BABU BANARASI DAS

UNIVERSITY

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering School of Engineering

SEMINAR
(BCS3658)
(2023-24)

For

6th Semester

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY

Ms. Sweeti Mam Madhav Agrawal

Assistant Professor B. Tech (CS32)

Department Of ComputerScience Roll no.: 1210432184
& Engineering
 Content

Introduction History
Modes of Wireless Communication
• Wi-Fi
• Bluetooth
• NFC (Near Field Communication)
• LiFi
Applications
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion
Introduction

Wireless communication is the transfer of information

between two or more points that are not connected by an
electrical conductor.

Wireless Communication

The most common wireless technologies use radio. With

radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters
for television or as far as thousands or even millions of
kilometers for deep- space radio communications. It
encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable
applications, including two-way radios, cellular
telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and
wireless networking.
Other examples of applications of radio wireless
technology include GPS units, garage door openers,
wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets,
headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast
television and cordless telephones.
Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless
communications include the use of other electromagnetic
wireless technologies, such as light, magnetic, or electric
fields or the use of sound.
History of Wireless Communication

If we ignore optics, which fascinated early scientists

over two thousand years ago, one might argue that the
long trail of innovations that have brought us to the
fast, cheap, and (mostly) reliable wireless products and
services of today in fact began with Benjamin Franklin
and his famous kite.

It is very unlikely that Franklin actually conducted the

experiment as it is often described, with keys tied to a kite
string - had he done so, he might never have survived to
sign the Declaration of Independence! But Franklin did,
in 1747, propose a model of electricity that proved
surprising correct. And at that point it was evident that
electricity could in fact move through the air.

In 1819, the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted

noted that a compass needle would move in the presence
of an electric field, thus establishing the fundamental
relationship between electricity and magnetism. We call
the entire field electromagnetics to this day.

In 1831, Michael Faraday demonstrated

electromagnetic induction and built the first direct-

current generator. While this wasn't useful for wireless
communications, it did provide a way to generate
electricity.

The next big leap forward was the result of theoretical

work by James Clerk Maxwell, the great Scottish
physicist. He published "On a Dynamical Theory of the
Electromagnetic Field" in 1865, and in 1873 "A Treatise
on Electricity and Magnetism," which became what are
known Maxwell's Equations.

These are a series of very difficult differential equations

which describe the movement of electromagnetic waves
through space. Remarkably, we use them to this day. I'm
always amazed that someone working in a cold, damp
building in Scotland, with little in the way of
computational technology and probably nothing more
than an oil lamp for light, devised something so
fundamental and powerful that we still use it. Maxwell,
by the way, had never seen a radio; they did not exist
then, and he had no actual experience with radio waves
themselves.

But the theory he developed paved the way for the next set
of critical inventions.

Building on Maxwell's work, Heinrich Hertz in 1887

invented the oscillator (an alternating- current generator)
and created radio waves. By the way, this is the Hertz of
megahertz and gigahertz, not the rental-car company. I
should also note that Oersted, Faraday, and Maxwell all
had units of physical measurement named in their honor
as well.

Now, who exactly should get the credit for the radio is
still a subject of debate. Many believe it was in fact
Nikola Tesla who first sent information through the air.
However, I've never seen evidence that Tesla really
communicated something of value - he just moved energy
between two points without wire, demonstrating
electromagnetic induction. The credit for the radio itself
belongs, I think, to Guglielmo Marconi, who in 1895 sent
a radio telegraph transmission across the English
Channel, and in 1901 a transmission across the Atlantic.
Public use of radio began in 1907. By the way, no
physical unit was named for Marconi, but he did win the
Nobel Prize in 1909 - not bad for a self-taught inventor!

There have been so many great contributions since then,

from Edwin Armstrong (who created FM radio, among
others), to Lee De Forest (who invented the electron tube),
and Andrew Viterbi (who came up with digital decoding
and CDMA) - and so many more that we can't list them all
here.

There are now more people working in wireless

communications than at any other time in history. So as
the computer industry suffers, to some degree, from the
pains of maturity, wireless shows no such trend towards
slowing down.

"If I have seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders

of Giants," Isaac Newton wrote that in a famous letter of
his to Robert Hooke, the great English scientist and
inventor.

Today, after well over 200 years, we continue to build

on the work of an amazing number of inspiring people
who were fascinated with the concept of communication
through the air. And the innovations, as regular readers
of this column can attest, continue at a remarkable pace.
 Types of Wireless Communication

Wi-Fi
Primarily associated with computer networking, Wi-Fi
uses the IEEE 802.11 specification to create a wireless
local-area network that may be secure, such as an office
network, or public, such as a coffee shop. Usually a Wi-
Fi network consists of a wired connection to the Internet,
leading to a wireless router that transmits and receives
data from individual devices, connecting them not only to
the outside world but also to each other.
Wi-Fi range is generally wide enough for most homes or
small offices, and for larger campuses or homes, range
extenders may be placed strategically to extend the signal.
Over time the Wi-Fi standard has evolved, with each new
version faster than the last.

Current devices usually use the 802.11n or 802.11ac

versions of the spec, but backwards compatibility
ensures that an older laptop can still connect to a new
Wi-Fi router. However, to see the fastest speeds, both
your computer and the router must use the latest 802.11
version, so when you upgrade your personal computer,
consider a router upgrade to match its speed.

Bluetooth
While both Wi-Fi and cellular networks enable
connections to anywhere in the world, Bluetooth is much
more local, with the stated purpose of "replacing the
cables connecting devices," according to the official
Bluetooth website. That's precisely what Bluetooth does;
it connects iPods to car stereos, wireless keyboards and
mice to laptops or cell phones to the ubiquitous hands-
free earpieces.
Bluetooth uses a low-power signal with a maximum

range of 50 feet, but with sufficient speed to enable

transmission of high-fidelity music and streaming video.
As with other wireless technologies, Bluetooth speed
increases with each revision of its standard but requires
up-to-date equipment at both ends to deliver the highest
possible speed. Also, the latest Bluetooth revisions are
capable of using maximum power only when it's required,
preserving battery life.

NFC (Near Field Communication)

NFC is a short-range high frequency wireless

communication technology that enables the exchange
of data between devices over about a 10 cm distance

NFC is an upgrade of the existing proximity card standard

(RFID) that combines the interface of a smartcard and a
reader into a single device. It allows users to seamlessly
share content between digital devices, pay bills wirelessly
or even use their cellphone as an electronic traveling
ticket on existing contactless infrastructure already in use
for public transportation.

The significant advantage of NFC over Bluetooth is the

shorter set-up time. Instead of performing manual
configurations to identify Bluetooth devices, the
connection between two NFC devices is established at
once (under a 1/10 second).

Due to its shorter range, NFC provides a higher degree

of security than Bluetooth and makes NFC suitable for

crowded areas where correlating a signal with its

transmitting physical device (and by extension, its user)
might otherwise prove impossible.

NFC can also work when one of the devices is not

powered by a battery (e.g. on a phone that may be
turned off, a contactless smart credit card, etc.).

LiFi

LiFi is a wireless optical networking technology that

uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for data transmission.

LiFi is designed to use LED light bulbs similar to those

currently in use in many energy- conscious homes and
offices. However, LiFi bulbs are outfitted with a chip
that modulates the light imperceptibly for optical data
transmission. LiFi data is transmitted by the LED bulbs
and received by photoreceptors.

LiFi's early developmental models were capable of 150

megabits-per-second (Mbps). Some commercial kits
enabling that speed have been released. In the lab, with
stronger LEDs and different technology, researchers
have enabled 10 gigabits-per-second (Gbps), which is
faster than 802.11ad.
 Benefits of LiFi:

 Higher speeds than Wi-Fi.

 10000 times the frequency spectrum of radio.
 More secure because data cannot be intercepted
without a clear line of sight.
 Prevents piggybacking.
 Eliminates neighboring network interference.
 Unimpeded by radio interference.
 Does not create interference in sensitive
electronics, making it better for use in
environments like hospitals and aircraft.



By using LiFi in all the lights in and around a building, the
technology could enable greater area of coverage than a
single WiFi router. Drawbacks to the technology include
the need for a clear line of sight, difficulties with mobility
and the requirement that lights stay on for operation.
Applications of Wireless Communication

 Broadcasting services: including short wave, AM

and FM radio as well as terrestrial television

 Mobile communications of voice and data:

including maritime and aeronautical mobile for
communications between ships, airplanes and land;
land mobile for communications between a fixed
base station and moving sites such as a taxi fleet and
paging services, and mobile communications either
between mobile users and a fixed network or
between mobile users, such as mobile telephone
services

 Fixed Services: either point to point or point to

multipoint services
 Satellite:usedfor broadcasting, telecommunications
and internet, particularly over long distances .

 Amateur radio;Professional LMR (Land Mobile

Radio) and SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio)

typically used by business, industrial and Public
Safety entities
 Consumer Two Way Radio including FRS (Family
Radio Service), GMRS (General Mobile Radio
Service) and Citizens band ("CB") radios Consumer
and professional Marine VHF radios.

 Cellular telephones and pagers: provide

connectivity for portable and mobile applications,
both personal and business.

 Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers

of cars and trucks, captains of boats

and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their

location anywhere on earth.

 Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless

mouse is a common example; keyboards and
printers can also be linked to a computer via
wireless.

 Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range

devices, not to be confused with cell phones.

 Satellite television: allows viewers in almost any

location to select from hundreds of channels.

 Wireless gaming: new gaming consoles allow

players to interact and play in the same game
 regardless of whether they are playing on different
consoles. Players can chat, send text messages as
well as record sound and send it to their friends.

 Security systems: Wireless technology may

supplement or replace hard wired implementations
in security systems for homes or office buildings.

 Television remote control: Modern televisions use

wireless (generally infrared) remote control units.
Now radio waves are also used.

 Cellular telephony (phones and modems): These

instruments use radio waves to enable

the operator to make phone calls from many

locations world-wide. They can be used anywhere

that there is a cellular telephone site to house the

equipment that is required to transmit and receive
the signal that is used to transfer both voice and data
to and from these instruments.

 Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi (for wireless fidelity) is a wireless

 LAN technology that enables laptop PC’s, PDA’s,
and other devices to connect easily to the internet.
Technically known as IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi is
less expensive and nearing the speeds of standard
Ethernet and other common wire-based LAN
technologies

 Wireless energy transfer: Wireless energy transfer

is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted
from a power source to an electrical load thatdoes
not have a built-in power source, without the use of
interconnecting wires.
Future Scope

By the year 2013, nearly one-third of the world’s

population will have access to high speed mobile
networks, namely, 3G and 4G.
4G is the fourth generation in mobile communication
networks and is aimed at fulfilling the ever-growing
business and consumer needs of customers across
Europe, North America and Asia. Mobile
manufacturers will be gearing up to design and
develop mobiles capable of supporting 4G technology.
Wireless communication will play a major role in the
medical domain. Doctors will be able to monitor and
diagnose patients who are thousands of miles away
thanks to wireless communication.
The current generation of youngsters finds it difficult to
believe that their elders used a phone tied to the wall for
most of their lives. Similarly, the next generation will
find it amusing that we once had to stick something up to
our heads to talk.

Researchers have put forth the theory of embedded

intelligence through implantation, where a simple
thought is enough to wirelessly communicate with
another individual anywhere in the world.
 Advantages

Anywhere, Anytime Work

Through wireless communication, working professionals
and mobile workers can work and access the Internet just
about anywhere, anytime without the hassles of wires and
network cables.

Enhanced Productivity
Workers, students, professionals and others need not be
constrained by wired Internet connections or dial-up
connectivity. Wireless Internet connectivity options
ensures that work and assignments can be completed
anywhere and enhance overall productivity of all
concerned.

Remote Area Connectivity

Workers, doctors and other professionals working in
remote-location hospitals and medical centers can keep in
touch with anyone through wireless communication. Non-
profit organization volunteers working in remote and
underserved areas can stay connected to the outside world
with the help of wireless communication.

On-Demand Entertainment Bonanza

For those unable to keep away from their daily soap operas,
reality-programs, online TV shows and Internet surfing or
download activities, wireless communication ensures an
entertainment bonanza on--demand and anytime.

Emergency Alerts
Through wireless communication, many emergency
situations and crisis situations can be addressed quickly.
Help and other assistance can reach affected areas quickly
through early alerts and warnings provided with the help of
wireless communication
 Disadvantages

 Wireless communications are limited by the range of

the transmitter

 Cost of wireless communication system and

components are high

 When transmitting data, users must sometimes send

smaller bits of data so the information moves more
quickly. The size of the device that's accessing the
information is also still an issue.
 Many applications need to be reconfigured if they are
going to be used through wireless connections.

 Most client/server applications rely on a persistent

connection, which is not the case with wireless.

 Since radio waves travel through the atmosphere they

can be disturbed by electrical interferences (such as
lightning) that cause static.
 Conclusion

Wireless communication is the transfer of information over

a distance without the use of electrical conductors or
"wires". It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and
portable two- way radios, cellular telephones, personal
digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking.
Wireless communications begin with a message that is
converted into an electronic signal by a device called a
transmitter. The encoded electronic signal is then sent as a
radio wave. Devices known as receivers decode or
demodulate the radio waves and reproduce the original
message over a speaker.
There are 4 types wireless communication; they are
Infrared Wireless Transmission, Broadcast Radio,
Microwave Radio, Communications Satellites.
Wireless communication is employed for a wide range of
applications such as Broadcasting services, Mobile
communications of voice and data, Fixed Services,
Satellite, Cellular telephones and pagers, Global
Positioning System , Cordless computer peripherals,
Wireless gaming, Security systems, Wi-Fi, Wireless
energy transfer.

Therefore wireless communication is advantageous over

the wired communication as we can work without the
hassles of wires and network cables and enhance overall
productivity and also at a higher speed.