i 8 BIOLOGY 1. Introduction Biology Branch of science in which living beings are studied. Bios ~ Life & Logos ~ Study. Theretore study of life is called Biology. The term biology was first coined arch and Treviranus in the year 1801. Biology has two main branch 1. Botany Study of different aspects of plants. Theophrastirs is known as father of Botany, , 2. Zoology : Study of various aspects of animals. Aristotle is called father of Zoology as well as Biology. —_— important Terms of Biology (5 Republe bee > Anstomy : Study of internal structure of organism. ~ Agrolosy : Soil science dealing Specially with production of crop. jomy ‘Science ol ’ grass. agion f soil management and g ; sori management an¢ of crop, Agrostology : Study of Y scs® > Arthrology Study of joints. y = ‘Spicalture : Rearing of honey bee for honey. ¢ gee erg > Anthropology : Study of origin, development and telationship between the culture of past and present human, 3) Anthology : Study of flower and flowering plant. > Angiology : Study of blood vascular system including arteries and veins. - Andrology : Study of male Teproductive organ. > Bryology : Study of Bryophytes. > Biometrics : Statical study of Biological problem. . Biomedical engineering ‘Production and designi various defects in man. e.g. Artificial limbs, Iron lung, Pacemaker etc. . mmoles (eg oleBy concernedwithlivingbing forwilulmanipulation on molecular level. * Bacteriology : Study of bacteria. : ) us > Cytology : Study of cell. Crypegn : Qyobiology : It is the study of effect of low temperature on organisms and preservation. Random movement of molecule/ ion or gases from a region of “scentration to lower concentration. aw, Study of skin. Swag ** Counting and analysing annual growth rings of tree to $e (wpe, xy . Sve yton lucent * General Knowledge 49 - > > > > > Y v ¥ y ¥ v Study of inter: relationship between iy ing and their .. Study of origin of life, variation and formar Study of fertilization of ge, formation af zy pote F OW sp, and of embryo. Study of factors connected with the improvement of hum a re Study ofenvironmentalconditionthatcontributetothe ee of human beings. Treatment of defective in heredity through genetics engin ‘aces of human jour in their natured habitats Study of causative agent of disease, “.) Study of insects. Study of possibility of life in Space. Cultivation of plant for flower. vodtechnology Scientificprocessing, preservation, of food. * Bae I Study of science dealing with different r, Study of animal behav storageand transportation ensicscience: App! to identify the cause Fishery ication of science for analysis of various fact and or the person involve in criminal act. Catching, breeding, rearing and marketing of fishes. Forestry Development and managemen f forest. 4by Fermentation: Prockdd GHRMECSttA Beas Gnicrdbesard he, atOcctirin cells in absence of oxygen lead ig to the formation of ethyl alcohol. Sa Genetics : Study of variation and transmissi ion of heredity character from Parents to their young ones. Growth : Permanent increase in weight, volume and size of an organism. Genetic Engineering Manipulation of genie in order to improve the organism. ‘Gynecology: Study of female reproductive organ. Gerontology : Study of ageing. Gastroenterology : Study of alimentary canal or. stomach and intestine related disorders. = Hypertonic : When two solution have different solute concentration. The solution which have higher concentration is called hypertonic. 've lower solute concentration is called hypotonic Homeothermic.: Animals who have constant body temperature are called fomeothermic or warmblooded animal. anisation and their internal structure with th? help of microscope. Hygiene : Science taking care of health. Hydroponics : Study of growing plant Without Soihin water which contai" nutrient. Haematology : Study of blood. Study oflive. ———_ aBiology hose UZ A _coinay # Study of fishes, E1S0 il Hort wn Y : “anolOgy ! Study of immune system of resistance of ot _ seme alid € of body to disease | weta70ans All multicellular animals are called metazoans sous : Plants which have both male and female flower ¥7" /-—rology : Study of external structure. vicrobiology Study of micro-organism like virus, bacteria, algae. fungi protozoa. angi and \folecular biology Study of molecule found in the body of living org Ving organism i Study of treating disease by drug \ammography Branch of science which deal test for breast cancer >. Study of fungi. Mycolo; SS Staeiyot aris called myrmecology. , > \i xed farming : Farming along with ’ > \utrients : Chemical substances taken as food which are necessary for various function, growth and health of living. Nenotechnology : The study ‘Science of small’ is known as nanotechnology. \curology : Study of nervous system. Neonatology : Study of new born. } \epirology Study offeidneys=> Osmosis: Movement of water molecule across semip it the region of its higher Concentration to the region of lower concentration. Study of teeth and gum. Osteology : Study of bones. ic Ongology : Study of cancer and tumours. Obstetrics : Science related with care of pregnant women before, during and after child birth. Ornithology : Study of birds. Ophthalmology : Study Orthopaedics : Diagnosis an of disorder of locomorts P 7 ively float on the surface of Ph , toplankton : Microscopic organism which pass! vater. Parasite ; Organism which depend on other living organism shelter. Poikilothermic : Organism which change their body temperature according to surrounding. These are also called cold blooded animal. -Asubstance which absorb lightof certain wavelength like chlorophyll een leaves. "vv V ermeable membrane from Odontology : vvyy vyyvy for their food and ae ‘ology Study of functi Physiolesy ‘ion of various system of organism. Study of di > pathology * iseases, eff ; pathogen fects, causable agents and transmission of aeo Lucent's General Knowledge > Ponolony Study offfsitand fruit yielding plant, > viatry : Treatment of mental disorders. Study of human mind and behaviour. ture: Rearing of fishes. > Phycology : Study of algae. Dhycology : St > ‘ins Branch of medicine dealing with GRidrahINy Study of parasites. The science which deal with drugs. Massage and exercise. Science dealing with the effect of tadiation on living beings, Study of nose and olfactory organs. 7 Study of ultrasound imaging. Study oflizards. *” Study of serum, interaction of antigen and antibodies in the bloos sy : Study of pulse and arterial pressure. »my : Study of classification, nomenclature and identification of organism. Communication of thoughts or ideas from one mind to another without normal use of senses. In other word thisis the process of mental contac. Veterinary Science : Science of health care and treatment of domestic animals. > Holstein triesi It is a non-indi . wl pistein Friesian is aoagizenus breed of cow. SS. 2. What is living ? The word living cannot be defined. Living organism mostly uses of solar energy. a There are certain characters by which living can be distinguished from ™ living. Siewth Increase in the number of cell or mass is called growth _ A Reproduction : Living organism produce young ones of their same ki Metabolism : Chemical reaction Occurring inside a living cell. ; 7 it Response of stimuli : Living have the ability to sense the condition oft Surrounding and respond to these stimuli ent When we touch leaves of “Touch me Rot” plant they close, these move™ are called sesmonastic movement. > Life of earth is originated by chemos i 7 by the scientist, Ynthesis was proved in laboratory! oe RwN . 3. Classification of Or, : ane A a 8anism dual > There are millions of organisms. It is impossible to study each individ! separately. Classification means to categories Organism into different g°" i Study of an individual of a group gives us 7. a eats the mem! that group. ae : i > Linnaeus divide all oreiee fe fa kingdoms — Planate and Animal” ae Sire of classification system lem classification 5% was laid/in the Ted by Linnaeus. The! SaBin Rei ee ae Za ed ' Father of Taxonomy . Due to disputed position of organism like - qgeus is call fungi and euglena, there is a need of reconsideration of system pacteria, virus, of classification. _ The book ‘Genera p’ ive Kingdom Classification _ Five Kingdom Classification was proposed in 1969 by R.H. Whittaker. The criteria of classifying organism into five kingdoms are complexity of cell complexity of body of organism, mode of nutrition, life style and Jantarium’ was written by Benthem and Hooker structure, CO shi phylogenetic relationship. Living world Xe ‘gt Monera Protista Fungi ae Animalia 1, Monera: Itincludes all pr otic organism like bacteria, cynobacteria and, ’ this kingdom. All organism ~ @ acteria. Filamentous bacteria also come unde! job: is kingdom are microscopic. ask le cht 2. Protista : This kingdom includes ica ual found in aquatic itats. On the basis of mode of nutrition ey are autotrophic, parasiti d “<_Diatoms flagellates and protozoa come.undet his kingdo1 (Euglena? ve both heterotrophic and autotrophic mode of nutrition. So, itis placed between tand animal. [6% 7 pvreee® A t [agp am 6[or ; reen plants, Ithas saprophytic nutrition 3. Fungi: This kingdom includes nong! Organic matter. ‘The cell wall is composed of d growing on dead and decaying en itin, Example (Mushroom, Mucor, Albugo et ant 7. Planatae : This kingdom includes all plants except Ca aor fungi and member of monera and protista. 5. Animalia : Almost all animal comes under this kingdom except protozoan. > Binomial nomenclature: Ther dof uniform international naming sm is given two proper names. The first of organism. In biology every organi: 7 5 tarted with capital letter and the second fame ntific name of human is | name is genus name always S| t | is pas Aarted with small letter. For example scie 2 \ senus, whose One species is sapiens. . Homo sapiens. Home is the name of Basic unit of classi Feation is species. —_ : {faxonomy. - ~Segertion. ee chapypa n Ofprcun cen rlos Linnus is the father o! as! Gad: Oe 20) ¢, ge >Clewine Cragonr ome Organisms Scientific Names of $ Man lomo sapiens FFOB ‘Rana grins’ Mustard’ » Brassica campestris Cat ‘elis domestica Dog Canis familaris Housefly Musca domestica Mango Mangifera indica Rice Oryza sativa Wheat ‘Triticum aestivum coumeimonadiong een Pisum sativum Cram Cicer arietinum eS 4, Study of Cell—Cytology Seder PS Blew braté| | J is called cytology: > i Study of cel y of cell te basic structural and functional unit of life. ~ Cell : Cell is a real an > The word ‘cell wa first coined by British scientist Robert Hook in the year 1665. i \ ine: The emallest cell 6 1a gallisepti . Yer —— jn human body is Ne qe ~ The longest cellin ly is Neuron. \ om . —— Gow Kv y \o 0 oa i tw :fae MTEC OR Lucent's General Knowledg: oS > The biggest cell is egg of Ostrich. 7) a 2% C5) schitcen and Schwan established cell theory in the year 1838-39 —S_ Geum plain thet wa plasm theory was proposed by August Weisman, _ NS The number of hydrogen bond found between guanine and cytosine jg > /Adenine Pairs with thymin or vice versa by double hydrogen bond, = ~~ _Hydrophilic nature of DNA is due to presence of phosphate pe it rp “Main features of the cell theory oa All organism are composed of cell. a Body of every organism is made of cell. Each cell arises from pre-existing cell. 7 + Every organism starts its life from single cell. ve Cellis of twokinds Seog pugduy, 1. Prokaryotic cell : These are primitive cell having three basic structure typical cell but lack nuclear membrane. Nuclear material is Present in a region of cytoplasm called nucleoid- Other membrane bound organelles are absent such 2. mitochondria, lysosome, BOTgi bodies etc, Ei eecsamd cis oa Le SATYORRS. COR Algol Abit ° nds Beas ae ak umber of Mitochondria in bacterial cell is zero. oe qo) : ~ 7 S Nee The smallest known prokaryotic organism is Mycoplasma. V/ Eukaryotic cell : These are complete cell which contain membrane bound 4 Unicellular and multicellular Plant and animal have — Se aan ani + > The Biggest single called organism is Acetabularia. X a ..~ Nucleus contain chromatin made up of DNA and histone protein > Nucleolus is present inside nucleus. a uy ifference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes aes C6 Frokarvotes (NO Lotte (AL Eukaryotes (Poe & Ay i) * /Size of cellis generally small. Size of cell is generally large. Nucleus absent. é 2. Nucleus present. Cy! contain single chromosome which is 3 It contains more than one chromos rcular in ¢ #\ Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. i” ‘Cell organelles present. TC Felldivisiontakes place! by fissionorbudding. 5 Cell division takes place by mitosisand | nbs ¢ we eiosis. KAN Goel pl D > Structure ofrecer, Acell have Citing seache eaboink tive 1. Cell wall : In Plant cell there is a tigid cell wall which is non living 2" freely permeable. It is made up idity of cellulose or chitin, It provide shape and rigid Cell wall of bacteria i, ae Cell membrane: Itis also ove! af known as plasma membrane which form the oe ting of animal cell. In plant cell it is toumpeasithic coitus thi, oe living, double layer, permeable membrane. It is made upof phospholipidmole— Function : It regulates moveme, f : cell nt of molecules inside and outside ae ce ‘“SProtoplasm: The whole fluid pre inate oases os | The name protoplasm is given by Purkenje er) F in 1839. Protoplasm is made “ esafiae whedon? : ZNCal & gon ales 3 cal bred i 1 be ae immmuman we c TS t/ 7 : carious chemical substances like water, jons, salt and organic molecile. tis the of ce! peat: ving part of cell. ne P irotoplesm is divided into two parts 4 Cytoplasm The fluid found outside the nuclear membrane “~~ § Nucleoplasm The fluid found 3 foun 17, of protoplasm is made up of and nitrogen (2.5%) : 7, of protoplasm is water. aa he ratio of found in protoplasm S00 Jitochondria: Discovered b nthe year 1886, These a fhaped or spherical structure found ingg u re cylindrical nsytoplasm, Li is surrounded by fh) lavered membrane. Inner membrane has many {old calledgertst@. Tre ui mts, Y je mitochondria is called matrigyWhich contains mai e and oe re ide the nuclear membrane. Pn (76% ), carbon (10.5%) hydrogen (10%) > schondria is considered as prokaryotic cell inside eukaryotic scion’: Mitochondria is HP eyed of cellular respiration hondria synthesize energy rich compound ATP. It is also known as ‘Power 5. Gols’ Pics Dinero by camulod Golgi bodies are made E oles. plant it is more in number and here Ithelp in the synthesis of y rotein made by ribosome formir Endoplasmic reticulum : Mer found pred called endoplasmic reticulum. Itis attached with the nucleus onone si on other side it is joined with plasma membrane. os) or Function: Endoplasmic reticulum helpsin Supporting framework of cell. 7. Ribosome : Discdvered by Palade. Smal like structure fou attached to th | or in free state. [tis made up of ribonucleic acid (RNA). . ees Function : Take part i 8. Lysosome : Discovere by si hese are sac like structure bounded gy ngle membrane and contain ydroly tic enzyme. ove £ Function : Ithelps in intra digestion, Zhe enzyme found in lysosome __ digest the entire cell, So it is also known aGuicidal bag. lysosome Is notTound in Red blood corpuscles of mamimak Ki ¢ a 9. Centrosome : Discovered by Boveri. It is only found in animal cell takin} hy cell division. It is not bounded by membrane consist of two centriole. Sema” : Help in the format of spinel ne between pole UTE WPRstid : Only found in plant cell. It is of three type t(c) Leucoplast. eeeiveres May » : (a) Chloroplast ~ Chromoplast's Ge 1 Ki 504 Lucent's ‘eneral Kno} Yes’ ph (a) Chloroplasts : These are green pigm Mw volve in photosynthesis. So, it is known as ‘ Kitchen of the ce! hloroplast is bound 7 in vi two unit membrane havin| n ana are membrane bon ty» like structure found in stacksTOntaining CMorophyll molecule. § Sac i tromaisthemar 4 present inside the chloroplast which contain photosynthetic enzymes nde : grain. Granum is the site of light reaction during photosynthesis while Hons ‘i the site of dark reaction. is Function» Chloroplast provides green colour to plant & tafe = se A thesis. f Chomoplast provides VaHiOUSOTS 1 tHE PARE Hye, fritete Chromoplasts are of different kind. e s , def \ tomato it provid é sroune Provide yellow or orange colour in plant. xample—Carrot, o Setonin Found in sugar beet. ia 4 “cucoplast is colourless. It stores the food in the form Ps sou tors the fod in he om a ‘coplast is found 11, Vacuole : It is fluid filled single membrane bounded, dead organelles of ut in animal located is a major structure 7 eri It is bounded by double layered nuclear meml Within nucleoplasm nucleolus and chromatin material is present, rictin protein and RNA. Chromatin material is thin thread like structure forming network. This is made up of eet abe substance DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid) and histone Protein|During cell ivision i chromatin bi i i rm chromosome. Ni 0» Itcontrolsall the activity of cells. So itis also knownas‘control wom, of ot Chora transmits hereditary characters from parentsto their ofSPr"S 7 “ / : 7 Pp . t. eg Pha stad ' ee Difference between Plant and Animal cells , Plant cell Animal Cell wo Me © Pipnt cells are larger in size. 7 ¢, wel 1. Animal Ils, are generally SME | Cb Chih cect ‘doy _ size, Bd ‘5 A. ft peal present, ma le up of gellulose ai eee s 5, Plastid present. | “4. Plastid absent. cell oe 4. Centrosome absent. 1 Centrosome present. 47! 5. Vacuoles are larger j 5. Vacuoles are smaller in size * Cell becomes turgid because of endosmosis +. - * The process of imbibition involves both diffusion and capillary acl" ty? * Acell increases in volume when it is placed in hypotonicsolution- oy ;fe ul = L en? Z a ka Ff iW r Leu nem ci 0 fe Coe) Cofirck multe aren seahed mitt rope mmosome 1s thread like structure found inthe nucleus. It becomes visible c sion. Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids joined duns cell divi toge called gen carrier of & RNAis the chromosom™ ther at a point centromere. Bead like structure found on chromosome is \Genes are made up of DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid) which is the netic information from generation to generation} In some viruses genetic material called retrovirus. In prokatyotes There is only one ©, like bacteria and virus. al @a wasnamed {RAED copabie of wt replication, which ri coded information from one generation to other i coms Num ‘solated DNA from the nucleus of pus cells. DNA is amacro molecule in which large number of nucleoti present. Chemically a nucleotide has three components. N > ~ Eukaryotic cell possess many chromosome | A particular kind of species have definite number of chromosome in their cell, which are in pair known as 7 tits -dyploide The set of Gametes have paar gpiond set of chromosome - eel U Por 7 sper of chromosome in different organism Of ana tego Hop Son s0pairs Dog 39 pairs Horse 32 pairs \ 24 pairs ¥Tiuman 23 pairs. Wheat 21 pairs 19 pairs Frog 13 pairs Tomato 12 pairs Spairs Pea 7 pairs Ascaris pairs £ \uclexe Acid - Nucleic acid is complex organic c din cell. It contains special genetic instruction in coded form. Nucleic acids are of two kinds— oe 4 Devrho Nucleic Acid (DNA) : Frederic Meischer was the first who ‘trogen base 2 Sugar 3. Phosphate group. Nitrogen base are of two types—Purines & Pyrimidines. Purines containtwo types of nitrogen base—Adinine and Guanine. Pyrimidine nitrogen base are Thymine and Cytosine. Thus there ar nds of nucleotides present in DNA. ve the structural modellofDNA— | DNA molecule is Zonsist of two polyhucléotide strand, forming a double helix. Each strand has a backbone of sugar and phosphate. Nitrogen base isattached ‘othe sugar. Sugar + Nitrogen base = Neucleoside ~~ 2 » Sugar + Nitrogen base # Phosphate =Nuele Nucleoside © float Cypsiine le helix form a pair with the a Tanai’ with : ine where as §) 2Ni Nucleotide ( help of peroBenous base of the two stran Sis Aron bonds, Adenine pairs with thymins bs adenine and thymine are complementary to each other whereas cytosine is “ydesin Sieclea ln alED? ,, UN Pa ings Lucent's General Krcwledye © 506 anine Hydrogen bondiny, between nitroyencuy bate f complementary to quan . : . © holds the two strands together This structure can be compared with the steps of ‘pial staircase Rand | Tteontain genetic information in coded for uunctior a DNA aynthesie RNAve 6 7 Hi by be a x \ PNa je mainly (qupd dn nucleus, In amall amount It bo ab fon hoe, \ anw ° leic ac >» Phosphorous is an esse ntlal constituent of nucleic acid Gone Gene is hereditary unit which in made by a se gr@FOFPINA founy om the chromosome. ‘ BP Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) RNA is single stranded nucleic acid made up of phosphate, ribose sugar and nitrogen base urgci), adenine, Kuanine At is found ir bhp paw dnagialt ay 1, oth, . CANA inof three kind io 7 5 1 Messenger RNAGHRRTAD : It brings the message from DNA found ir thy nucleus to cytoplasm in the coded form. | 4m" © Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) : Present in ribosome-which ig the site Fe synthesis | and cytosine 3 Transfer RNA (E RNA) It the carrier ogame transfer it to the f poy Function Synthesis of protein, ! \ iference between RNA and DNA DNA RNA | Sugar is deoxyribove type, 1. Sugar fo rf ¢ type. It contains the base adenine, thymine and 2. It soetaeda place of thymine cytosine and guanine, . It ie double stranded structure, Iie mainly found in nucleus, 4. It is single stranded structure. 4, Itis found inbot Coll cycle Mtis the sequence of events in which cell duplicates its genetic material, synthesise the « »jnlo other constituents of cell and ultimately divigy jp! two daughter cell.» val veg da i uk Oh "ected cl * Cell Division :The process in which cel] increase in their number is Called division. It in nee There are ded for growth, development and repair of body. There masyly-two kind of cell division partingrowl takes place ype of cell division Significance of Mitouin IMeml,~ 4 : |. After Mitosis cell divistn one cell divided into two daughte number of chromosome is equal to the parent cell. % Uncontrolled Mitosis May cause tumor or cancerous growth. — yee of a 8 whe 1. Meiosis cell division occur j i ivision takes pl lace during the formation of ha sly Obqared cetlin whietBiology sor , [tisalso known as reduction division during which each daughter cell have 0 d number of chromosome 3 Four daughter cells are produced from one meiotic cell division e—— fers related to cytology during cell division is called Karyokined@, Karyokinesis s called cytokinesis, Cytokinesis “Divisi ‘ Diploid : Two complete set of chromosome is called diploid, found in somatic — Two complete set of cell A Umpanud Cheontones + __japloid Single set of chromosome in cell iscalled haploid, found wma” Crossingover Exchange of genetic material between two non sister chromatids 4D takes place during meiosis cell division is called crossing over. — - co ly ppifofchtomesome having same sizeand shape VE form of characters governed by pene ; > Phenotype The character of organism which can be seen directly. - Genotype Genetic constitution of organism is called genotype. ~ Tonoplast : The membrane surrounding the vacuole. - Unit membrane The basic trilamilar structure of cell membrane. Homologous chrom: 5. Genetics - Transmission of character from one generation to next generation is called heredity. —— 7 TheGrocess bf transfer of hereditary character from generation to generation is called genetics. The name genetics was first coined by W. Wattson in 1905. Johannes was first used the name gene in - il was the first who gave the idea of heredity based on his experiment in 1BZ2-T884. He is also known Pater es ~ Mendal choser(géa planDlor his experiment. = : Mend- _ dea cross between two pure plant having contrasting character for sip illed monohypbrid cross i.e. tall and dwarf plant for height. TT (tall plant) x tt (Dwarf plant) — - —~ adie all Fy yeneration — Tt(Allare tall) F, generation Self pollination TT Tt tt (25% tall) (50% tall hybrid) (25% Dwarf) Phenotypic ratio 1 Genotypic ratio 4:23508 Lucent’s General Knowledge Dihybrid cross : Mendal made a cross between two pure plant havin, pair of contransting character i.e. colour and shape of seed called dihybrigp ing He made a cross between plant having round seed with " wrinkled seed with green colour. RRYY P yellow colour », (Round & yellow seed) (Wrinkled & green) ’ y Gametes — x r Cross Pollination v b genesahon: Ry Vy (All are round and yellow seed) y Son. Self pollination RY. Ry ry ry RRYY | RRYy | RrvY Yy RY | round | round | round | “round yellow | yellow | yellow {_ yellow | Ry RRYy | RRyy | Rr Rryy round | round ind | round yellow || green | 4ellow | green ry RrvY | Rr¥y J YY ry round | ro wrinkled | wrinkled yellow | yeliow yellow yellow ry Rrvy ryy rrYy . rryy round | round | wrinkled| wrinkled |, yellow | green | yellow | green Phenotypic ratio of F, generation—9:3:3:1 Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1:2:4:2¢4:2:1 - On the basis of mono and dihybrid cross Mendal proposed law of heredity, 1. Law of paired unit : Mendal proposed that when two dissimilar unit facto are present in an individual only one is able to express. One that expresses itself dominant unit factor while other which fail to express is recessive unit factor: F example tallness is dominant over dwarfness. 2. Law of dominance : Offspring of cross breed parent only show domina” characters in F, generation. 3. Law of segregation : In F, generation both the character which is gove™ by gene is separated. 4. Law of independent assortment : During dihybrid and tribhybrid cross t™' or three pair of characters are taken. These characters segregate separately withou! depending on other in F, generation. Term related to genetics : > Linkage : Linkage is an exception of Mendel law. When two different gene # present on the same chromosome they express themself together instea' independently. This phenomenon is known as Linkage. The word linkage fi coined by Morgan (1910). > Mutation: Asudden change in the gene which is heritable from one generati" to other. The term Mutation was first coined by Hugo De Vries.Bloin, 509 Variation » When characy t " generation there is some ay transmitted from one generation to next gene in offspring takes pl wange Change in characters by recombination 0 phenomenon is known as Vi wey looks different from their parents. This ation, ysomal aberrat Chromosomal < S0ONS © Any ch, . y . ANE “| cf . as Chromosomal aberrations, Nge in chromosomal structure is known y Cloning, a cs or Producing many identical organism from a single cells havings acter as his mother, Bx : Sheep Dolly was produce’ from single > Jolipotency :Itis the potential ability of a plant cell to grow inacomplete plant Pluriopotency : It is the potential ability of a cell to develop into any kinds of the cell of animal body. " Colic modes organi (GMO): Manipulation of gene_by cutting arjoming the segment of DNA to get desired varieties of organismis called genetically modified organism. This is also known as genetic engineering > Autosomes : Chromosomes found in cell which are responsible for characters other than sexare called autosomes. So ooo“_ 9" > Sex chromosome : The pair of chromosome which determine the sex of organism is called sex chromosome. Human have 23 pair of chromosomes in which 22 pair are autosomes and one pair is sex chromosom. . — : tion All pone present in a haploid cell is calle, jome. ; ais sen Gene are found in organelles “ound ing@tplaspaled plasmagen, > Gstron unctional unit of gene is called cistron. * Muton : Unit of gene responsible for mutation. > Recon : Unit of gene take part in recombi . S.Benzer (1962) had given the modern definition of gene. © gene which exhibits multiple effects is called pleiotropic. en one gene pair hide the effect of other unit, it is called epistasis. Ra Mingerprinting isa technique used for the detection of SSAA PERE “ Nargete: “1 ansctiption was discovered by Temin & Baltimore. Danote. hn tug delivery and gene therapy are made possible by the use of “chnology in health sector. Hole churmoews- oot human mat 6. Sex Determination in Human Févelg aK ‘XX, uring gay ‘ale sex chromosome is ‘XY’, where as in female sex chromosome ‘hile other ha wet’ formation in male half of the sperm contain ’X’ chromosome ‘pe ol contain “Y’ C] hromosome. In female all gametes contain only one omy 2 . poms that is ‘X”. Thus when a male gamete i.e. sperm carrying tying Ya ertilize an ova, the zygote develop into female, When a sperm TOMos, = Mosome fertilizes an egg, zygote develops into male, othe > io = i, Female Male Arent ~+ 50%, soz Sg OeHS TT di « im i Foon apie nf ME pene Sede San body is found in female somatic cells. > Fertilization is done in test tube but further development takes place mother womb in test tube baby. : > Sometime sex determination is regulated by environmental factor In reptiles temperature determine the sex at which the fertilized egg is ino, In human each cell contains 46 chromosomes. Any addition ot remoya| a ; number of sex chromosome or autosome cause genetic disorder. S47 Klinefelter Syndrome : When a male have aX&xtra Der Y chrom | in sex chromosome then the condition will be XXY or XYY instead of Ky. pS male individual with this syndrome have masculine development but iem _le_development is not completely suppressed and the individual became stenle Tea Infemaléwhi aoxtra X chromosome is present instead of XX they show no _ SM Bevelopment but limited fertility. Mental retardness is also seen in this Ar e. Number of chromosome became 47 instead of 46. : 30 Z Turner's Syndrome : When female has single sex chromosome (X0) | Ovaries are rudimentary, lack of secondary se’ aracter. 4) $5 smosomes this lead to develop Down's syndrome. In this syndrome p . Jean Baptist Lamarck (1744-1829) tried to explain the evolutionary process ‘is book Philosophic zoologique. The theory proposed ‘by Lamark is known as “ry of inheritance: of acquinectlc ie, Aor ding tothis theory use and disuse *n organ lead to acquiring change in the features of that organ. These changes “‘lso inherited to offspring. The favourable changes after long period of time ‘ultin evolution of new species. But Lamarckism was very strongly criticised by ‘sust Weismann, = Stic, . _— 3. Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) explain the a uonany pancple in 100k The origin of species . The theory proposed by him is popu renee "ory of natural sTecton’ or Darwinism. Darin explained that despite having ati lation of organism remains within a €Normous potential of fertility, the popu’ species and different speciés Mi bers of same species ani rag ie t struggle between er nates the unfit individual, The fit organism "ood, space and mate. Struge le orryourable and they can leave the progeny to mess some variations whic! in. The variation when accumulated for long time ‘inue the favourable variatio with progress in genetics, the sources of variation Ve ise to origin of new species y was modified, Now the most excepted theory in’ theor’ f ‘ere explained and a ae theory, in which origin of species is based on the , 8 mi ‘evolution is Moder vaviation and natural selection, Neraction of genet Triassic, Cretaceous and Jurassic geological era cretaceous is . ian the newest PE, contains information about plant is called ‘ted data book, The book WH cory was Proposed by —Erunst Haeckel Recapitulatic? biosystematics is genotype. £ wr512 a p qh Lucent's General Knowledge Mo BOTANY ¥ The study of different types of Trees, plants is called Botany. Theophrastus is called the father of Botany. . Classification of Plantae vIn the year 1883, sie. has classified the Botanical world as under Plant Kingdom ck Cryptogams Phanerogams (Plant without seed) (Seed bearing plant) ‘Thalophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnospermae Angiospe ° y(t oy Algae Fungi Monocotyledons Dicotyledons 1. Cryptogamous plants ‘There are noflower and seed in these types of plants. These are classified in the following groups : Thalophyta : RAS 1. This is the aw” 2, The body ‘of the plants in this group is thalus like ie, plant are Cont ane differentiated into root, stem and leaves. here is no conducting tissue. It is divided into two groups. (a) Algae and ()b) Fungi ' ae e study of algae is called Phycology, /) we ie algae normally have chlorophyll Sad hitotrophicmode of nutrition onaler AlamentOus ts body i is thalus like. It may be unicellular, colonial or filamen —_—— Asa food : Porphyra, Ulva, Sungassum, Laeminaria, Nostoce'« In making Iodine : Laeminaria, Fucus, Echlonia etc. Asa manure : Nostoc, Anabana, kelp etc. In making medicines * iodine Chilorelolindtrom Chlorelfa and Tincher made from Laminai —- | Chlorella an In research works : Chlorella Acetabularia, Belonia etc. -plorl ing the& Note: Anastronautcan get protein food, water and oxygen by So"! th os algae in the tank of the, known a: > repared frot (b) Fungi | Study of fungi scaled Mycology. yh 8) pie astatgite Saghenp nate[We Neto * ak, pom OF eg 2 Fungi ie chlarophyll lens, central carrier tissue less, Thalophyta 3. Accumulated food in fungi remains as copen, 4. Its cell wall is made up of chitin. F s14 tophthora f Fungi may creates seriois diseases in plants. Most damage inca By ¢ ee and sab Yain Fungal diseases in plants are as : +. pute “White rust of crucifer, Loose smut of wheat, Rust of wheat early Might of A 5 to, Red rot of sugarcane, Tikka diseases of grofindnul- War Tiserase of prtate, MH Brown leaf spot of rice, Late blight of potato, Damping off of seedlinygga ete “by > Rhizopus is a fungi commonly known as ‘bread mould’ wade > Heterothallism in fungi was discovered by AF Blakelow ) > Alfa-toxins are produced by fungi 4 > Gidhensare the association of algae and fungi. C vg) > Lichens developing, on rocky"substrates are Bryophyta oh icy + |__This is the first group of land plants. In this division approximately 25000 species are included= Inbryophyta there is lack of Xylem and Phloem tissue. Plant body may be of thallus like and leafy erect structure as in moss. They lack true roots, Stem and leaves. This community is also called er conduction takes. i moss namely Sphagnum is capable of soaking water called saxicolous. ‘imes of its own Therefore, gardeners use it to protect from d. ing while taking the plants mone place to another ng Mle taking the plants The Sphagnum moss is used as fuel. ~~ we The Sphagnum moss is also used as antiseptic. Peridophyta The plants of this group is mostly found inwetahaly places foesisand maintains ‘The body of plants is differentiated into root, stem, and leaves. Stem remains as normal rhizome. ps . 2. Reproduction occurs by sporés produced inside the sporangia. Sporangia bearing leaf of a fernis called ? Gametophytic phase is short lived. The diploid zygote develops into an embryo. 2th eis called Eee) om 4 Plants of this community have conducting tissues. But Xylem does not > contain Ve id Phloem d t contain companion cells. pare nw Examples PY im, Lycopodium y - "|, Inthe neack cell SFarchegonium of fern one binucleated cell is ree Phanerogamous or Floral plant P i e in this group bears ‘oup is well developed. All the plants in this ig, Plants in this group can be classified into two sub-groups vO, 1G P| dy are ¢ These plants are in the forms oR aR lant body are differentiated into root, stem & leaves. = H dees Flew > seos Plants are woody, perennial and tall. Plant bear naked seed \ Its tap roots are well developed 1 Pollination takes place through air. ~ The Jongest plant of the Plant king 2) meters. This is also called 514 Lucent’s General Knowledge height is 1 \ * “The smallest plant i : ng fossils are Cyeas, Ginkgo biloba and Metasequoia. > Ginkgo biloba is also called Maiden hair tree. > Ovule and Antherozoids of Cycas is the largest in Plant kingdom. ~ Corolloid roof of cyeas help in absorption of water and fixation of - trogen ~ The pollen grains of Pinus are so much in number that later it tums into Suiphap showers. “a > Living ce of Gymnosperm As a food - Sago is made by extracting the juice from the stems of © Therefore, Cycas is called So pa Wood - The wood of Pine, Sequoia, Deodar, Spruce etc is used for makng furniture. Vapour oil - We get Tarpin oil from the trees of Pine, Cedrus oil == y eodar tree and Cedcast oil from Juniperous wood. ~” Tannin - It is useful in tanning and m; oa Resin - Resin is extracted from some conical plants which are used pa making varnish, polish, paint etc. 9 » \ Resin is the product of coniferous tree. oe Best example of polyembryony is citrus. 2 (B) Angiosperm In the plants of this sub-group seeds are found inside the fruits. : ~ In these plants root leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds are fully develo? In the plants of this sub-group there-i On the bass number of cotyledons plants are divided into two categories — Monocotyledon and» Dicotyledon ' Monocotyledon plants: Those plants which have only one cotyledon in seed Name of category Name of main plants & | Liliaceae Garlic, Onion ete. : i 2 Palmae Nut, Palm, Coconut, Date ete. : ). Graminaeceae “Wheat, Maize, Bamboo, Sugarcane, Oat ete. . Dicotyledon plants » Those plants which have i a called dicotyledons. Example © two cotyledon in its 8&4 : Name of cate Name of main plant B A | Cruciferae Radish, Turnip, Mustard etc, (3 2 Malvaceae Jute, Lady’s finger > » »} > Pulse > Chloroplast found in sug} > study of virus is called virology. ~ > Virugwas discovered by Russian Biology 515 Name of main plant taurine + Babool, Lajwanti, Ashok, Tamarind and all Pulse cro Sunflower, Marigold, Lily etc si Composite putaceae Lemon, Orange ete. Cucurbitaceae Melon, Water melon, Guard bitter etc Solanaceae Potato, Chilly, Brinjal, Belladonna, Tomato etc Rosaceae Strawberry, Apple, Almond etc. _ Teaves are the lung o plant from which coca ‘and chocolate are obtained is a shurb > Banana isa shurb. oP or Trochodendron is a vesselless angiosperm. ac are obtained from the fa = > Fram the bark of ginchona a | drug quining is ol tained used in malaria fever. (4 ¢sD) 3st fo arcane plant shows dimorphism. — Y Quinine Ualoog e year 1892. (During icroscopic particle known as viruses. 15 of living and_non living, so itis aleonnecting AN) : -firstisolated the virus causing mosaic Fecgy: disease in tobacco in the form Characters of virus They became active inside a living cells. 2. Nucleic acids replicate themselves and they reproduce rapidly. They cause disease like bacteria & fungi. _cording to parasitic nature, virus is of three tyPes— ese 1 Plant virus - RNA is present as its nucleic acid. - 2. Animal virus~ DNA or sometimes RNA is found init. 3 Bactesig age They depend only on bacteria. They kill the bacteria. DNA is found in them. Example - T-2 phage: chicken pox, hepatitis, polio, AIDs and > Inman virus cause disease like mumps, Herpes. > HIV often change its shape transcriptase. The enzyme integrase produced by virus epee into the host cell DNA. = EBOLA is a virus. Bacleriophages Bacteriophages are those virus which infect the bacteria - Example —Tobacco mosaic virus. 2 Note: Those viruses in which Bacteria. = <= due to the presence of an enzyme reverse the integration of HIV-DNA Itwas discovered by Antony Von Leeuwenhook of Holland in the year 1683. Leeuwenhook is called the father of Bacteriology’ In the year 1829 Ehrenberg called it bacteria. £ Tuberculosis diseases. > The year 1843-1892— Robert Kach discovered the bacteria o af cavena ty EWA goed Nu oo