Introduction

Biology – Branch of science in which living beings are studied.

Bios = Life & Logos = Study. Therefore study of life is called biology. The term
biology was first coined by Lamarck and Treviranus in the year 1801. Biology has
two main branch.

1. Botany : Study of different aspects of plants. Theophrastus is known as father

of Botany.

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2. Zoology : Study of various aspects of animals. Aristotle is calle father o
Zoology as well as Biology.

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Important Terms of Biology :

1. Anatomy : Study of internal structure of organism

2. Agrology : Soil science dealing speciall with pr ducti n of crop.

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3. Agronomy : Science of soil manag men and production of crop.

4. Agrostology : Study of grass

5. Arthrology : Study of j in s.
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6. Apiculture : Reari g f hon y bee for honey.

7. Anthropology : tudy of o gin, development and relationship between the

culture of past nd pr sent h man.

8. Antholo y Study of flower and flowering plant.

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9. Angio ogy : tudy of blood vascular system including arteries and veins.

10. Androlog : Study of male reproductive organ.

11. Bryology : Study of Bryophytes.

12. Biometrics : Statical study of Biological problem.

13. Biomedical engineering : Production and designing of spare part for

overcoming various defects in man. e.g. artificial limbs, Iron lung, Pacemaker etc.
14. Biotechnology : Technology concerned with living beings for wilful
manipulation on molecular level.

15. Bacteriology : Study of bacteria.

16. Cytology : Study of cell.

17. Cryobiology : It is the study of effect of low temperature on organisms and

their preservation.

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18. Clone : Clones are geneticaly identical individual in a populati n

19. Cardiology : Study of heart.

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20 .Demography : Study of population.

21. Diffusion : Random movement of molecule / ion o gases from a region of

higher concentration to lower concentration
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22. Dermatology : Study of skin.

23. Dendrochronology : Counting and analysing annual growth rings of tree to

know its age.

24. Ecology : Study of inte elationsh between living and their environment.
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25. Evolution : Stu y of origin o life, variation and formation of new species.

26. Embryology : S udy of fe tilization of egg, formation of zygote and

development o embryo
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27. Eugenic Study f factors connected with the improvement of human race.

28. Euthe ics : Study of environmental condition that contribute to the

improvement f human beings.

29. Euphenics Treatment of defective in heredity through genetics engineering.

30. Ethnology : Study of science dealing with different races of human.

31. Ethology : Study of animal behaviour in their natured habitats.

32. Etiology : Study of causative agent of disease.

33. Entomology : Study of insects.

34. Exobiology : Study of possibility of life in space.

35. Floriculture : Cultivation of plant for flower.

36. Food technology : Scientific processing, preservation, storage and

transportation of food.

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37. Forensic science : Application of science for identification of arious fa s of
civilian.

38. Fishery : Catching, breeding, rearing and marketi g f fishes.

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39. Forestry : Development and management of fo st.

40. Fermentation : Process of incomplete xidatio that ccur in microbes and

other cells in absence of oxygen, leading t the form tion of ethyl alcohol.
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41. Genetics : Study of variation and ransmi ion of heredity character from
parents to their young Ones.

42. Growth : Permanen nc ease in weigh , volume and size of an organism.

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43. Genetic Engineering : M nipulation of gene in order to improve the
organism.

44. Gynecology : S dy of female reproductive organ.

45 Geron ology : Study of ageing.

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46. Gas roent ology : Study of alimentary canal or stomach, intestine and their
disease.

47. Hypertonic When two solution have differcut sdute concentration. The sol
at ion which hav higher concentration is called hypertonic.

48. Hypotonic : In two solutions which have lower solute concentration is called
hypotonic

49. Homeothermic : Animals who have constant body temperature are called
home thermic or warmblooded animal.

50. Histology : Study of tissue organisation and their internal structure with the
help of microscope.

51. Hygiene : Science taking care of health.

52. Hydroponics : Study of growing plant without soil in water which contain
nutrient.

53. Haematology : Study of blood.

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54. Hepatology : Study of liver.

55. Ichthyology : Study of fishes.

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56. Immunology : Study of immun system or resist ce of body to disease.

57. Kalology : Study of human beauty.

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58. Metazoans : All multicellular anim s a called metazoans.

59. Monoecious : Plant which have b th male and female flower

60. Morphology : Study f external tructu e.

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61. Microbiology : Study of m cro-organism like virus, bacteria, algae, fungi and
protozoa.

62. Molecular biolo y : Stud of molecule found in the body of living organism.

63 Medic ne Study of treating disease by drug.

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64. Mammogr phy : Branch of science which deal test of breast cancer.

65. Mycology : Study of fungi.

66. Nutrients : hemical substance taken as food which are necessary for
various function, growth and heath of living.

67. Neurology : Study of nervous system.

68. Neonatology : Study of new bom.

69. Nephrology : Study of kidneys.

70. Osmosis : Movement of water molecule across semipermeable membrane

from the region of its higher concentration to the region of lower communication.

71. Odontology : Study of teeth and gum.

72. Osteology : Study of bones.

73. Oncology : Study of cancer and tumours.

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74. Obstetrics : Science related with care of pregnant wom befor duri g and
after child birth.

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75. Ornithology : Study of birds.

76. Ophthalmology : Study of eyes.

77. Orthopaedics : Diagnosis and repair disorder of locomotery system.

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78. Phytoplanlktons : Microscopic o ganism which passively float on the
surface of water.

79. Parasite : Organism whi h dep d on ther living organism for their food and
shelter.
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80. Poikilothermic Organism hich change their body temperature according

to surrounding. The e are als called cold blooded animal.

81. Pigment : A substa which absorb light of certain wavelength like

chl rophy fou d in green leaves.
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82. Pal ntolo y : Study of fossils.

83. Physiolo y : Study of function of various system of organism.

84. Pathology Study of diseases, effects, causable agents and transmission of

pathogens.

85. Pomology : Study of fruit and fruit yielding plant.

86. Psychiatry : Treatment of mental disease.

87. Psychology : Study of human mind and behavior.

88. Pisciculture : Rearing of fishes.

89. Phycology : Study of algae.

90. Paediatrics : Branch of medicine dealing with children.

91. Parasitology : Study of parasites.

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92. Photobiology : Effect of light on various biological processes

93. Phylogeny : Evolutionary history of organism.

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94. Physiotherapy : Treatment of body defects thro gh m sage and exercise.

95. Radiology : Science dealing with the effect of rad tion on living beings.

96. Rhinology : Study of nose and olfacto y organs

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97. Sonography : Study of ultrasoun imagin

98. Saurology : Study of lizard

99. Serology : Study of se m, interac ion of antigen and antibodies in the blood.
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100. Sphygmology Study of p lse and arterial pressure.

101. Taxonomy : St dy of cl ssification, nomenclature and identification of

organism
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102. Telepa : Communication of thoughts or ideas from one mind to another

without ormal se of senses. In other word this is the process of mental contact.

103. Veterin ry Science : Science of health care and treatment of domestic

animals.

What is living ?

1. The word living cannot be defined.

2. There are certain characters by which can be distinguished from non living.
(i) Growth : Increase in the number of cell or mass is called growth

(ii) Reproduction : Living organism produce young ones of their same kind.

(iii) metabolism : Chemical reaction occurring inside a living cell.

(iv) Response of stimuli : Living have the ability to sense the condition of their
surrounding and respond to these stimuli.

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