1. What is an Incident “Definition”?

An incident is an unintended event that disturbs normal operations. OSHA defines an incident as "an unplanned,
undesired event that adversely affects completion of a task." Incidents range in severity from near misses to fatal
accidents.

2. What is Near Miss ‘Definition”?

A near miss is an unplanned event that did not result in an injury, illness or damage – but had the potential to do so.

A near miss, "near hit", "close call", or "nearly a collision" is an unplanned event that has the potential to cause, but
does not actually result in human injury, environmental or equipment damage, or an interruption to normal
operation.

OSHA defines a near miss as an incident in which no property was damaged and no personal injury was sustained,
but where, given a slight shift in time or position, damage or injury easily could have occurred.

3. What is an accident “Definition”?

An “Accident” is defined as an unplanned event that results in personal injury or property damage or environmental
damage.

4. What is flammability ‘’Definition”?

A flammable liquid are defined as liquids whose flash point does not exceed 100°F (38°C).

5. What is combustible ‘’Definition”?

Combustible liquids are defined as liquids having flash points at or above 100°F (37°C).

NFPA Diamond:

6. What is flash point ‘’Definition”?

Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a chemical can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. A lower
flash point indicates higher flammability, flammable liquids have a flash point of less than 100°F. At the flash point,
the vapor may cease to burn when the ignition source is removed. You can often find it in the section 9 of a safety
data sheet (SDS).

7. What is chemical hazards “Definition”?

A chemical hazard is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in the workplace. These hazards
can cause physical and/or health risks.

Hazardous chemicals are substances that can cause adverse health effects such as poisoning, breathing problems,
skin rashes, allergic reactions, allergic sensitisation, cancer, and other health problems from exposure.

Examples: cleaning chemicals, paints, dusts, fibres, gases, vapours.

8. What is toxicity “Definition”?

Something poisonous, toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can
damage an organ.

9. What is LEL “Definition”?

The lower explosive limit (LEL) is the lowest concentration of vapour in air at which the vapour/ air mixture is
flammable. At below LEL range, flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition.

10. What is UEL “Definition”?

The upper explosive limit (UEL) is the highest concentration of vapour in air at which the vapour/ air mixture is
flammable. At above UEL range, flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition.

11. What are TLV, TWA, PEL, and STEL?

TLV: Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of a substance is believed to be a level to which a worker can be exposed day after
day for a working lifetime without adverse effects.

TWA: Time Weighted Average is the employee's average exposure in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week
which shall not be exceeded.

PEL: Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is the maximum amount or concentration of a chemical that a worker may be
exposed to under OSHA regulations.

STEL: The short-term exposure limit (STEL) is the time-weighted average concentration of a substance over a 15 min
period thought not to be injurious to health.

12. What is Job Safety Analysis (JSA) “Definition”?

Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is a systematic procedure that breaks each job/ task into sequences, identifying their
associated hazards and controls of each job step and coaches the employee on how to avoid potential safety hazards.

13. What is Gas Testing “Definition”?

Gas testing is a process to certify that there are no leaks or accumulations of flammable vapours or explosive gases at
the worksite when hot work/ open flame work or confined space entry is being under taken. Authorized Gas Tester
(AGT) is only authorized to do gas testing.

14. What is positive isolation “Definition”?

Positive isolation is a method to totally isolate equipment or a section of the plant from a live process where in no
leakage is tolerated due to the risks involved. Below are the two methods of positive isolations:
Physical Isolations:
  Dropping a piece in order to disconnect the equipment from any source of gas or liquid.
 Inserting a rated blind so that any flow of gas or liquid to the equipment is stopped.
 Proved Isolation: is a valve isolation where effectiveness of the isolation can be confirmed via vent/ bleed
points before breaking into the system, and for the duration of the isolation.

15. What is work at height “Definition”?

Work at height means work in any place where, if precautions were not taken, a person could fall a distance liable to
cause personal injury.

16. What is fall protection “Definition”?

Fall protection is the use of controls, designed to protect personnel from falling or in the event they do fall, to stop
them without causing severe injury. Fall protection controls include PPEs and equipment such as full body safety
harness, chin strap, safety net etc…

17. What is fall prevention “Definition”?

Fall prevention is a system that eliminates or prevents workers from falling. Fall prevention controls include
equipment such as scaffolding, guard rails, man-lift (MEWP – Mobile Elevated Working Platform) or barricades.

18. What is emergency response plan (ERP) “Definition”?

An emergency response plan specifies procedures for handling sudden or unexpected situations. An emergency
response plan covers designated actions that employers and employees must take to ensure safety of employee from
fire and other emergencies. The emergency response plan includes all possible emergencies, consequences, required
actions, written procedures, and the resources available. Detailed lists of emergency response team including their
cell phone numbers, alternate contact details, and their duties and responsibilities.

19. What is Permit To Work (PTW) System “Definition”?

The permit-to-work is a documented procedure that authorises certain people to carry out specific work within a
specified time frame. It sets out the precautions required to complete the work safely, based on JSA / RA.

Infra-Red Sensor:

The most suitable type of sensor is Infra-red, where the infra-red beam will be broken by intruding gas and it is not
affected by a lack of oxygen.