ENGLISH

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NOUN:
 It is a name.
 Name of the person, place, thing (or) action.
 Types:-
Common Noun
Proper Noun
Abstract Noun
Concrete Noun
Countable Noun
Uncountable Noun
Collective Noun
 The words end with ment, ness, tion, cion, sion, ce, ty &hood can be
called noun.
 Verb + ing can be considered as the noun.
Ex:
o Smoking is injuries to heath.
o Teaching is my hobby.
Verb noun is called as “GERUND”.

ADJUCTIVE:
 It tells about noun.
 In a sentence it comes before a noun.
Adj + Noun
 Colors can be used as adjective.
 Numbers can be used as adjective.
 So A (or) An (or) The are the adjectives.
 My, our, your ,his, her, its, their, Siva’s, etc. are also adjectives.
 Every adjective has Three degrees.
 Passive
 Comparative
 Superlative
 The word ends with fil, ive, ous, ble, ic, al, nt, ry, less are called
adjectives.

 V3 form can be used as an adjective.

Ex:
o Written document
o Boiled egg
o Torun jeans
  Verb + ing can be used as an adjective.
Ex:
o Singing bird.
o Loving friend.
o Drawing room.

These are called as adjective.

PRONOUN:

PERSON Subject Object Possessive Pronoun

Adjective

Singular I Me My Mine
I
Plural We Us Ours Ours

Singular & You You Yours Yours

II Plural

He Him Him His

Singular She Her Her Hers
III It It Its Its

Plural They Them Their Theirs

VERB:
 Bing, having and Doing of subject.
  V1,V2 are finite verbs because they are can produce both meaning and
time.
 V3, verb+ ing are called nonfinite verbs as they produce only meaning.
 To make nonfinite to finite verb we make take the help of from of Be
and from Have Be+ V+ ing; Have +V3 formed.
 The form of Be as
Am/is/are - was/were - been
The form of Have as
Has/have - had - had

Be:
 We can use a as a Main verb and helping verb
Ex:
I am a student. * I am learning English
(Main verb) (Helping verb)

Have:
 Form of have can be used both as a main verb and helping verb
Ex:
I have a mobile * I have Taken lunch
(Main verb) (Helping verb)

V1:
 It is the main verb and the Route verb called present tense of the verb.
 It is useful
 In the simple present.
 As To+ V1 module + V1.
 Do + V1, Does + v1, Did + v1.
 When there are 2 simple future and future action ca be expressed
through V1.

V2:
 It is the past tense form of the Verb.
 It is useful in the simple past expressing all the completed action.
  With clause: I wish it is time, it is right time and it is him time we
should use V2.

V3:
 It is the past particular form of the verb.
 It indicates preposition.
 It is used as S + have + V3 in active voice.
 It is used as O + be + V3 in passive voice.
 V3 form can be used as an adjective.
Ex:
Boiled egg
Fried rice
Written document
Torn jeans

V + ing:
 This form is called present participle form.
 It is used as non-finite verb.
Ex:
( ) working hard she got success
No time and Sub Nonfinite verb
( ) playing well they won the match
 It is useful to express continues action
Ex:
We are learning English.
Finite verb

She is singing a song

Finite verb

 V+ ing can be used as objective

Ex:
Singing bird
Loving friend
 Verb + ing can be used as an noun
Ex:
Smoking is injuries to health
EXAMPLES:
1. Have been taken -present perfect – passive voice
Preset perfect passive

2. Are being taught -preset continues- passive voice

Present continues passive

3. Is left -present perfect - passive voice

Present V3

4. Has been teaching -present perfect continue

Present perfect continue

5. Was killed -past –passive voce

Past

6. We’re giving
Past continues

7. Will have been paid -future perfect- passive voice

Future perfect

8. Is told -present - passive voice

Present

9. Has shown -past perfect

Past V3

10. Are working -present continues

Present continues
 SIMPLE CONTINUES PAST PAST
CONTINUES

PRESENT V1 Am/is/are+ have/has+ Have/has+

V1+ing V3 being+
v+ing

PAST V2 Was/were+ Had+ Had+been+

V1+ing V3 V+ing

FUTURE Will/shul+ Will/shull+be+ Will/shull+have+ Will/shul+

V1+ing V1+ing V3 have been+
v+ing
 DEGREES OF COMPARISION
 To apply superlative degree more than 2 nouns are required.
 Avoid unnecessary usage of noun and must.
 Use article THE before superlative degree.
 The words “unique, extreme, exact, perfect, full” do not have.
Ex:
Rama is Toller than strong (wrong)
Rama is more Toller than strong

She is clover than brave (wrong)

She is more cleverer then brave

You are younger than me (wrong)

You are younger then I

She is older the him (wrong)

She is older than he

The climate of Bangalore is better than Mumbai (wrong)

The climate of Bangalore is better than climate of Mumbai
Exercise:
1. Raju is Toller than prabhas (comparative)
Prabhas is not so tall as rana
2. Chennai is hotter than Vijayawada (comparative)
Vijayawada is not as hot as Chennai
3. Godavari is longer than Krishna (comparative)
Krishna is not so long as Godavari
4. Ravi is cleverer than Raju (comparative)
Raju is not so clever as Ravi
5. A deer run faster than horse (comparative)
A horse does not run so fast as a deer

6. Very few boys are as strong as Ravi (+ve)

Ravi is stronger than many other boys (comparative)
Ravi is one of the strongest boys (superlative)
7. Very few cities as big as Hyderabad (+ve)
Hyderabad is bigger than the many other cities (comparative)
Hyderabad is one of the biggest cities (superlative)
8. Latha is one of the cleverest girls (superlative)
Latha is cleverer than many other than girls (comparative)
Very few girls are as clever as Latha (+ve)

9. No other boy is as tall as ramu (+ve)

Ramu is Toller than any other boy (comparative)
Ramu is the tallest boy (superlative)
10.No other river is all long as nail (+ve)
Nail is longer than any other river (comparative)
Nail is the longest river (superlative)
11.Rose is the most beautiful flower (superlative)
Rose is more beautiful than any other flower (comparative)
No other flower is as beautiful as rose (+ve)

12.Some boys are as clever as Raju (+ve)

Raju is cleverer than some other boys (comparative)
Raju is the not cleverest boy (superlative)
13.Some cities are as small as goa (+ve)
Goa is smaller than some other cities (comparative)
Goa is not the smallest city (superlative)

+VE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Very few Many other/some other One of the
No other Any other/all the other
Some Some other Not
 SIMPLE PRESENT
[V1, V1+S (or) es]
Usage:
1. Status
2. Possession
3. Regular action
4. Habits
5. Universal truth
6. Questions
7. Proverbs

Clues:
Usually, naturally, generally, regularly, daily, every+, always, often, seldom,
in the morning etc.
Ex:
 I’m a student
 I have a mobile
 I go to class regularly
 I read the Hindu daily
 Birds fly in the sky
 Swami says “strength is life, weakness is death”
 Honesty is the best policy
 Rome is not built in Italy

 I play games (+ve)

 I don’t play games (-ve)
 Do you play games (interrogative)

 She sings songs (+ve)

 She does not sings songs (-ve)
 Does she sings song songs (interrogative)

PRESENT CONTINUOES
 [Am/is/are +V+ing]

Clues:
Now, at present, presently, look! Listen! Etc.

Ex:
 I’m learning English
 I’m going to Hyderabad tomorrow
 I read the Hindu daily but today , I’m reading times of India

Clues:
The verbs “love, like, hate dislike, belong, believe, have owe, forget,
understand, remember, forget, taste, smell, see, touch, hear, continue, think,
seem, cost, etc.”
Should not be used in continuous tense.
 PRESENT PERFECT
[Have/has +V3]

 A past action into present

 Just notice action
 A action which still has the effect
 Just completed action
 An action not completed so far

Clues:
Just, just now, a moment ago, till now, so far, yet, recently.

Ex:
1. This shirt is fine perhaps his tailor has stretch well
The boy is liming because, he has met with an accident
I know about this film know, because I have seen twice
2. Someone has stolen my purse (wallet)
Who has taken my book?
3. I have taken lunch, and I can’t take again
4. She has come just now
5. I have not seen the movie so far

REPOTRED SPEECH
 (M.V=Main Verb)

1) He said , “I’m coming now”

Reporting Actual

[S+ helping Verb+ MV] “That”

(Assertive)

2) He said, are you coming?

H.V S M.V

[Yes/no Question] “If, whether“

[Inversely Sentence Formation]

3) he said ,”where are you going”

[Interrogative/ WH Question]
“W H”
4) he said , “ Don’t move”
[Advice/request] “To”

5) He said, “Oh! I got it”

S V

[Exclamatory statement] That

Ex:

He said, “I’m coming”

V2 V1 Become

Not changed
Reporting verb V2:

Am/is/are  was/were
Have/has  had
Will/shul  would
Can  could
May  might
Must  had to
V2  had+V3

Reporting verb V2:

Now  then
Here  there
This  that
These  those
Today  that day
Yesterday  previous day
Tomorrow  the next day

Exercise:
 She said , “I’m coming now”
She said that she was coming then
 She said , “I will come tomorrow”
She said that he would come next day
 She said , “I wrote(v2) a letter yesterday”
She said that he had written letter previous day
 He said ,” I will meet you”
He said that he will meet me
 Radha said to Krishna, “ I’m waiting for you”
Radha said to Krishna that she was waiting for him
 She said, “Can you climb the tree?”
She asked if I could climb the tree
 He said, “Are you learning now?”
He asked if I was learning then
 She said, “Did you see the cinema?”
She asked I had seen the cinema
 She asked, “Where will you go now”
She asked where I would go then
 She asked, “when did you pay the bill”
She asked when I had pay the bill
 She said, “please come”
She requested to come
 He said, “Don’t move”
He ordered not to move
 Teacher said, “keep silence”
Teacher ordered to keep silence
 Doctor said, “ take the medicine regularly”
Doctor suggested take the medicine regularly
Doctor suggested me that I should take the medicine regularly
 She said, “let’s start the work”
She proposed us to start the work
She proposed us that we should start the work
 Teacher said, ”the sun raised I the east”
Teacher said that the sun raised in the east
 He said, “WOW! How beautiful she is”
He exclaimed that she was beautiful
 He said , alas I lost my purse
He lamented that he lost his purse
 He says , “I’m learning now”
He says that he is learning now
 She says I will come tomorrow
She says that she will come tomorrow
 CONDITIONAL FAMILY
(If family)

IF DO HAD ONLY
UNLESS DOES SHOULD LEST
SUPPOSE DID MUST
INCASE WERE

Conditions:

If+V1 - will+ V1
(Can, May)

If+V2 - Would+V1
(Could, might)

If+ had+V3 - Would have +V3

(Could, might)
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOES
[Have/has +V + be + ing]
 It is useful to express action that is standard in the past in the pat
and continues in present
Clues:
Since, for, how long, all day, all night, etc...
Ex:
 they have been learning English for 5 years
 she has been working since 2008/(for 10 years)

 SIMPLE PAST
[V2]
 It is use full to express all the completed actions.
Clues:
Yesterday, ago. Last month, etc…
Ex:
 I completed may graduation in 2017
 BHARATH got independence in 1947
 I did not take launch - I have not taken lunch
 I did not see the movie – I have not seen the movie
(Not chance) (Still chance to see the movie)

Usage of USED TO+V1:

 it contains our past habit
Ex:
 I used to play cricket
 She used to sing song
 We used to drink milk
 he used to teach physics – (old habit)
he is used to teach physics –(habituated)

 I’m used to the class

I’m used to the mess
We are used to the road
I’m used to that

NOTE:
With the clauses I wish it time, it is right time,
It is high time ‘V2’ should be used.

Ex:
 I wish I become a bank manger
 I wish I had wings
 It is right time you started the practice
 It is high time they launched the new product

NOTE:

To indicate imaginary condition or comparison use were instead of was.

Ex:
 If I were you I would ask
 If I were she I would learn more
 She played as if she were a lion
 SIMPLE – COPLEX- COMPOUND
V1 V2 V3 V + ing
Write wrote written writing

Finite verb non-finite verb

CLAUSE:
It is group of words with a finite verb
EX:
 She play well
V1 finite –clause main clause
 If she plays well
V1 finite –clause  subordinate clause

SIMPLE: MAIN CLAUSE [M.C]

COMPLEX: MAIN CLAUSE [M.C], SUBORDINATE CLAUSE [S.C]
COMPOUND: MAIN CLAUSE [M.C], MAIN CLAUSE [M.C]

EX:
1.
She was poor but she paid the bill
Though she was poor, she paid the bill
In spite of being poor, she paid the bill
In spite of her poverty, she paid the bill
Despite of her poverty, she paid the bill
2.
He worked hard but he failed
Though he worked, he failed
In spite of working hard, he failed
In spite of his hard work, he failed
Despite of his hard work, he failed
His hard work didn’t bring his success

In spite of, despite, though, although, but, yet, however

3.
He was innocent but he was punished
Though he was innocent, he was punished
In spite of his innocence, he was punished
In spite of benign innocent, he was punished
Despite of his innocent, he was punished
4.
Despite of his illness, she attended the class
In spite of his illness, she attended the class
Her in spite of being ill, she attend the class
Though he was ill, she attended the class
She was ill but, she was attended the class
In spite of having illness she attended the class
Though she had illness she attended the class
5.
Working hard he got success
As she worked hard he got success
He worked hard and he got success
Owing to his hard work he got success
Because of his hard work he got success
Since he worked hard he got success
He would have so/ therefore he got success
He get success due to his hard work
He got success because he would hard

Verb+ing, oweingto, because of, as since, when, and, so, therefore, because,

EX:
As she was intelligent she won the reward
Oweingto to her intelligence she won the reward
Since she was intelligence, she won the reward
She won the reward due to his intelligence
Because of her intelligence she won the reward
She was intelligence therefore/and/so she won the reward
She on the reward because she was intelligence

1.
Asoka was a great emperor, he participated in many wars, he killed many
people brutally, and he felt sorry for that, he was inspired by Buddhism and
became a monk, he spread Buddhism everywhere.
Simple sentence:
The emperor turned monk Asoka spread Buddhism everywhere feeling sorry
for his brutal killing in the war.
2.
We all joined here as we wish to attend the classes and finally we want to get
the job for that we will attend examinations for that attend the explanation
Simple sentence:
We all joined here to attend the class, to attend the exams, attend the all the
explanation and finally get the job.
3.
She joined the CCE she worked hard, she prepared well, she attended the all
the classes and finally she get the job.
Simple sentence:
She got the job by joined in CCE, working hard, preparing well and by attending
well.
1. She is a good teacher
She is teacher who is good
2. It is green pen
It is a pen which is green
3. It is a brown bag
It is a dog which is brown
4. He is a good boy, I like him very much
He is a good whom I like very much
5. I visited Gandhi’s native village
I visited a village where Gandhi was born
6. I don’t know about his arrival
I don’t know when he will/ when he arrive
7. I know the departure of the train
I know when the train departure
8. He is a dermatologist
He is a doctor who treat the problem of the skin
9. She is a gynaecologist
She is a doctor who treat the problem of the women
10. S.P.B is singer and he is an actor
S.P.B not only a singer but also an actor