CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The history of Indonesia covers a very long period of time that
started since the timeprehistorybased on the findingsJavanese peoplethat is aged
1.7 million years ago. PeriodhistoryIndonesiacan be divided into five eras: Era
Precolonial, the emergence of kingdomsHindu-BuddhasoIslamofJavaand
Sumatrawhich mainly relies on trade; EraColonial, the entry of people-
personEurope(especiallyNetherlandswho desiresspicesresulting in
colonization by the Dutch for about 3.5 centuries from the beginningseventeenth centuryuntil

midtwentieth centuryEarly Independence Era, post-Proclamation of Independence

Indonesia(1945until it fallsSoekarno(1966); EraNew Order32 years old
governmentSoeharto(1966–1998); and the Reform Era that lasted until
now.
Between the 4th and the 7th century in the West Java region, there were kingdoms.

Hindu-Buddhist patterned, namely the kingdom Tarumanagarawhich is continued with

Sunda Kingdomuntil the 16th century. During that timeseventh abaduntilthe 14th abode,

Buddhist kingdomSriwijayarapidly developing in Sumatra. Chinese explorersI

Chingvisiting its capitalPalembangaround the year670At the peak
its success, Sriwijaya controlled areas as far asWest JavaandPeninsula
MalayThe 14th century also witnessed the rise of a kingdom.HinduofJava
Timur, Majapahit. The Majapahit Prime Minister between the years1331until1364, Gajah Mada
successfully gaining power over an area that is now mostly
Indonesia along with almost the entire Malay Peninsula. A heritage from the time of elephants.

Mada includes legal codification and in Javanese culture, as seen

inheroic taleRamayana.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. The Development of Hindu-Buddhist Religion and Culture in Indonesia

1. Facts about the interaction process between society and Hindu-Buddhist traditions

Trade relations between Indonesia and India causing

the influence of Indian culture entering Indonesia, both Hindu influence and
Buddha.
The group of sailors and traders is the group that is suspected.
playing a significant role in the process of spreading Hindu and Buddhist influence, by

because the centers of Hindu-Buddhist civilization are largely from trade routes

ancient between China and India

Hindu-Buddhist culture flourished in the region traversed.

The ancient trade route included India and China, namely in
Sumatra, Java, Bali. Buddhism is estimated to have entered Indonesia since
the 2nd century AD. This is evidenced by the discovery of a Buddha statue from

bronze in the sepaga area based on the characteristics of the statues

showing various forms of amarawah sculpture from southern India however
the statues are believed to have been made in Indonesia which has already received

the influence from India

2. The Development of Hindu-Buddhist Traditions in Indonesia

Influence religion and culture Hindu-Buddhist India

causing various changes in the order of community life in
Indonesia elements of Indian culture have a strong influence on
Indonesian culture
However, the original elements of Indonesian culture do not merge.
and not losing Indonesian identity occurs through acculturation between
Hindu-Buddhist culture

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 Indonesian culture with a pattern Hindu-Buddhist already
lasted for about 15 centuries in its first century the influence of India
not big and prominent because Indonesian culture has already received
one's personality, the development of that influence is as follows:
a. Education sector
In the influence of Hindu-Buddhist traditions in the field of education, it can

to be seen until the end of the 15th century. knowledge developed rapidly
especially in the fields of language literature and law, one of the results of

the development of education. It was stated by I-Tsing that Sriwijaya

there is a 'university' that can accommodate hundreds of students
Buddhist monks to learn religion in peace
b. Architectural Art

The building or architecture is a blend of art.

and knowledge about architecture, majestic buildings, statues-
statue of a deity or Buddha
The forms of temples in Indonesia are essentially
The stepped punden which is original to Indonesia is an example of its culture.
you can see on the part of the temple

c. Visual Art and Sculpture

India's influence brings developments in the field of visual arts
and carving or sculpting, this is caused by the presence of akul turasu,
for example, the relief carved on the walls of the Borobudur temple that
is a relief about the history of Buddha, but the atmosphere is reflected
in life Indonesia, statues as original sculpture art in
Indonesia that exists in those temples also receives influence
Hindu-Buddhist tradition
d. Community System
The caste system is a classification of society based on
The level or degree of a person is predetermined by their caste.

3
 this caste system emerged in Indonesian society after there was
In the relationship with India, there are four castes namely the Brahmin caste,
Knights, traders, and servants; this caste system is not originally from Indonesia.

e. Philosophy and belief systems

The original beliefs of the Indonesian people is anismime and
dynamism, belief in the existence of life after death, namely spirits
The entry of Indian influence does not cause
the worship of ancestral spirits has vanished, this can be seen in
the function of the temple as a place of worship

f. Government System
The influence of India in Indonesia within the system of government is

the existence of a government system where a person is elected as

Leaders are usually those who are old, wise, authoritative, or powerful.
After the influence of India entered, the position of the leader was changed.

to become a king and his territory is called a kingdom

B. Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Life in Indonesia In

Hindu – Buddhist Work Period
1. The development of Hindu-Buddhist influenced kingdoms
a. Kutai Kingdom
Kutai is the oldest kingdom in Indonesia, determined as
the oldest kingdom based on the age of its remnants,
The Kutai kingdom is located in East Kalimantan.
Historical Sources
A number of pieces of information can be obtained from the Kutai inscription, including

as follows:
The first king to rule Kutai was named Kudungga.
clearly not the name Buddha, but rather an original Indonesian name.

4
 b. King Kudungga has a son named Asmawarman, in
one of the inscriptions of Asmawarman is mentioned as Vansakar
the builder of a family (dynasty)
2. Social and Economic Life
From the inscription news, it can be known what the condition is.
social, economic and government in Kutai as follows:
1) There are 3 names of rulers in Kutai, Kudungga is the original name

Indonesia, while Asmawarman and Mulawarman is

Hindu name. The addition of 'Warman' is usually done.
through the abhiseka ceremony, which is the religious coronation of a king

Hindu
2) From a social perspective, society recognizes castes due to influence
In India, the Kudungga family once performed the vrat yasto ceremony.
ma
3) Economic Aspect in the Kutai inscription mentioned king
gifting 20,000 cattle means the livestock system at that time
it is making progress
b. The Tarumanegara Kingdom
Around the same time as the Kutai kingdom, approximately
In the 5th century AD in the West Java region, there was a kingdom named

Tarumanegara. The name of the king who ruled at that time was
Purnawarman might be a true Indonesian person who
using the name Sanskrit can be concluded that the influence

Hindu culture entered the island of Java around the 5th century BC.
1. Historical sources

a. China News
News from China during the Tang and Song dynasties.
mentioning a kingdom named Tolomo

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 b. Inscription
There are 7 inscriptions from Tarumanegara, five of which are among them.

found in the area Bogor, West Java, a inscription

found in the village of Tuu, Cilincing area, North Jakarta, a
was found in West Java, the name of the inscription is -
the inscription is
1. The inscription of the stone

2. Garden inscription
3. Jambu inscription
4. The Inscription of the Tugu

5. Bee Prasasti
6. Cedar wood inscription
7. The praise of the Ciantan estuary

2. Social and Economic Life

King Purnawarman is a great king who has succeeded
improving the lives of its people, this is evidenced by the inscription
a monument that tells about ordering to dig a river
a river means that the making of this river means a channel
irrigation to facilitate the watering of agricultural fields
the people, with that effort King Purnawarman is regarded as a king
who defends his people
The social life of the Tarumanegara kingdom was already orderly and

Under the leadership of King Purnawarman, this can be known.

in the inscription of Ciaterem, it is stated that the footprint of the king is equated with

the footprint of god Vishnu, god Vishnu is regarded as a god

the protector of the world, King Purnawarman was a king who
Keras maintains a position that is crucial in
conducting every sacrifice ceremony that is held at
his reign as a mark of respect to the god

6
c. The Sriwijaya Kingdom
The Sriwijaya Kingdom was established in the 7th century AD, the center of the kingdom.

not yet confirmed, but most experts accept Palembanan

as the center of the Sriwijaya kingdom according to Coedes' opinion,
however, Dr. Sukmono believes that the center of Sriwijaya is at the estuary

Tembesi in Jambi. Meanwhile, in Meons, it is believed to be the center of the kingdom.

Sriwijaya initially in the method, then moved near the river

Kampar and Batang Mahat. The Sriwijaya kingdom has a background
the background and those factors are
A very strategic location
2. The collapse of the Funan kingdom

3. The progress of navigation and trade between India and China through
Southeast Asia
The Sriwijaya Kingdom was a center world trade in Asia
Southeast and becoming a center for the development of Buddhism in Indonesia

under the rule of King Balaputra Dewa, the Sriwijaya kingdom

achieving progress in all aspects of community life
1. Historical Sources

Sriwijaya is a center of Buddhism in Southeast Asia, like

as reported by I-Tsing, a Chinese traveler who studied
Paramasastra Sanskrit in Srivijaya, several legacy inscriptions
Sriwijaya, as follows:
a. Inscription of Kedukan Bukit

b. The inscription
c. Inscription of the stone city

d. Inscription of the Stone Lake

e. Ligor inscription in the land of Genting Kra

f. The inscription of the passionate writer

g. Inscription of Nalanda

7
 Other sources regarding Srivijaya come from Chinese reports.
Arab and Indra, in this article, several conclusions from I-Sting news from China.

is
Sriwijaya advanced in the field of Buddhism, because I-Sting learns.
Sanskrit language for six months in Sriwijaya
2. The field of study has advanced significantly due to the presence of ships that

sailing to India
3. The existence of a trading center due to the ship that I – Sting boarded.

not directly to China but first stop in Sriwijaya to

conducting trade
By the end of the 8th century, Sriwijaya had already controlled Jambi Talang Bawang

at sea
2. The Development of the Sriwijaya Kingdom

Factors profitable development

Sriwijaya became a maritime kingdom among others.
a. Geographic factors, its strategic location because it is on the route
trade between India and China, the waterways became busier after
The land route between India and China is cut off.

b. The river mouths in Sumatra are wide and shallow, making them easy.

dilayari
c. Bangka Island, evidenced by the existence of the limestone city inscription that

found on Bangka island

d. the Jambi area, which was ruled in 686 AD (Karang Berahi inscription)

3. Government Life
The Srivijaya Empire continued to expand its territory, the king
the famous one is Bala Putra Dewa during his reign,
Sriwijaya reached its golden age under Bala Putra Dewa.
descendants of the Syailendra Dynasty

8
 Sriwijaya has been in relationship with China since
Chinese news reported the arrival of an envoy from Sumatra from the year
644 State M that sending a messenger is Malay,
based on the Chinese news, there is then no name of the country
except for Sriwijaya.
Sriwijaya already had relations with India, which
written in the Nalanda inscription which states that
a monastery has been built by Dewapaladewa
4. Religions That Developed in Sriwijaya
The news I–Sting develops that Buddhism is very advanced
in Sriwijaya, besides that Sriwijaya serves as a center
development of knowledge and Buddhism I - Sting learning
Sanskrit language for 6 months in Sriwijaya, religious knowledge
( seologio)

d. The Singhasari Kingdom

The establishment of the Singasari kingdom is closely related to the collapse.

the Kediri kingdom during the reign of King Kertajaya in the year 1222

the victory of Ken Arok in the battle near Ganter in the year 1222
to carry the fragrance of his name, so finally Ken Arok decided
to establish a new dynasty and build the Singasari kingdom
The Singasari Kingdom was established by Ken Arok with the title Sri Rajasa.

Amurwabhumi with its dynasty called the Girindrawanca dynasty,

The social life of the people in the Singasari kingdom experienced an improvement.
during the reign of King Ken Arok

1. Historical Sources

Historical sources about Singasari are found in books.

Nagarakertagama and firecracker added inscriptions
his/her passing

9
 The Pararaton is also known as the Ketuturanica of Ken Arok, it tells the story of

the history of Ken Arok, the kings who ruled in Singasari but
its pen may not be mentioned possibly because it is more of a writing
from someone
b. Negarakertagama was written by Mpu Prapanca who is a
a poet of the Majapahit court in the year 1365 in it
contains philosophical views, the beauty of the Majapahit palace, Journey
Suci Hayam Wuruk to the shrine of his ancestors, among others to
Singhasari.
2. The kings who ruled in Singhasari

Tunggul Ametung Ken Dedes Ken Arok Ken Umang

+ + +

Anusapati Mahasi Weng Ateleng Tohjaya

Wisnurardha Mahesa Cempaka Tohjaya

no

Kertanegara Tai cow

Prince Wijaya

Ken Arok successfully became the first king of Singasari after

killing Ametung (the Akuwu in Tumapel) and defeating Kertajaya
namely the king of Kediri in the battle of Ganter 1222). In the battle at

10
Ganter Ken Arok received support from the Brahmins.
At that time, there was indeed a conflict between the Brahmins and the king.

Kertajaya.
After Ken Arok was killed by Anusapati (the son
(his), so Anusapati replaced him as king. During the time
Raja Nusjapati, the social life of his community is lacking.
attention because Anusapati is absorbed in his own enjoyment. That is
connecting Chicken. Finally, Anujapati died because he was murdered
by Tohjaya.
With the passing of Anusapati, the throne of the Singasari kingdom

viewed by Tohjaya in the year 1248. Tohjaya ruled Singasari

did not last long because Anusapati's son named
Ranggawuni, assisted by Mahesa Cempaka, demands rights over
the kingdom of Tohjaya.
Ranggawuni ascended to the throne of the Singasari kingdom in 1248 with

the title of Wisnu Wardhana assisted by Mahesa cempaka with

the title of Maashimbamurti, the two kings who ruled in the kingdom
Singasari is often referred to as the government of Queen Angabaya.
Raja Kartanegara is the prominent king of the Singasari kingdom.
During the reign of King Kertanegara, an envoy from China arrived.
namely Kublai Khan, the King of the Country, also conducted an expedition.

in the year 12275, to conquer the Malay kingdom with the aim
to intercept the attack of the Chinese army so that war does not occur
the territory of the Singasari kingdom.

During the time of Kertanegara, the social life of the people began

reestablish the king's control over the shipping lane of the strait
malaka, with the aim of building and developing
the economic activities of the kingdom. In the field of religion, Kertanegara

11
 adopting and developing the teachings of the Tentrayana Buddhist sect
(Tantrism).
With the death of King Kertanegara, it came to an end
the Singhasari kingdom, King Kertanegara is the greatest king and also
the last of the Singasari kingdom (year 1291).
3. Social life
Kertanegara is famous for his idea of unification.
the entire kingdom in the archipelago under the umbrella of Singasari's power.
This aspiration is known as the vision of the Indonesian archipelago Kertanegara.

to take steps to achieve his/her ambitions as follows:

a. expansion of territories and its relation to foreign shipments
expedition to Sumatra known for the pemalayat expedition
In 1275, M. Kertenegara established cooperation with Champa.
to jointly face Kublai Khan from China, who
considered a threat by Kertanegara. China has been three times
send an envoy to Singasari to submit or acknowledge
the power of China. However, it was rejected by Kertanegara only after

the Chinese envoy arrived in 1289 AD led by Meng Ki,

Kertanegara is ready to face China. Mengki is hurt and
being told to go home made Kublai Khan angry and
will turn back to attack Kertanegara.
b. The governance structure of Singasari is already complete, namely on

the Kertanegara government ruled as the supreme ruler who

accompanied by the advisory board below it, there are still employees
employees who oversee various fields of religion, knowledge
and so on.
c. Religious life during the reign of King Kertanagara
Hinduism and Buddhism both developed, leading to
syncretism between Hinduism and Buddhism.

12
 Thus, the territorial expansion proclaimed by Kertanegara
many troops were sent out of the Singasari area as a result,
the kingdom's territory became weak and this situation was exploited by
Jayakatwang.
The Negarakertagama reveals about the Singasari kingdom.
especially during the time of its decline, part of the book Negaraertagama.

C. CHARACTERISTICS OF HINDU AND BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE IN

INDONESIA
The historical relics of Hindu-Buddhism have several
differences. This can be understood due to the influence of Hindu-Buddhism that entered into
Not everything in Indonesia was absorbed; the influence of Hindu-Buddha that entered gradually.

in harmony with the original Indonesian culture and forming a culture that
Thus, the characteristics of the cultural heritage of each region are also different.
it can even be completely different from the original Hindu-Buddhist culture
from India.
1. Characteristics of Hindu architecture

Hindu temples usually serve as tombs for kings, in

Inside the temple, there is the ashes of Genayah stored in a stone box (peripih).
Inside the temple, the four kings are placed as gods, thus the temple also
used as a place of worship, some temples that are Hindu in nature in
Indonesia is the Prambanan temple, Jago temple, Gedong Songo temple, temple
Dieng, Penatran temple, Selegrio temple, Pringapus temple, Singasari temple, temple
Kidal and Badut temple.
The buildings of the temples generally consist of 3 parts.
the main ones, namely Bhurloka (the base of the temple), Bhurvaloka (the body of the temple), and

Svarkoka (the roof of the temple) Bhurloka is a symbol of the world of Bhurvaloka.

symbolizes the world of cleansing, while Svarloka symbolizes the world

To God.

13
2. Features of Buddhist architecture
Buddhist temples generally only function as places of worship.
for the king, these temples usually contain Buddha statues. The temples
in Indonesia that have Buddhist characteristics include:

Borobudur Temple, Sewu Temple, Kalasan Temple, Mendut Temple, Temple

Wawona and Muara Takus temple.
The buildings of the temples generally consist of three tiers, namely
the bottom part called kamadatu, the middle part called Rupadatu
and the upper part called arupadadu, each of these levels
symbolizes the stages of life that must be traversed by humans to
reaching nirvana.
The decorations on the walls of the Budha temples feature reliefs that

depicting human actions and their punishments or the history of Buddha

a cradle from birth until it achieves perfection. An example of relief on
the Borobudur temple in Lalitavistara, this relief tells the story of
the life of Buddha until he reached perfection.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSURE

A. Conclusion
Hindu-Buddhist culture flourished in the areas traversed by trade routes.
ancient trade routes include India and China, namely in Sumatra, Java, Bali.
Buddhism is believed to have entered Indonesia since the 2nd century AD. This is evidenced by
with the discovery of a bronze Buddha statue in the Sepaga area based on its characteristics

the features of the statues display various forms of Amarawati sculpture from India
to the south but the statues are believed to have been made in Indonesia
that has been
gaining influence from India
The influence of Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture from India resulted in
various changes in the social order of life in Indonesia element -
Elements of Indian culture have a strong influence on Indonesian culture.
However, the original elements of Indonesian culture do not merge and
not losing Indonesian identity occurs through the acculturation of cultures
Hindu-Buddha
Indonesian culture with Hindu-Buddhist traits has been ongoing for
Approximately 15 centuries in its first century, India's influence was not significant and prominent.

because of Indonesian culture

B. Criticism and Suggestions

The author realizes that in the preparation of this paper there are still many

there are errors and shortcomings therefore the author hopes for criticism and
suggestions from all parties for the improvement of this paper in the future.

15
 REFERENCES

Hadiwijono, Harun. Hindu and Buddhist Religion. Jakarta: BPK Gunung

Mulia.1993.Edition 8

Jb.Masroer,Ch.The History of Java (The History of Religious Encounters in Java).

Yogyakarta: AR-RUZZ Media Yogyakarta, 2004

Soewarjadi et al. History of Indonesia (for high school). Yogyakarta: PMUA Cabinet. 1973

Soedarsono et al. The Influence of India, Islam and the West in the Formation Process
Culture

(Javanology) Directorate General of Culture, Department of Education and

Culture. 1985

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 FOREWORD

The author expresses gratitude for the blessings granted by Allah SWT so that
the author can complete this paper titled 'The Relationship Between Religion,'
Culture, Politics, and Government of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms and

His legacy is right on time.

The author would like to thank the supervising lecturer who has
helping the author in writing this paper and friends who have contributed
the motivation and encouragement from all parties involved so that the writer can
completing the paper well and on time.
The author realizes that in the process of creating this paper there are still many

there are mistakes and shortcomings, therefore the author hopes for criticism and
suggestions from all parties for the improvement of this paper in the future.

Bengkulu, 2015

Writer

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE
FOREWORD i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background 1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. The Development of Religion and Culture

Hindu-Buddha in Indonesia 2
B. Social, political, economic, and cultural life in Indonesia
During the Hindu-Buddha Kingdom... 5

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion 15
B. Criticism and Suggestions 15

REFERENCES iii

ii
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