EARLY TENTH CENTURY JAVA FROM THE INSCRIPTIONS
Antoinette M. Barrett Jones - 9789004486812
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Cover: Copperplate of Poh Dulur (front side), s 812, A.D. 890,
no. E46, Jakarta M useUffi.
Antoinette M. Barrett Jones - 9789004486812
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VERHANDELINGEN
VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT
VOOR TAAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE
107
ANTOINETTE M. BARRETT JONES
EARLY TENTH CENTURY JAVA
FROM THE INSCRIPTIONS
A STUD Y OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
CONDITIONS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE CEN TURY
1984
FORIS PUBLICATIONS
Dordrecht-Holland / Cinnaminson-U .S.A.
Antoinette M. Barrett Jones - 9789004486812
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Published by:
Faris Publications Holland
P.O. Box 509
3300 AM Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Sale distributor/or [he U.S.A. and Canada:
Foris Publications U.S.A.
P.O. Box C-50
Cinnaminson N.J. 08077
U.S.A.
ISBN 90 6765 062 5
© 1984 Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Leiden.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec-
tronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission from the copyright owner.
Printed in the Netherlands
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CONTENTS
Preface VIII
Note on Spelling and Dating IX
Abbreviations X
Introduction 1
The Backg round 1
The Sources 7
The Nature of the Inscriptions 7
Selection of the Period for Research 12
List of Inscriptions 13
Notes 14
List 1. Inscriptions in the Period 901-929 A.D. 15
List 2. Inscriptions Referred to Dated Before 900 A. D. 18
List 3. Inscriptions Referred to Dated After 929 A.D. 20
Trade 23
Foreigners in Java 23
Indications of Trade from External Sources 26
Evidence of Trade from the Inscriptions 31
Gifts 32
Feasts 34
Trading Regulations 37
Ships 39
Flora and Fauna 42
Notes 44
List 4. Types of Wdihan and Kain 46
List 5. Food and Drink Consumed at Feasts 47
List 6. Crafts and Other Activities 49
List 7. Samwyawahara 50
List 8. Pinikul Dagang 51
List 9. Plant, Tree and Flower Names in Inscriptions up to 929 A. D. 52
List 10. Animals, Fish and Birds in Inscriptions up to 929 A. D. 57
" Sima and Watek 59
The Nature of a Sima 59
The Opening Formulae of the Inscriptions 62
The Ajna Formula 62
The Anugraha Formula 63
The Sumusuk Formula 64
The Asking Formula 65
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VI Early Tenth Century Java from the Inscriptions
Beneficiaries of the Sima Establishment 65
Those Who Suffered Some Loss 68
Sima and Watek 70
Sumusuk Formula Inscriptions 72
Relationship between the Watek and the Rake and Samgat 74
Position of the Temples in the System 76
General Remarks on Sima 79
Notes 82
List 11. Inscriptions Recording the Establishment of Sima 83
List 12. Opening Formulae of the Inscriptions Recording the
Establishment of Sima 86
List 13. Connection of Watek and Titles of Officials 88
III Titles and Functionaries 91
Names and Titles 91
Rake and Samgat Compounds 93
Rake/Rakryan 93
Hino 98
Halu/Watu Tihang 100
Sirikan 100
Wka 100
Halaran and Pagarwsi 101
Officials with the Title Samgat/ Pamgat 101
Wadi hati / Ayam Teas 103
Makudur 103
Tiruan 104
Pangkur, Tawan and Tirip 105
Functionaries 105
Patih 105
Wahuta 106
Nayaka 107
List of Village Names 110
Notes 111
List 14. Officials in Six Inscriptions of SiQQok 112
List 15. Officials in Some Inscriptions Prior to 901 A.D. 113
List 16. Officia Is in I nscriptions from 901-929 A.D. 114
List 17. Lesser Officials of Some Rake and Samgat 115
List 18. Words Preceded by Patih 116
List 19. Words Preceded by Nayaka 117
List 20. Village Names in Inscriptions up to 929 A. D. 118
IV Taxation and Collection of Revenue 126
Inscriptions Dealing with Taxation 126
Terminology 132
Buat Haji (Corvee) 135
Mangilala Drwya Haji 137
Land Measurements and Prices 141
Classification of Land 141
Land Measurements 142
Number of Tampah in a Lamwit 144
Prices of Land 146
Notes 149
List 21. Land Measurement and Prices 150
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Contents V II
List 22. Mangilala Drwya Haji and the Inscriptions in which They
Appear up to 929 A.D. 151
Appendices 157
,. The Inscription of Kinewu 158
2. The Inscription of Rongkab 161
3. The Inscription of Kubukubu 166
4. The Inscription of Kaladi 178
5. The Inscription of Kiringan 195
6. The Inscription of Poh Dulur 197
Bibliography 199
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