing.

Prevention: Don‟t smoke, check for radon at home, regular

exercise; eat variety of fruits and vegetables, limit the
intake of alcohol, have a cup of green tea.

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 Blood Cancer

Most blood cancers, also called hematologic cancers, start in the bone
marrow, which is where blood is produced. Blood cancers occur when
abnormal blood cells start growing out of control, interrupting the function
of normal blood cells, which fight off infection and produce new blood cells.

Types of blood cancers

The three main types of blood cancer are leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma:

Leukemia is a blood cancer that originates in the blood and bone marrow. It
occurs when the body creates too many abnormal white blood cells and interferes
with the bone marrow’s ability to make red blood cells and platelets.
Lymphoma is a blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system from cells
called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections.

Myeloma is a blood cancer that begins in the blood’s plasma cells, a type of white
blood cell made in the bone marrow.

Symptoms: Fever, chills, Persistent fatigue, weakness, Loss of appetite,

nausea, Unexplained weight loss, Night sweats, Bone/joint pain,
Headaches, Shortness of breath, Frequent infections, Itchy skin or
skin rash, Swollen lymph nodes in the neck.

Prevention: Avoid exposure to radiation, chemicals such as pesticides or

benzene, and to smoking or tobacco in any form. Additional
lifestyle behaviors, such as staying active and eating a healthy
diet

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 The detection and diagnosis of cancer are very
important before it spreads to other parts of the body.
Identification of cancer genes is very valuable to
prevent cancer.
The following methods are used to detect cancer –
1. Biopsy.

2. Histopathological studies of tissue.

3. Radiography technique.
4. Computed tomography.
5. Magnetic resonance imaging.
6. Molecular biology techniques.

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 Cancer can be treated in the following ways:
 Surgery
Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which a
surgeon removes cancer from the patient‟sbody.
 Radiation Therapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill
cancer cells and shrink tumors.
 Chemotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
 Immunotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer.

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 Name: Hina Khan

Age: 37
Sex: Female
Blood group: B +
Place of residence: Mumbai
Marital status: Unmarried
Profession: Actress

⮚ Cancer Type: BREAST CANCER (Stage 3)

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 ⮚ Problems:
a) Change in size, shape, or appearance of the breast.

b) Breast rash.

c) Discharge from nipples.

⮚ TESTS:

a)Breast MRI.
b)Mammograms.
c) Breast Ultrasound.
d)Biopsy.

⮚ TREATMENT:
Combination of surgeries
i. Chemotherapy
ii. Radiation Therapy
iii. Targeted Therapies
iv. Hormonal Therapies
v. Bisphosphonates

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 A plan for early detection of cancer is a key component within an
overall cancer control plan. It enables cases to be detected at an earlier
stage, when treatment is more effective and there are greater chances of
cure.
A cancer screening programme is a far more costly and complex
undertaking than an early diagnosis programme. Therefore, where
resources are limited, and where the majority of cases are diagnosed in
late stages, early diagnosis of the most frequent cancers, linked to
appropriate treatment, is likely to be the best option to reduce premature
deaths and suffering due to cancer.
Where the necessary resources are available, screening for cancers of
the breast and cervix could be advocated, especially if there is high
morbidity and mortality from such cancers. In high-resource settings,
screening for colorectal cancer could similarly be justified. However,
screening for other cancer sites must be regarded as experimental, and
cannot be recommended at present as public health policy. Such
screening should be implemented only as a research project, within a
cancer control programme, and there should be mechanisms to evaluate
the effectiveness of the screening. Research projects might include
screening for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, liver, lung, ovary,
bladder, or prostate.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS:
● Ratogi, Veer Bala (2019), “Biology for ISC Schools”,
Srijan Publishers: New Delhi.

● Kleinsmith, J. Lewis (2006), “Principle of cancer biology”,

Pearson education: India, New Delhi

Websites: https://www.cancer.gov/about-
cancer/understanding/what-is cancer

https://www.medicinenet.com/cancer/article.htm

https://www.cancercenter.com/blood-cancers

https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/mult
imedia/slideshows/ case-study/

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