HSE QUISTION AND ANSWERS

1. What is work permit?

Work permit is the written document authorizing a person or a group to perform
maintenance, inspection or construction work.

2. What is work method statement?

It is the document submitted by contractor to client, covering the general work procedure of a
particular job in a safe manner as per required standard.

3. What is the use of W.M.S.?

We can plan and execute the work easily and safely. It also helps to know the codes and standards used
for each activity.

4. What is JSA and what its use?

Job safety analysis is the step by step analysis of a job to determine the safe working procedure.

05. Who is a competent person?

Is one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surrounding or working
condition which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangers to employees and who has authorization to take
prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

06. What is an accident?

An accident is an un controlled event that result in undesirable consequences to personnel (injury/
illness) or the asset (damage/ loss) to the environment.

07. What is a near miss?

A potential hazard, which has not yet caused an accident or an occurrence that did not result
in but have the potential to result in undesirable consequences to personnel (illness/ injury)
and / or to the assets (damage / loss) or to the neighboring community and environment.

08. What is waste management?

Waste management means safely disposing the by-product of a process or a work to the environment
(after proper treatment, if necessary) so that no threat for livings, properties and environment exist.

09. What is M.S.D.S?

Material safety data sheet is the document prepared by the manufacturer giving -product
name, procedure's address, emergency contact phone number, information of ingredients,
possible hazards, first-aid measure, precautions to be taken for storage and handling
(recommended PPEs, extinguisher), physical and chemical properties, etc.

10. What is color coding system?

This system followed to inspect and ensure the serviceability of tools, equipments periodically
(normally it is monthly) like fire extinguishers, full body harness, lifting gears, electrical codes and
cables, power tools, etc. These things are inspected by competent person and are indicated by putting
the color of particular month (this color is decided in advance and is being followed by all people at

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particular site). The items which are found defective or unserviceable will not be color coded and has to
be removed from service.
11. Who can color code?
Competent Person

12. What is lock -out Tag out System?

For servicing or maintenance of live equipments or pipe lines, where the unexpected energizing or
release of energy could cause injury, lock and tag out are placed on the isolating device to avoid
uncontrolled operation and give details of the lock-out schedule.

13. What is the important of tool box meeting?

The workers can be educated about safe work rules and procedures, and their awareness can be
improved on some special task its importance.

14. What is the emergency evacuation plan?

It is the procedure to provide concise guidelines for evacuation in case of some emergencies and to
identify the emergencies in advance. This also helps us to plan and to define roles and responsibilities
of all building custodian, fire wardens and occupants.

15. What are the safety requirements for doing a hot work?
1).Remove all combustible materials from the area (within 10m), if possible.
2).Use fire blanket to protect immovable combustible materials and also for welding slugs.
3). Cover the area with fire blanket for containment of spark generated while doing hot work.
4). Provide proper fire extinguisher in sufficient numbers.
5). Appoint a fire watch with red jacket, if necessary.
6). Barricade the area and post proper signage.
7). Use of proper PPE and damage free tools and equipments.
8). Obtain a valid hot work permit.
9). Conduct gas test if presence of combustible gases expected prior to work.

16. What is the benefit of near miss reporting?

To make analysis of the incident, in order to avoid re-occurrence.
To rectify the causes of that near miss before it turns in to accident.
To identify the deficiencies of site safety performances and find remedial actions.
To improve safety performances by reducing LTAs, incidents and near misses.

17. What is a risk assessment?

Risk assessment is a method of estimating the rate of risk of an activity, by classifying actual and
potential consequences and finding out mitigating actions to limit that risk.

18. What is an "Assembly Muster Point"?

The area determined and marked, for assembly of people working the area in case of any emergency.

19. What is mean by head counting what its purpose is?

ON hearing emergency alarm, all persons have to assemble in "Assembly Muster Point". There are
supervisor will call his workers with attendance sheet and confirm that nobody is trapped in the site.
This procedure is called head counting Its purpose is to ensure all workers are present in the

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assembly area, they are safety evacuated and identify the person if anybody is trapped and take
necessary actions to rescue these trapped workers.

20. What is an accident?

An unplanned or undesired event that can result in harm to people, property or the environment.

21. What is fatality?

Death due to a work related incident or illness regardless of the time between injury or Illness and
death.

22. What is a hazard?

A source or a situation with a potential to cause harm, including human injury or ill health, damage to
property, damage to the environment, or a combination of these.

23. What is housekeeping?

Maintaining working environment in a tidy manner.

24. What is incident?

An event that: Result in death or injury to person where the injury requires medical attention (Including
First Aid) Result in injury/ damage to person, property or process.
Is not in compliance with statutory requirements, safe work procedures or in house guidelines.

25. Lost Time Injury?(LTI)

Work related injury or illness that renders the injured person unable to perform any their duties or
return to work on a scheduled work shift, on any day immediately following the day of accident.

26. Medical Treatment Case (M.T.C)

Work related injury or illness requiring more than first aid treatment by a physician, dentist, and surgon
or registered medical personnel.

27. Near miss?

A near miss is an event where no contact or exchange or energy occurred and thus did not result
personnel injury, asset loss or damage to the environment.

28. What is personal protective equipment?

All equipment and clothing intended to be utilized, which affords protection against one or
more risks to health and safety. This includes Protection against adverse weather conditions.

29. Restricted work case (R.W.C)?

Work related injury or illness that renders the injured person unable to perform all normally assigned
work functions during a scheduled work shift or being assigned to another job on a temporary or
permanent basis on the day following the injury.

30. What is Risk?

A measure of the likelihood that the harm from a particular hazard will occure, taking into account the
possible severity of harm.

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31. Risk assessment?

The process of analyzing the level of risk considering those in danger and evaluating the
weather hazards are adequately Controlled, taking in to account any measures already in
place.

32. Risk management?

The process of identifying hazards, assessing risk, taking action to eliminate or reduce and monitoring
and reviewing result.

33. Unsafe act / condition?

Any act or condition that deviates from a generally recognized safe way or specified method of doing
a job and increases the potential for an accident.

34. What is an emergency Action plan?

An emergency action plan covers designated actions employers and employees must take to ensure
employee safety from fire and other emergencies.

35. What is a work place emergency?

A work place emergency is an unforeseen situation that threatens your employees,
customers, or the public disrupt or shuts down on your operations, or causes physical or
environmental damage.

36. What is JHA?

A Job Hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job task as away to identify hazards before they
occur.

37. Safe work procedure? (SWP)

A procedure which describes how work is to be carried out in a safe and standardizes process. A safe
work procedure outline the hazards, risk associated controls measures to be applied to ensure the
task/ activity is conducted in a way to reduce the risk of injury.

38. What is the value of a job hazards analysis?

Supervisors can use the finding of a job hazard analysis to eliminate and prevent hazards in their work
place. This is likely to result in fewer workers injuries and illness safer, more effective work methods,
reduced workers compensation costs, and increased worker productivity. The analysis also can be
voluble too for training new employees in the steps required to perform their job safely.

39. Risk?
Chance of something happening that will have an impact on objectives. Risk is measured in terms
of a combination of the consequences of an even and the likelihood of those consequences.

40. Safe Work Procedure

SWP is some form of work statement or detailed job steps telling workers how to
conduct a task safely. One of the key differences between risk assessment and a

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few work procedure is that risk levels are not assessed for each job step/ hazard
for SWP.

41. Who can color code?

Competent Person
42. What is heat stroke? What are the different stages through which a person undergoes
before he gets Heat stroke?
During hot days, due to de hydration, body temperature increases beyond safe limit, because of
breakdown of body's heat regulating mechanism. Due to this person collapses and if not taken care off
he can even die. This is called heat stroke. Generally pulse raises 20 beats per minute for each 1 degree
C rise in temperature. Heat cramps' Exercising in hot weather can lead to muscle cramps, because of
brief imbalances in body salt.

FIRE

01. What is hot work?

Hot work means any operation producing flame, spark or heat including cutting, welding,
brazing, sawing, grinding, torch soldering etc.

02. Fire watch?

Fire watch means a trained individual station in the "Hot work" area who monitors the work area for
the beginnings of potential, unwanted fire both during and after "Hot Work".
Individuals must be trained and familiar with the operation of portable fire extinguishers and method
to activate fire alarm.

03. What is fire?

Fire is a chemical reaction which involves rapid oxidation or burning of a combustible material.

When is a Fire Watch required?

A fire watch is required whenever cutting or welding is performed in areas where other than a minor fire
might develop or when any of the following conditions exist:

• Appreciable combustible material in building construction or contents is closer than 35 feet to

the point of operation
• Appreciable combustibles are more than 35 feet away but are easily ignited by sparks
• Wall or floor openings within a 35-foot radius expose combustible material including concealed
spaces in walls or floors
• Combustible materials are adjacent to the opposite side of metal partitions, walls, or roofs,
and are likely to be ignited by conduction or radiation

04. What are the responsibilities of a fire watch?

Fire watch is person designed to identify and eliminate fire hazards, alert and extinguish fire
in case of any outbreak of fire and to protect the person and properties from a fire. He is the
men who react first in case of fire by keeping a close watch on such hazardous areas.

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Is non-fire causing work part of the Hot Work program?
Yes, some types of work can cause problems for a fire protection system but do not have the potential to
start a fire. Examples include dust-generating work such as sanding and steam-generating work. In these
cases the hot work procedures must be followed to ensure that the fire protection system will not be
falsely activated.

Why does a Fire Watch have to remain on the job site for .30 hour after the completion of Hot
Work?
Most fires associated with hot work occur after the work has been completed. A spark that landed in an
unnoticed location may smolder. It takes time for the fire to grow to a point where flame and smoke are
visible. By that point the workers may have left the site.

05. Classes of fire?

Fires are classified by the fuel they burn. There are four classes according to the American system.
CLASS-A Fire:-
There are fires involving ordinary combustibles: Cloth, wood, paper, rubber, many plastic
The most effective extinguishing medium is WATER and dry chemical rated for A, B, and C
fires.
Class -B Fire:-
There are fire involving Flammable and combustible liquid such as: Motor gasoline -solvents
(acetone)-Alcohols.
The extinguishing agent include: foams-Dry chemicals- Carbon dioxide- Halons.
Class- C fires:-
Fire that involves energized electrical equipment where the electrical non- conductivity of the
extinguishing agent is of great importance.
The extinguishing agents are Dry chemical - Carbon dioxide - Halones.
(Water or any Fire extinguisher contains water or any agent mixed with water is not allowed to be
used on fires involving live electrical equipment, since water is a good conductor of
electricity).
Class- D Fires:-
These are fires involving metals such as: Sodium, Potassium, and Magnesium. Special type of fire
extinguishers is used to extinguish such a fires.
Class -K Fires:
It is fire occur in kitchens grease and oils
Fire extinguishers:
Water fire extinguishers
Foam fire extinguishers
Dry chemical fire extinguishers
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
Halon fire extinguishers
Liquid powder fire extinguishers (kitchen)

06. The type of extinguishing agent is a DCP Extinguisher?

Mono Ammonium phosphate.

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07. General rules for using portable fire extinguishers:?
Fight the fires in up wind direction
Start fighting the fire from safe distance (2-5mtr) away from the flame Direct the stream to the base of
the fire
Sweep the stream from side to side
Do not leave the fire area unless you are sure that the fire is completely out. If the re-
ignites, repeat the process.
EXCAVATION

01. What is an excavation?

A man maid cut, cavity, trench or depression in the earth's surface formed by earth removal.

02. What is trench?

A trench is defined as a narrow underground excavation that is deeper than its wide, and no wider
than 15 feet (4.5m).

Competent Person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the
surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who
has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

Protective System means a method of protecting employees from cave-ins, from material that could fall or
roll from an excavation face or into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent structures. Protective
systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that
provide the necessary protection.

03. What is shoring?

A structure that support the side of an excavation and protects against cave- ins.

04. What is the main hazard in an excavation?

Cave in

05. What is the minimum distance of barricade from edge of the excavation?
Minimum l mtr

Access and Egress

(1) Structural ramps used for access or egress of equipment must be designed by a competent person
qualified in structural design.
(2) A safe means of entering and leaving excavations must be provided for workers. A stairway, ladder,
ramp, or other means of egress must be located in trench excavations which are: four feet or more in depth,
and require no more than 25 feet of lateral travel.

Ramp means an inclined walking or working surface that is used to gain access to one point from
another, and is constructed from earth or from structural materials such as steel or wood

Cohesive Soil means clay, or soil with a high clay content, which has cohesive strength. Cohesive soil
does not crumble, can be excavated with vertical side slopes, and is plastic when moist. Cohesive soil is

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 HSE QUISTION AND ANSWERS
hard to break up when dry and exhibits significant cohesion when submerged.

Fissured means a soil material that has a tendency to break along definite planes of fracture with little
resistance, or a material that exhibits open cracks, such as tension cracks, in an exposed surface.

Granular means gravel, sand, or silt, (coarse grained soil) with little or no clay content. Granular soil has
no cohesive strength, cannot be molded when moist, and crumbles easily when dry. Some moist granular
soils exhibit apparent cohesion.
Cemented soil means a soil in which the particles are held together by a chemical agent, such as calcium
carbonate, such that a hand-size sample cannot be crushed into powder or individual soil particles by finger
pressure.

Dry soil means soil that does not exhibit visible signs of moisture content.

Fissured means a soil material that has a tendency to break along definite planes of fracture with little
resistance, or a material that exhibits open cracks, such as tension cracks, in an exposed surface.

Layered system means two or more distinctly different soil or rock types arranged in layers. Micaceous
seams or weakened planes in rock or shale are considered layered.

Moist soil means a condition in which a soil looks and feels damp. Moist cohesive soil can easily be shaped
into a ball and rolled into small diameter threads before crumbling. Moist granular soil that contains
some cohesive material will exhibit signs of cohesion between particles.

Plastic means a property of a soil which allows the soil to be deformed or molded without cracking,
or appreciable volume change.

Saturated soil means a soil in which the voids are filled with water. Saturation does not require flow.
Saturation, or near saturation, is necessary for the proper use of instruments such as a pocket penetrometer
or sheer vane.

Stable rock means natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides and remain intact
while exposed.

Submerged soil means soil which is underwater or is free seeping.

06. Classification of soil?

Class- A, Class -B, Class-C
Class- A: - Very Stable. Clay is an example.
Class-B: - Less stable than type A soil. Crushed rock, silt, and soils that contain an equal mixture of sand
and silt are the examples.
Class- C: - Less stable than type B soil. Gravel and sand are example.

Type A means cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tons per
square foot (tsf) or greater. Examples of cohesive soils are: clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loam, and, in
some cases, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam. Cemented soils such as hardpan are also considered Type
A. No soil can be Type A if fissured, subjected to significant vibration, or has been previously disturbed

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 HSE QUISTION AND ANSWERS
Excavations made in Type A soil.

Simple Slope - General

All simple slope excavation 20 feet or less in depth shall have a

maximum allowable slope of 3/4:1.

Simple Slope - Short Term

Exception: Simple slope excavations which are open 24 hours or less (short
term) and which are 12 feet or less in depth shall have a maximum allowable
slope of 1/2:1

Simple Bench
All benched excavations 20 feet or less in depth shall have a maximum
allowable slope of 3/4 to 1 and maximum bench dimensions as follows

Multiple Bench

Unsupported Vertically Sided Lower Portion - Maximum 8 Feet in Depth

All excavations 8 feet or less in depth which have unsupported vertically sided lower portions shall
have a maximum vertical side of 3½ feet.

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Unsupported Vertically Sided Lower Portion - Maximum 12 Feet in Depth

All excavations more than 8 feet but not more than 12 feet in depth
which unsupported vertically sided lower portions shall have a
maximum allowable slope of 1:1 and a maximum vertical side of 3½
feet.

Support of Shielded Vertically Sided Lower Portion

All excavations 20 feet of less in depth which have vertically sided lower portions that are supported or
shielded shall have a maximum allowable slope of 3/4:1. The support or shield system must extend at least
18 inches above the top of the vertical side.

Type B means cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength

greater than 0.5 tsf but less than 1.5 tsf. Some examples are: granular
cohesion less soils including angular gravel, silt, silt loam, sandy loam,
and, in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam. Type B also
includes previously disturbed soils except those which would otherwise be classed as Type C

All simple slope excavations

20 feet or less in depth shall
have a maximum allowable
slope of 1:1.

All benched excavations 20 feet or less in depth shall have a maximum allowable slope of 1:1 and maximum

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All excavations 20 feet or less in depth which have vertically sided

lower portions shall be shielded or supported to a height at least 18
inches above the top of the vertical side. All such excavations shall have a
maximum allowable slope of 1:1

Type C means cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength

of 0.5 tsf or less. Some examples include: gravel, sand, and loamy sand.
Also included may be submerged soil or soil from which water is freely
seeping, and submerged rock that is not stable.

All simple slope excavations 20 feet or less in depth shall have a

maximum allowable slope of 1½ :1.

All

excavations 20 feet or less in depth which have vertically sided lower portions shall be shielded or
supported to a height at least 18 inches above the top of the vertical side. All such excavations shall have a
maximum allowable slope of 1½:1.

Excavations made in Layered Soils. All excavations 20 feet or less in

depth made in layered soils shall
have a maximum allowable slope for each layer as set forth below.

Protective system means a method of protecting employees from

cave-ins, from material that could fall or roll from an excavation face or
into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent structures.
Protective systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other
systems that provide the necessary protection.
07. Sloping or benching system

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 HSE QUISTION AND ANSWERS
Stable rock 90° Vertical (90 degrees)
Class -A 53° 3/4 : 1
Class -B 45° 1: 1
Class -C 34° 1 1/2 : 1
NOTE :- Maximum allowable slopes for Excavations Less than 20 feet deep.

08. What are the dangers of trenching and excavation operations?

Cave-ins pose the greatest risk and are much more likely than other than excavation - related accident
result in worker fatalities. Other potential hazards include fall, falling loads, hazardous atmospheres, and
incident involving mobile equipment.

10. Cave-in?
The separation of mass of a soil or rock material from the side of an excavation , or the loss of soil
from under a trench shield or support system, and it's sudden movement in to the excavation, either by
falling or sliding, in sufficient quantity so that it could entrap, bury, or otherwise injure or immobilize a
person.
09. What is benching system?
A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the side of an excavation to form one or
a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical
surface between levels.

Benching (Benching system) means a method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the
sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-
vertical surfaces between levels

Sheeting means the members of a shoring system that retain the earth in position and in turn are
supported by other members of the shoring system.
Wales means horizontal members of a shoring system placed parallel to the excavation face whose sides bear
against the vertical members of the shoring system or earth.
11. Shield system?
A structure that is able to withstand the force imposed on it by a cave in and thereby protects
employees within the structure.

12. Shoring system?

A structure such as a metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring system that supports the side of
an excavation and which is designed to prevent cave-in.

Excavated materials or mechanical equipment should not be placed within l m of the edge of
any excavation For excavations up tol.2m meters deep, equipment and other heavy objects
must be kept at least 2 meter from the edge of the excavation. For excavations in excess of 1.2 meter,
or when it is necessary to operate heavy equipment from near than 2 meter from the edge, sheet
piling, shoring and bracing shall be provided.

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Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring means a pre- engineered shoring system comprised of aluminum
hydraulic cylinders (cross braces) used in conjunction with vertical rails (uprights) or horizontal rails
(walers). Such system is designed, specifically to support the sidewalls of an excavation and prevent cave-
ins

13. What is the maximum distance between two adjacent accesses in a long excavation?
A ladder must present within 25 feet, of employees working in excavation. In open excavation - At
every 30m on the perimeter if less than 1.3 m deep.At every 7.5m on the perimeter, if more than 1.2m
deep.

14. When is the excavation considered as a confined space?

If depth is more than 1.2 m

15. Common cause of accident /Incident in an excavation?

1. Collapse of Earth work due to lack of, inadequate, or weak shoring.
2. Persons falling in to excavations due to lack of hard barriers, sign boards or inadequate fencing.
3. Spoils from excavations not being kept clear of the sides which then become overloaded and
collapsed.
4. Water seepage.
5. Failure to maintain shoring particularly after inclement weather.
6. Person working too close together.
7. Vehicles or plant working too close to the edge causing to the edge to collapse.
8. The striking of underground service, eg. Electrically cables and gas pipes.
9. Asphyxiation from exhaust gases which have collected in the bottom of the excavation.
10. Asphyxiation by dense gases such as H2S, CO2 and other toxic materials, which can collect in
excavations with poor ventilation.
11. Falls through unsafe means of access in to or out of the excavations.
12. Workers being struck by excavating machinery, e.g., the bucket of the excavator or backhoe.
13. Vehicles being driven in to the excavations due to driving errors, inadequate barriers, or the
absence of stop blocks.
No Flashing Lights/ Reflective Sign boards. No stop logos.
No fence or Hard Barricades left over-night.

16. How soil is tested?

A competent person must conduct visual and manual soil test before any one enters an excavation.
Visual and manual test are a critical part of determining the type of protective system that will be
used.

Visual Test
Visual testing involves looking at the soil and the area around the excavation site for signs of
instability. The competent person might do visual tests such as the following.
1. Observe the soil as it is excavated. Soils that remain in large clumps when excavated may be
cohesive. Soil that breaks easily in granular.
2. Examine the particle size of excavated soils to determine how they hold together.
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3. Looks for cracks or fissures in the face of the excavation.
4. Looks for layers of different soil type and the angle of the layers in the face of the excavation
that may indicate instability.
5. Look for water seeping from the sides of the excavation.
6. Look for signs for previously disturbed soil from the construction or excavation work.
7. Consider vibration from construction activity or other work that may affect the stability of the
excavations.
Manual Test
Manual testing involves evaluating the sample of soil from the excavation to determine
qualities such as cohesiveness, granularity, and unconfined compressive strength. Soil can be tested
either on site or off site but should be tested as soon as possible to preserve its
natural moisture.
Examples of Manual Test: Plasticity test:-shape a sample of moist soil in to a ball and try to roll it in
to threads about''/: inches in diameter. Cohesive soil will roll in to 1/8 inch threads without crumbling.

Dry strength Test: Hold a dry soil sample in your hand. If the soil is dry and crumbles in on its own or
with moderate pressure in to individual grains or fine powder, it's granular. If the soil breaks in to
clumps that are hard to break in to smaller clumps, it may be clay combined
with gravel, sand or slit.
Thump penetration test: This test roughly estimate the unconfined compressive strength of a
sample. Press your thump in to the soil sample. If the sample resist hard pressure it maybe type A
soil. If it's easy to penetrate, the sample may be class C.
Pocket penetro meters: offers more accurate estimate of unconfined compressive strength. These
instruments estimate the unconfined compressive strength of saturated cohesive soils. When pushed
in to the sample, an indicator sleeve displays an estimate in tons per square foot or kilo grams per
square centimeter.

Accepted engineering practices means those requirements which are compatible with standards of
practice required by a registered professional engineer.

SCAFFOLDING
01. What is a scaffold?
An elevated, temporary platform.

02. Supported scaffold?

Platforms supported by rigid, load bearing members, such as poles, legs, frames and outriggers.

03. Suspended scaffolds?

Platforms suspended by rope or other non rigid overhead support.

04. Who can erect scaffolding?

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Certified scaffoder.

05. Who can inspect the scaffold?

Competent person

06. When is fall protection needed?

• At heights of six feet or more
• On sloped roof
• Within six feet of the edge of flat roofs
• On moving scaffolding, moving lifts, or bucket
• At the edge of an excavation 6feet (1.8 m) or more in depth when the excavation is not
readily seen because of some obstruction
• Above dangerous equipment
• At any location where the supervisor believes that it would be safer to have fall
protection

07. What is a tag system?

A tag is put on scaffolding, by a competent person, indicating the present condition whether it can e
used and whether fall protection needed or not. Red tag: Do not use (Is being erected or dismantled)
Yellow tag: Can use with 100% fall protection (Is in complete or cannot be completed)
Green tag: Safe to use (scaffolding is complete)

08. What are the details in a scaffold tag?

Location, maximum loading capacity (kN/m2 or psf), Date erected and date inspected with
foreman's name and signature.

09. In which condition a scaffold cannot be erected?

Extreme whether(strong wind, rain ,ice) , ground not stable, safe clearance (minimum 10 feet) can't be
maintained with live wire, certified workers and supervisors are not available, permit not available.

09. What is the minimum overlapping of two adjacent planks in a scaffold plat form?
Not less than 12 inches

10. What is a guard rail system?

A barrier consisting of top rail, mid rails, toe boards and vertical uprights erected to prevent men and
materials falling from an elevated area.

11. What is a toe board?

Barrier secured along the sides and ends of a platform to guard against falling of materials, tools, and
other objects.

12. What is the minimum height of a toe board?

4inches.

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13. What is the height of top rails from the platform?
39 to 45inches.

14. What are the requirements in placing an access ladder on a scaffold?

Provide access when scaffold platform are more than 24 inches high. Ladder to be at the
correct angle (i.e. 1 feet out for every 4 feet in height). Ladders are to be tied at both sides
not by the rungs. Make sure the ladder extended a safe distance (at least 90cm) above the landing stage.
When the horizontal travel distance exceeded 15mtr provided at least two accesses. If free from
damage and should be color coded. All access ladders must be tagged.

15. In what circumstances fall protection system has to be used?

If a person could fall more than 1.8 m then a fall protection system should be used.
E.g.: Any activity at an elevation more than 1.8 m such as erection, dismantling or maintenance of
scaffolding, pipes, equipments.

16. What is the minimum width required for a walk way?

Minimum width of a walk way is 18".

17. When should we inspect a scaffold?

A scaffold shall be inspected and tagged after completion erection. Also before each work period
or where they are alerted, adjusted or subjected to rain or heavy winds. There after the scaffolding
shall be examined at least once in every seven days.

18. What is the minimum capacity of top rail?

200 pounds

19. What is the minimum capacity of mid rail?

150 pounds

20. What is a life line?

Life line is a component that consist of a flexible line that connects to an anchorage at once end to
hang vertically or that connect to anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally and which serves as
a method to connect other components of personnel fall arrest system to the anchorage.

21. Light duty scaffold?

A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 25 pounds per square foot.

22. Medium duty scaffold?

A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 50 pounds per square foot.

23. Heavy duty scaffold?

A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 75 pounds per square foot.

24. Guard -rail?

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A rail secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms.

25. Maximum intended load?

The total load of all loads including the working load, the weight of the load, and such other loads as
may be reasonably anticipated.

26. Toe- board?

A barrier secured along the sides and ends of a platform, to guard against the falling of materials.

CONFINED SPACE
27. What is a confined space?
Any space having limited means of access and egress, which subject to the hazards like deficiency of
oxygen, toxic or flammable gases or substances, dust etc.

28. Who is a confined space attendant?

He is one who is aware of the confined space hazard and know how to react if anything goes wrong,
able to maintain confined space entry log sheet, etc.

29. What are the hazards in a confined space?

Oxygen deficiency or enrichment, presence of toxic or flammable gases, chemical hazards, fire hazards,
fall of materials, fall hazards, electrocution, dust, sound, heat or cold, caught in between moving parts of
equipments, engulfment etc.

30. In what circumstances a confined space work permit can be issued?

If properly ventilated, gas test reading are satisfactory, properly barricaded and warning signs are
posted, trained stand by man present with log sheet, sufficient lighting and low voltage electricity (24v-
110v), proper means of communication lock out and tag out if necessary, life line and man retrieval
system if necessary etc.

31. What are the duties of a confined space attendant?

He is responsible for the safety of entrant, should be present whenever people are working in confined
space, maintain updated entry log sheet, maintain continuous communication with entrants and monitor
conditions in the confined space to ensure a safe working atmosphere, prevent unauthorized entry of
personnel, initiate alarm for help if needed, evacuate the entrants if conditions are not satisfying or in
case of any general evacuation is initiated, contact rescue personnel if necessary, etc.

32. Give some examples of a confined space?

Pipes, vessels, Tanks, Boilers and tube areas, soils, Trenches and excavations deeper than 4
feet, Sludge pit, duct works etc.
33. Name one hazards job in confined space?
Welding, Grinding Chemical cleaning, Use of gas cutting set, Erection of materials.
34. Hazards of confined space -Atmospheric?
Oxygen deficiency
Oxygen enrich
Toxic vapor/ gas
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Flammable vapor/gas

35. Hazards of confined space – Physical?

Mechanical
Electrical
Thermal
Noise
Engulfment

36. Carbon monoxide?

Carbon monoxide (Co) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas which interferes with the oxygen- carrying
capacity of blood.

37. Effect of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Severe carbon monoxide poisoning causes neurological damage, illness, coma and death.

38. Symptom of Co exposure?

Headache, dizziness and drowsiness. Nausea, vomiting, tightness, across the chest.

39. Permit required confined space?

Means that has one or more of the following characteristics:

1. Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere.

2. Contains a materials that has the potentials for the engulfing an entrant
3. Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly
converging walls or by a floor which slope downward and tapers a smaller cross section; or
4. Contains any other recognized serious safety of health hazard.

40. Non -Permits confined space?

Means confined space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have
the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm.

41. Entry?
Means the action by which a person passes through an opening in to a permit required confined space.
Entry includes ensuing work activities in that space and is considered to have occurred as soon as any
part of the entrant's body breaks the plane of an opening in to the space.

42. Authorized entrant?

Means an employee who is authorized by the employer to enter a permit space.

43. Entry supervisor?

Means the person (such as the employer, foreman, supervisor or crew chief) responsible for determining
if acceptable entry conditions are present at a permits space where entry and overseeing entry
operations, and for terminating entry as required by this section .
NOTE: An entry supervisor also may sever as an attendant or as an authorized entrant, as long as that
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person is trained and equipped as required by this section for each role he or she fills. Also, the duties of
entry supervisor may be passed from one individual to another during the course of an entry operation.

44. Engulfment?
Means the surrounding and effective capture of a person by a liquid or finely divided
(flow able) solid substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the
respiratory.

45. Hazardous atmosphere?

Means an atmosphere that may expose Employees to risk of death, incapacitation and impairment of
ability to self rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space), injury or acute illness one or more
of the following causes.
1. Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10%of its lower flammable limit (LEL);
2. Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds it LEL

46. Immediately dangerous to life or death (IDLH)

Means any condition that poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or that would cause irreversible
adverse health effects or that would interfere with an individual's ability to escape unaided from a
permit space

47. Prohibited condition?

Means any condition in a permit space that is not allowed by the permit during the period when entry is
authorized

48. Entry permit?

Means the written or printed document that is provided by the employer, to allow and control
entry in to a permit space and that contains the information

49. Isolation?
Means the process by which a permit space is removed from service and completely protected
against the release of energy and material in to the space by such means as blanking or blinding
misaligning or removing section of lines, pipes, or ducts, a double block and bleed system; lock out or
tag out of all sources of energy or blocking or disconnecting all mechanical linkages

50. Blanking or blinding?

Means the absolute closure of a pipe, line or duct by the fastening of solid plate that completely
covers the bore and that is capable of with standing

51. Asphyxiate:
A vapor or gas that can cause unconsciousness or death by suffocation (lack of oxygen) e.g. Nitrogen
gas

52. SCABA
(Self Contained breathing Apparatus): A positive pressure respirator in which the supply of air is
carried by the wearer
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53. Carbon monoxide Exposure limits

PEL/TWA -50ppm
STEL- 400ppm/15 minute
IDLH- 1500ppm/30 minute

54. Effect of Various CO Levels

50 Permissible exposure level for 8 hours (OSHA)

200 Possible mild frontal headache in 2 to 3 hours
400 Frontal headache and nausea after 1 to 2 hours. Occipital after 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 hours
800 Headache, dizziness and nausea in 45 minutes. Collapse and possible death in 2
hours
1200 Headache, dizziness and nausea in 20 minutes. Collapse and death in hour
3200 Headache and dizziness in 5 to 10 minutes. Unconsciousness and danger of death in
30 minutes
6400 Head ache and dizziness in 1 to 2 minutes. Unconsciousness and danger of death in 10
to 15 minutes
12800 Immediate effects - unconsciousness. Danger of death in 1 to 3 minutes CO will explode
LEL is 12.5%

55. Exposure limits of H2S?

PEL-20ppm
TWA- 10ppm
REL-10 ppm
STEL-15ppm
IDLH-100ppm

56. Flash point of H2S?

Auto ignition-263° (500°F)
Flammable range
LEL-4.0%
UEL-44.0%

A level of H2S gas at or above 100ppm is immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH)

Short term exposure level (STEL)

The limits at which a short term exposure of ten minutes are allows without effecting the health of an
individual

57. Effect of various H2S levels

0.13 Minimal perceptible odor (rotten eggs)
4.60 Easily detectable, moderate odor
10 Beginning of eye irritation
27 A strong unpleasant odor, but not intolerable
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100 Coughing eye irritation, loss of sense of smell after 2.5 minutes
200-300 Marked eye inflammation and respiratory tract irritation after one hour
500-700 Loss of consciousness, and possibly death from 30 minutes to one hour
700-1000 Rapid unconsciousness, stopping or pausing of breathing and death
1000-2000 Immediate unconsciousness with cessation of breathing, followed by death in a few
minutes. Death may occur even if the victim is removed to fresh air at once

58. What is hydrogen sulfide?

Hydrogen sulfide is a color less, transparent gas with a characteristic of a rotten egg odor
at low concentrations and not detectable by odor at high concentrations
Chemical symbols: H2S
Chemical Gravity: 1.192(heavier than air)
Explosive Limit: Lower 4% Upper 44% volume in air
Ignition temperature: 500°f
Solubility in water: 2.9 volumes of gas, per volume of water at 20°c

CRANE
01. Crane?
A machine consisting of a rotating super structure for lifting and lowering a load and moving it
horizontally on either rubber tires or crawler tread.

02. What are the requirements for a crane lifting?

Crane positioned on firm level ground with wood pads and steel plates. Out riggers are fully extended,
Tires are off ground, Certified operator and rigger are available, safe load indicator is working, the
check list is filled by competent person, crane has valid inspection sticker, insure and third party
certificate, the load's weight is confirmed and is within the safe working limit of the crane, safety
device are not bypassed, the swing arm radius is barricaded and unauthorized persons are evacuated,
the lifting tools are free from defects, pads are use to protect the slings from load and vice-versa, wind
speed is less than 32km/hour, approved lifting plan is available for critical lifts, permit for the activity is
obtained, crane operators and rigger's vision is not obstructed, the load is well balanced and tag lines
are used to control the weight etc.

03. What is a lifting plan?

It is the document prepared for planning a critical lift by calculating and considering all factors which is
going to effect the lift and there by selecting the correct tools and cranes and ensure the safe lifting
procedure to be followed for the particular lift, giving details such as the size and weight of the object to
be lifted, which crane is used for lifting and what the safety factor is, where the crane is positioned from
where the load is lifted, where it is fitted/size and SWL of each lifting tools used. JSA and load-chart are
attached with it.

04. Define manual handling

Is moving or supporting a load by hand or body force. Or it is the movement or support
of the load by physical effort including lifting, carrying punishing, pulling or moving.

05. Safe work load?

The maximum load determined by a qualified person, whom an item of lifting
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equipment may raise, lower or suspend under a particular conditions

06 .Crane Hazards
Improper load rating
Excessive speeds
No hand signals
Inadequate inspection and maintenance Unguarded parts
Unguarded swing radius
Working too close to power line
Improper exhaust system
Shattered windows
No steps /guard rails walkways
No boom angle indicator
Not using out riggers

07. What are the requirements of a man basket?

It should be designed and fabricated according to standards, have third party certificate, two guide
ropes, damage free lifting gears, the load bearing capacity should be written on man basket, shackles
with cotter pin only to be used.

08. How are slings inspected?

All slings must be inspect before every use and periodically it should be inspected thoroughly and shall
be rejected, if found were of one third the original outside diameter of outside individual wires, severe
corrosion, distortion (kinking, crushing, bird-caging... .), Broken wires (a maximum of 10 randomly
distributed broken wires in one rope lay), heat damage (loss of internal lubricant by over heat exposure)
pulled eye splices (any evidence that eye splice have been slipped, sleeves damaged... ..), Deformation
of wires and strands or pushed out of their original position and the slings should be clean from dirt and
rust. Before use the slings has the slings has to be color coded as per month color code.

09. What is working radius?

It is the maximum distance where the crane boom has to reach for lifting or lowering the load.

10. What is SWL?

Safe working load is the maximum load that can be applied to the lifting tool, safely

11. What is hoist?

A machinery unit that is used for lifting and lowering.

12. Qualified person?

A person who, by possession of a recognized degree in an applicable field certification of Professional
standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has Successfully demonstrated to
ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject Matter and work.

13. Automatic safe load indicator?

A device that when fitted to a crane automatically gives, with in specified tolerance limits, a warning of
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the approach to the safe working load on the crane and further warning when the safe working load
has been exceeded.

14. Load radius indicator?

A device fitted to a crane that shows the radius at which crane is operating it's and corresponding safe
work load.

15. Radius?
The horizontal distance between the point at which the centre of rotation of the crane
meets the ground and the vertical centerline passing through the load lifting attachment.

16. Safe working load?(SWL)

The maximum load that can be safely handled by a crane at a specified position and under specified
conditions.

17. Lifting?
Any movement of loads or person that includes a change of height.

18. Slings?
An assembly which connects the load to the materials handling (lifting) equipment.

19. Auxiliary Hoist

A supplemental hoisting unit, usually of lower load rating and higher speeds than the main
hoist.

20. Axis of rotation

The vertical axis around which the crane's superstructure rotates.

21. Boom?
In cranes and derricks usage, an inclined spar, strut, or other long member supporting the hoisting
tackles. Also defined as a structure.

22. Boom angle indicator?

An accessory device that measures the angle of the boom base section center line to horizontal.

23. Boom stop?

A device used to limit the angle of the boom at its highest position.

24. Break?
A device used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or power means.

26. Block?
Sheaves or grooved pulleys in a frame provided with hook, eye and strap.

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27. Counterweight?
Weight used for balancing load and the weight of the crane in providing stability for lifting.

28. Deck?
The revolving super structure or turn table bed.
29. Drum?
The spool or cylindrical member around which cables are wound for raising and lowering load.

30. Gantry?
A structural frame work mounted on the revolving superstructure of the crane to which the boom
supporting cables are revolved.

31. Jib?
An extension attached to the boom point to provide added boom length for lifting specified cranes.

32. Load?
The weight of the object being lifted or lowered, including load block, ropes, slings, shackles and any
other ancillary attachments.

33. Load block?

The assembly of the or shackles, swivel, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended from the boom point.

34. Main hoist?

Hoist system or boom used for raising and lowering loads up to maximum rated capacity.

35. Out riggers?

Support members attached to the crane's carrier frame which are used to level the crane and may be
blocked up to increase stability.

36. Pawl?
Also known as "dog". It is a gear locking device for positively holding the gears against movement.

37. Pendants?
Stationary cables used to support the boom.

38. Radius?
The horizontal distance from the axis of rotation of the crane's super structure to the center of the
suspended load.

39. Two block?

The condition in which the lower load lock or hook assembly comes in contact with the upper load
block or boom point sheave assembly.

40. Load radius?

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The horizontal distance between the centers of the crane rotation to centre of the load.

41. Boom angle?

The angle formed between the horizontal plane of rotation and center line of the boom.

42. Rated lifting capacity?

The total suspended load, including the weight of material and handling equipment that t he
machine can safely lift under ideal condition at a give boom length boom angle and load radius.

ELECTRICAL
01. What is electricity?
Electricity is the f low of energy from one place to another.

02. What is Earthing?

It is a means of connecting electrical equipment and conductive items to earth by a cable or pipe
work such that the rout to earth provides the path of least resistance to a current flowing under
fault conditions.

03. Grounding?
A conductive connection to the earth which act as a protective measure.

04. Insulators?
Substance with high resistance to electricity like glass, porcelain, plastic, and dry wood that prevent
electricity from getting to unwanted areas.

05. Conductors?
Substances, like metals, with little resistance to electricity that allow electricity to flow.

06. Danger of electrical shock?

Currents above 10mA can paralyze or "Freeze "muscles.
Current more than 75mA can cause a rapid, ineffective heart beat-death will occur in a few minutes
unless a defibrillator is used. 75mA is not much current-a small power drill uses 30 times as much.

07. What are the hazards of electricity?

1. Shock
2. Burns
3. Arc-Blast
4. Fire and Explosion
5. Falls.

08. Five basic safety rules can help prevent hazards associated with the use of hand and power
tools?
1. Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance.
2. Use the right tools for the job.
3. Examine each tool for damage before use and do not use damaged tools.
4. Operate tools according to the manufactures instructions.
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5. Provide and use properly the right personal protective equipment.

LOTO
01. LOTO Procedure
The lock out tag out procedure prevents the unexpected startup or release of stored energy that
could cause injury to employees by placing a lock and or wearing tag on an energy isolation device

02. Hazardous energy sources

Electrical
Mechanical (i.e. motor, drive belts etc...)
Chemical (natural gas, propane e.t.c... .)
Thermal
Pneumatic
Hydraulic

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