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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about various hockey sports. For other uses, see Hockey
(disambiguation).
Hockey is a term used to denote a family of various types of both summer and winter
team sports which originated on either an outdoor field, sheet of ice, or dry floor such as
in a gymnasium. While these sports vary in specific rules, numbers of players, apparel,
and playing surface, they share broad characteristics of two opposing teams using
sticks to propel a ball or disk into a goal.

There are many types of hockey. Some games make the use of skates, either wheeled
or bladed, while others do not. In order to help make the distinction between these
various games, the word hockey is often preceded by another word, as in field
hockey, ice hockey, roller hockey, rink hockey, or floor hockey.

In each of these sports, two teams play against each other by trying to manoeuvre the
object of play, either a type of ball or a disk (such as a puck), into the opponent's goal
using a hockey stick. Two notable exceptions use a straight stick and an open disk (still
referred to as a puck) with a hole in the center instead. The first case is a style of floor
hockey whose rules were codified in 1936 during the Great Depression by
Canada's Sam Jacks. The second case involves a variant which was later modified in
roughly the 1970s to make a related game that would be considered suitable for
inclusion as a team sport in the newly emerging Special Olympics. The floor game
of gym ringette, though related to floor hockey, is not a true variant because it was
designed in the 1990s and modelled on the Canadian ice skating team sport of ringette,
which was invented in Canada in 1963. Ringette was also invented by Sam Jacks, the
same Canadian who codified the rules for the open disk style of floor hockey 1936.

Certain sports which share general characteristics with the forms of hockey, but are not
generally referred to as hockey include lacrosse, hurling, camogie, and shinty.

Etymology
The first recorded use of the word hockey is in the 1773 book Juvenile Sports and
Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of
Infant Education by Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI
was titled "New Improvements on the Game of Hockey".[1] The belief that hockey was
mentioned in a 1363 proclamation by King Edward III of England[2] is based on modern
translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the
games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum
Pugnam".[3][4] The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word
"hockey" when he translated the proclamation in 1720, instead translating "Canibucam"
as "Cambuck";[5] this may have referred to either an early form of hockey or a game
more similar to golf or croquet.[6]

The word hockey itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative
of hoquet, a Middle French word for a shepherd's stave.[7] The curved, or "hooked" ends
of the sticks used for hockey would indeed have resembled these staves, and similar
folk etymologies exist for the bat-and-ball sports of Croquet and Cricket. Another
supposition derives from the known use of cork bungs (stoppers), in place of wooden
balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels containing "hock" ale, also
called "hocky".[8]

Modern usage

The word "hockey" in Canada, the United States,

Russia, and most of Eastern and Northern Europe, typically refers to ice hockey.

Sledge hockey (or "sled hockey") is now called "Para ice

hockey". It is the only hockey sport on ice created exclusively for participants with
physical disabilities.
In most of the world, the term hockey when used without clarification refers to field
hockey, while in Canada, the United States, Russia and most of Eastern and Northern
Europe, the term usually refers to ice hockey.[9]

In more recent history, the word "hockey" is used in reference to either the summer
Olympic sport of field hockey, which is a stick and ball game, and the winter ice team
skating sports of bandy and ice hockey. This is because field hockey and other stick
and ball sports and their related variants preceded games which would eventually be
played on ice with ice skates, namely bandy and ice hockey, as well as sports involving
dry floors such as roller hockey and floor hockey. However, the "hockey" referred to in
common parlance often depends on locale, geography, and the size and popularity of
the sport involved. For example, in Europe, "hockey" more typically refers to field
hockey, whereas in Canada, it typically refers to ice hockey. In the case of bandy, the
game was initially called "hockey on the ice" and preceded the organization and
development of ice hockey, but was officially changed to "bandy" in the early 20th
century in order to avoid confusion with ice hockey, a separate sport. Bandy, while
related to other hockey games, derives some of its inspiration from Association football.

Sledge hockey, a variant of ice hockey designed for players with physical disabilities,
was created in the 1960s and has since been renamed, "Para-ice hockey".[10]

History
 Bas relief approx. 600 BC, in the National Archaeological
Museum of Athens
Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many
cultures. In Egypt, 4000-year-old carvings feature teams with sticks and a
projectile, hurling dates to before 1272 BC in Ireland, and there is a depiction from
approximately 600 BC in Ancient Greece, where the game may have been
called kerētízein (κερητίζειν) because it was played with a horn or horn-like stick (kéras,
κέρας).[11] In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, a game similar
to modern field hockey, for about 1,000 years.[12]

Most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation
concerning sports and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned
certain types of ball games, including games using "hooked" (written "hockie", similar to
"hooky") sticks.[13]

...at no tyme to use ne occupye the horlinge of the litill balle with hockie stickes or
staves, nor use no hande ball to play withoute walles, but only greate foote balle [14]
Bandy, ». a game, like that of Golf, in which the ad- verse parties endeavour to beat a
ball (generally a knob or gnarl from the trunk of a tree,) opposite ways...the stick with
which the game is played is crook'd at the end.[15]
By the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to
differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations
dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, and national and
international bodies sprang up to manage domestic and international competition.

Subtypes
Field hockey
 Field and indoor hockey

Main article: Field hockey

Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-based artificial
turf, with a small, hard ball approximately 73 mm (2.9 in) in diameter. The game is
popular among both men and women in many parts of the world, particularly
in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina. In most countries,
the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex.

The governing body is the 126-member International Hockey Federation (FIH). Men's
field hockey has been played at every Summer Olympic Games since 1908 except for
1912 and 1924, while women's field hockey has been played at the Summer Olympic
Games since 1980.

Modern field hockey sticks are constructed of a composite of wood, glass fibre or
carbon fibre (sometimes both) and are J-shaped, with a curved hook at the playing end,
a flat surface on the playing side and a curved surface on the rear side. All sticks are
right-handed – left-handed sticks are not permitted.

While field hockey in its current form appeared in mid-18th century England, primarily in
schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly
established. The first club was created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London.
Field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan.[16] It was the national sport of India until
the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports declared in August 2012 that India has no
national sport.[17]

Indoor hockey
Main article: Indoor hockey
Indoor hockey is an indoor variant of field hockey. It is similar to the outdoor game in
that two teams compete to move a hard ball into the goal of the opposing side
using hockey sticks. Indoor hockey is played on a smaller area and between smaller
teams than field hockey and the sidelines are replaced by solid barriers from which the
ball rebounds and remains in play.

On ice
 Winter sports: Ice hockey; Para ice hockey; Bandy

Bandy
Main article: Bandy
Bandy is played with a ball on a football pitch-sized ice arena (bandy rink), typically
outdoors, and with many rules similar to association football. It is played professionally
in Russia and Sweden. The sport is recognized by the IOC; its international governing
body is the Federation of International Bandy.

Bandy has its roots in England in the 19th century, was originally called "hockey on the
ice",[18] and spread from England to other European countries around 1900; a similar
Russian sport can also be seen as a predecessor and in Russia, bandy is sometimes
called "Russian hockey". Bandy World Championships have been played since 1957
and Women's Bandy World Championships since 2004. There are national club
championships in many countries and the top clubs in the world play in the Bandy World
Cup every year.

Ice hockey
Main article: Ice hockey
Ice hockey is played between two teams of skaters on a large flat area of ice, using a
three-inch-diameter (76.2 mm) vulcanized rubber disc called a puck. This puck is often
frozen before high-level games to decrease the amount of bouncing and friction on the
ice. The game is played all over North America, Europe and to varying extents in many
other countries around the world. It is the most popular sport in Canada, Finland, Latvia,
the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Ice hockey is the national sport of Latvia[19] and the
national winter sport of Canada.[20] Ice hockey is played at a number of levels, by all
ages.

The governing body of international play is the 77-member International Ice Hockey
Federation (IIHF). Men's ice hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since
1924, and was in the 1920 Summer Olympics. Women's ice hockey was added to
the Winter Olympics in 1998. North America's National Hockey League (NHL) is the
strongest professional ice hockey league, drawing top ice hockey players from around
the globe. The NHL rules are slightly different from those used in Olympic ice hockey
over many categories. International ice hockey rules were adopted from Canadian rules
in the early 1900s.[21]

The contemporary sport developed in Canada from European and native influences.
These included various stick and ball games similar to field hockey, bandy and other
games where two teams push a ball or object back and forth with sticks. These were
played outdoors on ice under the name "hockey" in England throughout the 19th
century, and even earlier under various other names.[22] In Canada, there are 24
reports[23] of hockey-like games in the 19th century before 1875 (five of them using the
name "hockey"). The first organized and recorded game of ice hockey was played
indoors in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on March 3, 1875, and featured several McGill
University students.

Ice hockey sticks are long L-shaped sticks made of wood, graphite, or composites with
a blade at the bottom that can lie flat on the playing surface when the stick is held
upright and can legally curve either way, for left- or right-handed players.[24]

Para ice hockey

Main article: Sledge hockey
Ice sledge hockey, or "para ice hockey", is a form of ice hockey designed for players
with physical disabilities affecting their lower bodies. Players sit on double-
bladed sledges and use two sticks; each stick has a blade at one end and small picks at
the other. Players use the sticks to pass, stickhandle and shoot the puck, and to propel
their sledges. The rules are very similar to IIHF ice hockey rules.[25]

Canada is a recognized international leader in the development of sledge hockey, and

much of the equipment for the sport was first developed there, such as sledge hockey
sticks laminated with fiberglass, as well as aluminum shafts with hand-carved insert
blades and special aluminum sledges with regulation skate blades.
Inline sledge hockey
Based on ice sledge hockey, inline sledge hockey is played to the same rules as inline
puck hockey (essentially ice hockey played off-ice using inline skates). There is no
classification point system dictating who can play inline sledge hockey, unlike the
situation with other team sports such as wheelchair basketball and wheelchair rugby.
Inline sledge hockey is being developed to allow everyone, regardless of whether they
have a disability or not, to complete up to world championship level based solely on
talent and ability[26].[citation needed]

The first game of organized inline sledge hockey was played at Bisley, Surrey, England,
on December 19, 2009, between the Hull Stingrays and the Grimsby Redwings. Matt
Lloyd is credited with inventing inline sledge hockey, and Great Britain is seen as the
international leader in the game's development.

Roller hockey
 Roller hockey (inline and quad):
Inline hockey; Inline skater hockey; Roller hockey (quad)

Main article: Roller hockey

Inline hockey
Main article: Inline hockey

Inline hockey using a ball is more common in Europe.

Though inline hockey is considered a variant of roller hockey a.k.a. "rink hockey", it was
derived from ice hockey instead and uses a type of hockey puck or a ball. Both roller
games use a type of wheeled skate but inline hockey uses inline skates rather
than roller skates or "quads".

The puck-based inline variant is more commonly played in North America than Europe
while the ball-based variant is more popular in Europe.

Inline hockey puck variant is played by two teams, consisting of four skaters and one
goalie, on a dry rink divided into two halves by a center line, with one net at each end of
the rink. The game is played in two 20-minute periods.[27] The sport is recognized as
being governed by World Skate which organizes FIRS Inline Hockey World
Championships. The International Ice Hockey Federation organized IIHF Inline Hockey
World Championships but it has discontinued

Roller hockey (quad)

Main article: Roller hockey (quad)
Roller hockey, also known as "quad hockey", "international-style ball hockey", "rink
hockey" and "Hoquei em Patins", is an overarching name for a roller sport that
uses quad skates. It has existed long before the invention of inline skates. The sport is
played in over sixty countries and has a worldwide following. Roller hockey was a
demonstration sport at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics.

Street hockey
Main article: Street hockey
Also known as road hockey, this is a dry-land variant of ice and roller hockey played
year-round on a hard surface (usually asphalt). A ball is usually used instead of a puck,
and protective equipment is not usually worn.

Other forms of hockey

Native Mapuches playing palín, shown

in Histórica Relación del Reino de Chile by Alonso de Ovalle, Rome, 1646
Other games derived from hockey or its predecessors include the following:

Box Hockey being played in Miami, Florida, 1935

Underwater hockey
 Air hockey is played indoors with a puck on an air-cushion table.
 Beach hockey, a variation of street hockey, is a common sight on Southern
California beaches.
 Ball hockey is played in a gym using sticks and a ball, often a tennis ball with the felt
removed.
 Box hockey is a schoolyard game played by two people. The object of the game is
to move a hockey puck from the center of the box out through a hole placed at the
end of the box (known as the goal). The players kneel facing one another on either
side of the box, and each attempts to move the puck to the hole on their left.
 Broomball is played on an ice hockey rink, but with a ball instead of a puck and a
"broom" (actually a stick with a small plastic implement on the end) in place of the
ice hockey stick. Instead of skates, special shoes are used that have very soft
rubbery soles to maximize grip while running around.
 Deck hockey is traditionally played by the Royal Navy on ships' decks, using short
wooden L-shaped sticks.
 Floor hockey: a variety of games with different codes usually played on foot on a
flat, smooth floor surface, usually indoors in gymnasiums or similar spaces.
 Floorball is a form of hockey played in a gymnasium or in a sports hall. A whiffle
ball is used instead of a plastic ball, and the sticks are only one meter long and
made from composite materials.
 Foot hockey or sock hockey is played using a bald tennis ball or rolled-up pair of
socks and using only the feet. It is popular in elementary schools in the winter.
 Gena[28] is a field hockey sport played in Ethiopia, with which the Ethiopian Christmas
festival shares its name. The equipment consists of a strong stick curved at one
end, and a ball of two kinds: either called srur (made out of a rounded piece of hard-
wood) or tsng (made by weaving a long strip of leather into a rounded shape).
 Gym ringette is the off-ice floor variant of the ice skating team sport of ringette rather
than ice hockey. It is not a direct variant of the style of floor hockey which helped
inspire ringette.
 Gym hockey a.k.a. floor hockey is a form of ice hockey played in a gymnasium. It
uses sticks with foam ends and a foam ball or a plastic puck.
 Hurling and Camogie are Irish games bearing some resemblance to – and notable
differences from – hockey.
 Indoor hockey is an indoor variant of field hockey.
 Mini hockey (or knee-hockey), also known as "mini-sticks" is a form of hockey
played in the United States and Canada in the basements of houses. Players kneel,
or crouch, and use a miniature plastic stick, usually about 15 inches (38 cm) long, to
manoeuvre a small ball or a soft, fabric-covered mini puck into miniature goals. In
England 'mini hockey' refers to a seven-a-side version of field hockey for younger
players, played on an area equivalent to half a normal pitch.
 Nok Hockey is a table-top version of hockey played with no defence and a small
block in front of the goal.
 Pond hockey is a simplified form of ice hockey played on naturally frozen ice.
 Power hockey is a form of hockey for persons requiring the use of an electric
(power) wheelchair in daily life.
 Ringette is primarily a variant of an early 20th century style of floor hockey, but
played on ice hockey skates and designed for female players; it uses a straight stick
and an air-filled rubber ring in place of a floor hockey puck (open disk). Though
played on ice hockey rinks, the rules and strategy differ considerably from those of
ice hockey and bear a closer resemblance to basketball. It should not be confused
with gym ringette which is the floor variant of the ice sport.
 Rink bandy and rinkball are team sports of Scandinavian origin. Both were
influenced by bandy, but are played on ice hockey rinks and involve fewer players
on each team.
 Rossall hockey is a variation played at Rossall School on the sea shore in the winter
months. Its rules are a mix of field hockey, rugby and the Eton wall game.
 Shinny is an informal version of ice hockey.
 Shinty is a Scottish game now played primarily in the Highlands
 Skater hockey is a variant of inline hockey, played with a ball.
 Spongee is a cross between ice hockey and broomball and is most popular
in Manitoba, Canada. A stick and puck are used as in hockey (the puck is a softer
version called a "sponge puck"), and the same soft-soled shoes are worn as in
broomball. The rules are basically the same as for ice hockey, but one variation has
an extra player on the ice called a "rover".
 Table hockey is played indoors on a table.
 Underwater hockey is played with a weighted puck on the bottom of a swimming
pool.
 Underwater ice hockey is similar to underwater hockey but played with floating puck
on the underside of a frozen swimming pool.
 Unicycle hockey is played on a hard surface using unicycles as the method of player
movement. There is generally no dedicated goalkeeper.
Equipment
Protection

 Shoulder pads
 Genital protection, a jockstrap with cup pocket and protective cup or a "jill" for
female players.
 Hockey stick
Footwear
Roller hockey


Two available styles:
inline skates and the traditional roller skate

Roller skates

Inline hockey skates

Main codes
Field Roller
Code Bandy Ice
Indoor Beach Inline Quad

Image

Governing Body FIB FIH IIHF World Skate

 Rectangul Rounded Rounded
Shape Rectangular
ar rectangular rectangular

131–
100
100-110 36-44 30-35 197 feet 34-44
Length yards 60 meters
meters meters meters (40–60 meters
(91 m)
m)

66–98
60
60-65 18-22 20-25 26-30 feet 17-22
Width yards
meters meters meters meters (20–30 meters
(55 m)
m)

Barrier
Pitch No No Yes Yes
s

sport
tile,
wood, wood,
Surface ice - - sand ice
asphalt cement
or
cement

67
3.66 3 4 inches 1.7
3.5 meters 1.83 meters
meters meters meters (1.7 m) meters
Goals x 2.1 x 1.22
x 2.14 x2 x2 41 x 1.05
meters meters
meters meters meters inches meters
(1.0 m)

Ball/ Cylinde
Shape Sphere Sphere Cylinder Sphere
puck r

Circum - 22.4-23.5 45 - - -
ference centimeters centime
ters
 6.1-6.5 7.7 7.2
Diamet 7.6
centimeter - - centime centime
er centimeters
s ters ters

30-2.2
2.5
Height - - - centime -
centimeters
ters

120-
60-65 140-250 156-170 145-155
Weight 156-163 grams 130
grams grams grams grams
grams

pressed
Materi vulcanized
- - - plastic rubber/
al rubber
plastic

63
1.63-1.65 1.05
Length 1.3 meters 1.05 meters inches
meters meters
(1.6 m)

Stick 450-550
Weight 737 grams
grams

Materi Wood
Non metallic Wood Wood
al or fiber

Equip Skates Ice No Ice Inline Quad

ment
Field players: Mouthg Gloves, Shin Goalkee
Protecti Helmet,m shin, ankle and uard headgear guards, per: full
ve gear outhguard, mouth protection (recom with visor, gloves, head
neck (recommended) mended mouthguard headgea protecti
protection ) , neck r with on
Goalkeeper:
laceration face mask or
Goalkeepe headgear, leg protector, protecti a
r: face guards and
shoulder on, helmet
protection kickers. pads mouthg and
 visor,
Goalkeeper: uard, chest
goaltender pad,
elbow
mask gloves,
pads
shin
pads
Number of
11 11 6 5 6 5 5
players[29]
Duratio 2 x 45 4 x 15 4 x 10 4x6 3 x 20 2 x 20 2 x 25
n minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes
Time Clock
stoppag No Yes Yes Yes
e
No
Offside rule Yes (abolish No Yes No
ed)
Checking No No Yes No
World
champi Yes Yes No Yes Yes
onship
Tourn Olympi
No Yes No Yes No
aments c
Professi
onal Yes Yes No Yes
leagues
References
1. ^ Gidén, Houda & Martel 2014, p. 50.
2. ^ Guinness World Records 2015. Guinness World Records. 2014.
p. 218. ISBN 9781908843821.
3. ^ Rymer, Thomas (1740). Foedera, conventiones, literae, et cujuscumque generis acta
publica, inter reges Angliae, et alios quosvis imperatores, reges, pontifices ab anno
1101. Book 3, part 2, p. 79.
4. ^ Scott, Sir James Sibbald David (1868). The British Army: Its Origin, Progress, and
Equipment. Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Company. p. 86.
5. ^ Strype, John (1720). Survey of London. Book 1, pp. 250-251.
6. ^ Birley, Derek (1993). Sport and the Making of Britain. Manchester University Press.
p. 36. ISBN 9780719037597.
7. ^ "Hockey". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
8. ^ Gidén, Houda & Martel 2014, p. 235.
9. ^ Liebeck, Elaine; Pollard, Helen, eds. (1994b). The Oxford Paperback
Dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280012-4.
 10. ^ "Ice Sledge Hockey". National Paralympic Heritage Trust. September 24, 2017.
Retrieved February 13, 2024.
11. ^ Oikonomos, G. (1920). Κερητίζοντες. Vol. 6. Archaiologikon Deltion. pp. 56–59.
Retrieved June 18, 2011.
12. ^ McGrath, Charles (August 22, 2008). "A Chinese Hinterland, Fertile with Field
Hockey". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
13. ^ Birley, Derek (1993). Sport and the Making of Britain. Manchester University Press.
p. 309. ISBN 9780719037597. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
14. ^ "History of Field hockey". Archived from the original on April 18, 2013. Retrieved June
18, 2011.
15. ^ https://archive.org/details/dialogueindevons00palmrich/page/28/mode/1up?
view=theater mid C18th Devon.
16. ^ "Hockey in Pakistan". Retrieved June 18, 2011.
17. ^ "Hockey is not our national game: Ministry". The Times of India. Archived from the
original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
18. ^ "Svenska Bandyförbundet, bandyhistoria 1875–1919". Iof1.idrottonline.se. February 1,
2013. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
19. ^ "Nacionālie sporta veidi..." (in Latvian). Retrieved November 15, 2009.
20. ^ Branch, Legislative Services (December 31, 2002). "Consolidated federal laws of
canada, National Sports of Canada Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca.
21. ^ Podnieks & Szemberg 2007, p. 198.
22. ^ Gidén, Houda & Martel 2014.
23. ^ Gidén, Houda & Martel 2014, pp. 24, 25, 248.
24. ^ Laliberte, David J. "Biomechanics of Ice Hockey Slap Shots: Which Stick Is
Best?". The Sport Journal. ISSN 1543-9518. Archived from the original on August 6,
2009.
25. ^ International Paralympic Committee. "Ice Sledge Hockey — Rulebook" (PDF).
Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2004. Retrieved October 11, 2006.
26. ^ "Hockey Rules and Regualtions". www.sportzvision.com. Retrieved November
8, 2024.
27. ^ "Worldskate - Skateboarding & Roller Sports - Regulations -
Regulation". www.worldskate.org. Retrieved December 19, 2024.
28. ^ "THE GAME OF GANNA". Hockey Gods. March 10, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
29. ^ The minimum (or typical, if there is one) number of players per team on the field is
shown.

Further reading
 Bowlsby, Craig. 1913: The Year They Invented The Future of Hockey (2013)
 Ellison, Jenny. and Jennifer Anderson, eds. Hockey: Challenging Canada’s
Game (2018)
 Gidén, Carl; Houda, Patrick; Martel, Jean-Patrice (2014). On the Origin of Hockey.
Createspace. ISBN 9780993799808.
 Gruneau, Richard. and David Whitson. Hockey Night in Canada: Sport, Identities,
and Cultural Politics (1993),
 Hardy, Stephen and Andrew C. Holman. Hockey: A Global History (U of Illinois
Press, 2018). online review 600 pp
  Holzman, Morey, and Joseph Nieforth. Deceptions and Doublecross: How The NHL
Conquered Hockey (2002),
 McKinley, Michael. Putting A Roof on Winter: Hockey’s Rise from Sport
Spectacle (2000), on Canada and U.S.
 Podnieks, Andrew; Szemberg, Szymon (2007). World of hockey: celebrating a
century of the IIHF. Fenn Publishing. ISBN 9781551683072.
External links
 Canada Hockey League
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