Passive and active voice
Voice is a grammatical category which makes it possible to view the action of a
sentence in either of two ways, without change in the facts reported.
Passive
When we do not know, who dose/did the action?
When the doer of the action is unknown or indefinite pronoun, passive is
used.
When the object is more important than the subject, using passive voice is
preferred.
When we say what happened to people and things, we use passive voice.
The verb is important more than the subject.
Ex: The glass is broken.
Passive Formation
A: The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of the passive.
Active: Ali breaks the glass.
Passive: The glass is broken.
B: We normally use one form of the auxiliary “be” – be ,am ,is ,are, was ,were,
have/ has been, had been being, will be –followed by past participle. (Be + P.
Participle)
The glass is broken by Hashmat.
Be + p.p
C: The subject of an active sentence becomes part of “by phrase” in the passive
sentence.
Active: Ali breaks the glass.
Passive: The glass is broken by Ali.
Articles
Article is a word which is used with noun or adjective and determines them.
The Articles are divided in two parts:
1. Definite Article
2. Indefinite Article
Definite Article:
There is only one definite in the English language which is (the).
The definite article (the) can be used in the following ways:
1: Before things which are unique.
Ex. The sky, The sun, The Moon........
2: Before the common nouns.
Ex. The student, The boy, The girl.........
3: Before the ordinal number.
Ex. The first class, the tenth class........
4: Before the superlative form of adjectives.
EX. The cleverest student.
EX. The most beautiful car.
Article (The) can not be used in the following ways:
1: Before days of the week.
Ex. The Saturday…. Etc
2: Before year
The 2005.
3: Before the months
The June
4: Before the proper noun.
Ex. The Ahmad
4. Before the names of rivers, oceans, gulfs and etc
Ex. The Amo river
Present perfect tense
Present perfect tense is used to show an action which started and finished in
unspecific time in the past.
Note: Present perfect tense is usually followed by adverbs of time such as
already-yet-before-several times-recently...etc.
Ex. She has already finished the chores.
Ex. Ahmad and Mahmood have not gone to school yet.
S + Have/Has + V3 + Complement Ex. I have visited Paris.
Have/Has + S + V3 + Complement? Ex. Have I visited Paris?
S + Have/Has + Not +V3 + Complement. Ex. I have not visited Paris.
Have/Has + S + Not + V3 + Complement? Ex. Have I not visited Paris?
Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense shows an action which was completed before another action in
the past.
S + Had + V3 + Complement. Ex. I had fixed the picture on the wall.
Had + S + V3 + Complement? Ex. Had I fixed the picture on the wall?
S + Had + Not + V3 + Complement. Ex. I had not fixed the picture on the wall.
Had + S + Not+V3 + Complement? Ex. Had I not fixed the picture on the wall?
IF CLAUSES
1: ZERO CONDITIONAL
The zero conditional is used to make statements about the real world, and often
refers to general truths, such as scientific facts.
Ex:
When you heat ice, it melts.
It gets dark when the sun goes down.
2: FIRST CONDITIONAL
the type 1T conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation
is real.
Ex.
If it rains, you will get wet.
If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.
3: Second CONDITIONAL
The second conditional is used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or
not possible) in the present or the future -- things which don't or won't happen.
Ex:
If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain.
4: Third Conditional:
Refers an impossible condition in the past and its probable result in the past.
If+ past prefect, would have+V3
If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.
Used to
Used to refers to actions and situation in the past which no longer happen or are no
longer true.
She used to live in a farm.
Rules of Adding ing
1: silent 'e'
When the verb ends with a silent e, drop the e and add -ing:
make = making
take = taking
2: one-syllable verbs
For short, one-syllable verbs, that end with consonant + vowel + consonant
(CVC), we must double the last consonant and then add -ing:
swim = swimming
run = running
3: w, x and y
For words that end w, x and y, do not double the last consonant; just add -ing:
enjoy = enjoying
study = studying
4: two-syllable words
When words have two or more syllables ending in CVC, you must double the last
consonant if the last syllable is stressed. When the last syllable is not stressed, just
add -ing.
The last syllable is stressed:
commit = committing
The last syllable is not stressed:
whisper = whispering
5: ie verbs
For verbs that end in -ie, change the ie to y before adding -ing:
die = dying
