1.

THE LAST TIME + S + V (past simple) + C

2. FOR / SINCE →S + V (present perfect) + C + since/for + time expression
3. IT HAS BEEN + time expression + since + S + last + V (past simple tense)
4. I WISH / IF ONLY
- Idea of present/future
a) I wish / If only + past simple tense → I wish I was a better student
b) would: to express irritation about other’s people’s habits in general or about an
annoying present situation in the hope it will change.
→I wish she would stop smoking
→I wish she wouldn’t smoke (express regret)
- Idea of past:
a) I wish / if only + past perfect tense (regret that we can’t change)
→I wish I had told her the truth (but I didn’t)

5. CAUSATIVE
To get (informal) / have (formal) something done (pas perfect tense). Negative→affirmative
It is time … → és hora que… (idea of urgency)
- It is time S + V (past simple) + C →it is time you left
- It is time for S + to + 1 (primera columna de verbs) →it is time for you to go
- It is time to + 1 (not addressed to anyone specifically) →it is time to go

6. CONCESSIVE CONJUNCTIONS AND EXPRESSIONS

CONCESSIVE (tot i…, encara que…)
- Although: SVC →Although it was raining, they went for a walk
- Even though: SVC →Even though she was tired, she continued working.
- Even if: SVC →Even if he doesn’t like it, he will attend the meeting
- Though: SVC →Though it was late, he didn’t hurry.
CONJUNCTIONS:
- in spite of / despite (malgrat, tot i que..)
a) + ING →Despite/ in spite of being late, he was calm.
b) + NP (noun phrase, sintagma nominal) →det + [(adv)/adj)] + noun
→In spite of/despite the rain, they went for a walk.
7. CONDITIONAL CONJUNCTIONS→sempre i quan
- if + SVC
- unless + SVC
- as long as + SVC
- on the condition (that) + SVC
- provided/ providing (that) + SVC

8. REASON OR CAUSE CONJUNCTIONS AND EXPRESSIONS

CONJUNCTIONS (per culpa de /degut a)
- Because + SVC
- Since / As (begging of the sentence) + SVC →posat que
EXPRESSIONS: (degut a )
- because of + NP →det + [(adv)/adj)] + noun
- owing to + NP
- account of + NP
- due to + NP

9. CONDITIONAL CONJUNCTIONS →en cas/ en el cas que

- in case + SVC
- in case of + NP

10. PURPOSE CONJUNCTIONS - subordinades

a) One subject only →simple
- to + 1
- so as to + 1
- in order to + 1
- so as not to + 1 (negació)
- in order not to + 1 (negació)
b) two different subjected →complex : SVC + (conjunction) + SVC
→ Mr Owen (S1) sent her daughter (S2) to Cardiff (so that/in order) she (S2)
could/should/can learn English

11. RESULT CONJUNCTIONS: they show consequences or as a result

- so…that →the weather was so cold that nobody went out
- such…that →it was such a cold weather that nobody went out (non-personal subject)

12. TIME CONJUNCTIONS

- When + SVC
 - While + SVC (mosltly with progressive forms)
- As + SVC =at the same time
- As soon as + SVC
- The moment (that) + SVC

13. MANNER CONJUNCTIONS = com si…

a) American English : like + SVC →Ricky works like a teacher = as if / as though
b) British English
- As though + SVC
- As if + SVC (no confondre amb el “As” sol, ja que no es el mateix significant)

14. REPHRASING MODALS AND SEMI MODALS

types of modals:
- can / could →idea of ability, possibility
- cannot / can’t → idea of impossibility
- must → idea of certainty
- may / might → idea of uncertainty, doubt
- should / ought to → advice
- need (as a modal= might, must, should
- have to (semi modal) = cal que
modals in sentences
a) modal simple: the situation is present →S + modal + 1
b) modal complex: the situation is past → S + modal + have + 3

15. AFTER/ BEFORE

both can be used:
a) + ing : if the two subjects are the same
b) SVC: if the subjects are different

16. TWO ENTITIES

Both (tots dos)
- Both + noun plural →Both restaurants are very good.
- Both of + determiner (the, my, these) + noun plural →both of the restaurants are very
good.
- Both + subject (A) and + subject (B) → Both Chris and Paul were late.
- Both + adjective (A) and + adjective (B) → I was both tired and exhausted.
- Both of us/them →Both of us were ready to go.
Either (un o altre)
 - Either + subject (A) or + subject (B) →Either you apologize or I’ll never speak to you
again.
- Either + adjective (A) or + adjective (B) →She’s either Spanish or Italian.
- Either of + determiner (the, my, these) + noun plural →you can stay at either of the
hotels.
- Can either of + pronoun (you/us/them) →Can either of you speak Russian?
Neither (cap dels dos)
- Neither + subject (A) nor + subject (B) → Neither Sandra nor Claire heard anything.
- Neither of + determiner (the, my, these) + noun plural → Neither of the restaurants
were good.
- Neither of us/them →Neither of us knew the answer.
*More than two entities →none of them/you

17. RATHER →expressing preference (m’estimaria més)

a) ONE SUBJECT
- I/she/he/they…’d rather (not) + V (present) + C →I’d rather have a cup of tea,
She’d rather not talk about it
- I/she/he/they’d rather have (not) + V (past participle) + C → He’d rather have
lived here, She’d rather have not told about it
b) TWO SUBJECTS
- S1(I/she/he/they…)’d rather [S2 + (auxiliar + not) V (past simple) + C]
→I’d rather you told the truth straight away
→I’d rather she did not meet with the manager
- S1 ‘d rather [S2 + (auxiliar + not)V (past perfect) + C]
→I’d rather you had not done it