BIOLOGY

 Biology: A branch of science that deals with the scientific study of life.
 The term "Biology" is derived from the Greek words:
 Bios (life) and Logos (study). Therefore, Biology is the study of life.
 History: The term "Biology" was first coined by Lamarck and Treviranus in 1801.
Main Branches of Biology:
 Botany: Study of plants. Theophrastus is known as the Father of Botany.
 Zoology: Study of animals. Aristotle is called the Father of Zoology and also of Biology.
Important Terms in Biology
 Anatomy: Study of the internal structure of organisms.
 Agrology: Soil science, focusing on crop production.
 Agronomy: Science and technology of soil management for crop production.
 Agrostology: Study of grasses.
 Arthrology: Study of joints.
 Apiculture: Rearing of honeybees for honey.
 Anthropology: Study of the origin, development, and cultural relationships of humans.
 Anthology: Study of flowers and flowering plants.
 Angiology: Study of the blood vascular system, including arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels.
 Andrology: Branch of physiology and medicine dealing with male reproductive organs.
 Bryology: Study of Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts).
 Biometrics: Statistical analysis of biological data.
 Biomedical Engineering: Application of engineering to design and produce medical devices
(e.g., artificial limbs, pacemakers).
 Biotechnology: Technology involving living organisms to manipulate molecular-level processes.
 Bacteriology: Study of bacteria.
 Cytology: Study of cells.
 Cryobiology: Study of the effects of low temperature on organisms and their preservation.
 Clone: Genetically identical individuals in a population.
 Cardiology: Study of the heart and blood vessels.
 Chiropody: Branch of science related to the study of feet.
 Demography: Study of populations.
 Diffusion: Random movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
 Dermatology: Study of the skin.
 Dendrochronology: Study of tree ring growth to determine the age of trees.
 Ecology: Study of the interrelationship between living organisms and their environment.
 Evolution: Study of the origin of life, variations, and the formation of new species.
 Embryology: Study of the fertilization process and development of embryos.
 Eugenics: Study of factors that contribute to the improvement of the human race.
 Euthenics: Study of environmental factors that improve human conditions.
 Euphenics: Improving phenotypic defects caused by genetic abnormalities through
environmental alterations.
 Ethnology: Study of human races and cultures.
  Ethology: Study of animal behavior in natural habitats.
 Etiology: Study of the causes of diseases.
 Entomology: Study of insects.
 Exobiology: Study of the possibility of life beyond Earth.
 Floriculture: Cultivation of flowers.
 Food Technology: Scientific study of the processing, preservation, storage, and transportation
of food.
 Forensic Science: Application of science to solve criminal investigations through evidence
analysis.
 Fishery: Catching, breeding, rearing, and marketing of fish.
 Forestry: Management and development of forests.
 Fermentation: Incomplete oxidation process in microbes and cells in the absence of oxygen,
leading to the formation of ethanol.
 Genetics: Study of heredity and variations in organisms.
 Growth: Permanent increase in size, weight, and volume of an organism.
 Genetic Engineering: Manipulation of genes to improve organisms.
 Gynecology: Study of the female reproductive system.
 Gerontology: Study of aging.
 Gastroenterology: Study of the digestive system (stomach and intestines) and related
disorders.
Solutions and Concentrations
 Hypertonic: A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.
 Hypotonic: A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.
More Terms in Biology
 Homeothermic: Animals with a constant body temperature (warm-blooded).

 Histology: Study of tissues and their structure under a microscope.

 Hygiene: Science of health care and disease prevention, particularly through cleanliness.
 Hydroponics: Growing plants in water containing essential nutrients, without soil.

 Haematology: Study of blood and its disorders.

 Hepatology: Study of liver structure, function, diseases, and abnormalities.

 Ichthyology: Study of fishes.

 Immunology: Study of the immune system and the body’s resistance to diseases.

 Kalology: Study of human beauty.

 Metazoans: All multicellular animals.

 Monoecious: Plants that have both male and female flowers.

 Morphology: Study of the external structure of organisms.
 Microbiology: Study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
 Molecular Biology: Study of molecules found in living organisms.

 Medicine: Study of the treatment of diseases using drugs.

 Mammography: Diagnostic imaging for breast cancer detection.
 Mycology: Study of fungi.

 Myrmecology: Study of ants.

 Mixed Farming: Agriculture that involves both crop cultivation and animal husbandry.

 Nutrients: Chemical substances required by organisms for growth and health.

 Nanotechnology: Science of manipulating materials and devices at the atomic scale.

 Neurology: Study of the nervous system.

 Neonatology: Medical care of newborns, especially ill or premature babies.

 Nephrology: Study of kidneys and kidney-related diseases.

 Osmosis: Movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of

higher to lower concentration.

 Odontology: Study of teeth and gums.

 Osteology: Study of bones.

 Oncology: Study of cancer and tumors.

 Obstetrics: Branch of medicine dealing with the care of pregnant women before, during, and
after childbirth.

 Ornithology: Study of birds.

 Ophthalmology: Study of the eye and related medical conditions.

 Orthopaedics: Study of skeletal system disorders, including bones, joints, and muscles.
 Phytoplankton: Microscopic organisms that float on the surface of water.

 Parasite: Organisms that depend on other living organisms for food and shelter, often causing
harm.

 Poikilothermic: Cold-blooded animals whose body temperature changes with the surrounding
environment.

 Pigment: A substance that absorbs light at certain wavelengths (e.g., chlorophyll in plants).
 Paleontology: Study of fossils, including prehistoric life like dinosaurs.

 Physiology: Study of the functions of various systems in organisms.

 Pathology: Study of diseases, their causes, and transmission.

 Pomology: Study of fruits and fruit-producing plants.

 Psychiatry: Medical treatment of mental disorders.
 Psychology: Study of the human mind and behavior.
 Pisciculture: Rearing of fish.

 Phycology: Study of algae.

 Paediatrics: Branch of medicine dealing with children.
 Parasitology: Study of parasites and parasitic diseases.

 Pharmacology: Science concerned with drugs and their effects on the body.
 Photobiology: Study of the effects of light on biological processes.

 Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of organisms.

 Physiotherapy: Treatment of body defects through physical therapy such as massage and

exercise.
 Radiology: Medical science that uses imaging techniques (X-rays, CT, MRI) for diagnosis and

treatment.
 Rhinology: Study of the nose and olfactory organs.

 Sonography: Study of ultrasound imaging.

 Saurology: Study of lizards.

 Serology: Study of blood serum and the interaction of antigens and antibodies.
 Sphygmology: Study of pulse and arterial pressure.

 Taxonomy: Study of classification, identification, and nomenclature of organisms.

 Telepathy: Communication of thoughts or ideas from one mind to another without using the

normal senses.
 Veterinary Science: Study of animal health and treatment.

 Holstein Friesian: A breed of cow not indigenous to most regions.

 Primatology: Study of the bodies and behavior of human-like species (e.g., monkeys, apes).

 Viticulture: Cultivation of grapes.

 Horticulture: The practice of growing vegetables, flowers, and fruits for commercial purposes.

 Agriculture: The science and art of cultivating soil, raising crops, and rearing livestock.
 Olericulture: Branch of horticulture focused on the production, processing, and marketing of

vegetables.
 Otorhinolaryngology: Branch of medicine dealing with the ear, nose, and throat (ENT).
 MOCK TEST: BIOLOGY TERMS
1. Which Greek words is the term "Biology" C) The behavior of organisms
derived from? D) The genetic structure of organisms
A) Bio (life) and Ology (study)
B) Bios (life) and Logos (study) 9. Which branch of biology studies grasses?
C) Bio (study) and Logos (life) A) Agrostology
D) Bios (study) and Ology (life) B) Bryology
C) Ecology
2. Who first coined the term "Biology" in 1801? D) Mycology
A) Aristotle and Lamarck
B) Lamarck and Treviranus 10. Arthrology is concerned with the study of:
C) Theophrastus and Aristotle A) Joints
D) Darwin and Lamarck B) Fungi
C) Birds
3. Botany is the study of: D) Fish
A) Animals
B) Plants 11. What is the practice of rearing honeybees
C) Microorganisms for honey called?
D) Insects A) Apiculture
B) Horticulture
4. Who is considered the Father of Botany? C) Aquaculture
A) Aristotle D) Pomology
B) Theophrastus
C) Darwin 12. Anthropology studies the origin and
D) Lamarck development of:
A) Humans
5. Zoology deals with the study of: B) Birds
A) Animals C) Fishes
B) Plants D) Insects
C) Fossils
D) Cells 13. Which field of biology focuses on the study
of flowers and flowering plants?
6. Which Greek philosopher is known as the A) Anthology
Father of Zoology? B) Pomology
A) Socrates C) Botany
B) Aristotle D) Mycology
C) Darwin
D) Lamarck 14. Angiology is the study of:
A) Joints
7. Anatomy refers to the study of: B) Blood vascular systems
A) Animal behavior C) Cell structures
B) The internal structure of organisms D) Tissues
C) Plants and their functions
D) The evolution of species 15. Which branch of biology deals with male
reproductive organs?
A) Gynecology
8. Agrology is the science of: B) Andrology
A) Soil and crop production C) Embryology
B) Animal reproduction D) Histology
16. Bryology is the study of: 24. Cardiology is the study of:
A) Trees A) Blood pressure
B) Mosses and liverworts B) The heart and blood vessels
C) Fungi C) The nervous system
D) Algae D) The skeletal system

17. Biometrics is the statistical analysis of: 25. Chiropody deals with the study of:
A) Environmental data A) Joints
B) Biological data B) The feet
C) Geological data C) The heart
D) Economic data D) The brain

18. What is the application of engineering to 26. Demography is concerned with the study of:
design and produce medical devices called? A) Populations
A) Biomedical Engineering B) Fossils
B) Biotechnology C) Cells
C) Bacteriology D) Gene mutations
D) Biochemistry
27. Diffusion refers to the movement of
19. Which term refers to the manipulation of molecules from an area of:
genes to improve organisms? A) Lower concentration to higher
A) Genetic Engineering concentration
B) Evolution B) Higher concentration to lower
C) Genetics concentration
D) Microbiology C) Equal concentration
D) No concentration
20. Bacteriology is the study of:
A) Viruses 28. Dermatology is the study of:
B) Bacteria A) Skin
C) Fungi B) Bones
D) Protozoa C) Internal organs
D) Muscle tissue
21. Cytology is the study of:
A) Tissues 29. Dendrochronology involves the study of:
B) Cells A) Tree rings
C) Insects B) Animal behavior
D) The nervous system C) Fungal growth
D) Fossils
22. Cryobiology deals with the effects of which
condition on organisms? 30. Ecology focuses on the study of:
A) High temperature A) Fossils
B) Low temperature B) Animal evolution
C) Dehydration C) The interaction between organisms and
D) Radiation their environment
D) Human behavior
23. A clone is defined as:
A) A species of bacteria 31. Which branch of biology deals with the
B) Genetically identical individuals origin of life and the formation of new species?
C) A type of plant A) Evolution
D) A type of insect B) Genetics
 C) Physiology 39. Entomology deals with the study of:
D) Anatomy A) Fungi
B) Insects
32. Embryology is concerned with the study of: C) Birds
A) Animal behavior D) Mammals
B) The fertilization process and embryo
development 40. Exobiology studies the possibility of life
C) Cell structure beyond:
D) Insect populations A) Earth
B) Animals
33. Eugenics studies factors that contribute to C) The ocean
the improvement of: D) Plants
A) Genetic variation
B) Human health 41. Floriculture is the cultivation of:
C) Human races A) Fruits
D) The human race B) Flowers
C) Vegetables
34. Euthenics is the study of environmental D) Trees
factors that improve:
A) Genetic disorders 42. Food Technology involves the scientific
B) Human conditions study of:
C) Plant growth A) Animal breeding
D) Animal behavior B) Plant genetics
C) Food processing, preservation, and
35. Euphenics involves improving phenotypic storage
defects through: D) Medical research
A) Genetic modification
B) Environmental alterations 43. Forensic Science is the application of science
C) Medication to solve:
D) Surgery A) Animal behavior problems
B) Criminal investigations
36. Ethnology focuses on the study of: C) Plant diseases
A) Animal behavior D) Ecological imbalances
B) The origin of species
C) Human races and cultures 44. Fishery involves the rearing, breeding, and
D) Microorganisms marketing of:
A) Fish
37. Ethology is the study of: B) Livestock
A) Human societies C) Vegetables
B) Animal behavior in natural habitats D) Insects
C) Human genetics
D) Plant evolution 45. Forestry is the science of managing and
developing:
38. Etiology studies the causes of: A) Fisheries
A) Diseases B) Animal habitats
B) Environmental changes C) Forests
C) Animal migrations D) Plant growth
D) Plant reproduction
46. Fermentation is an incomplete oxidation C) Hypertonic
process that produces: D) Atonic
A) Oxygen
B) Ethanol 54. Histology is the study of:
C) Glucose A) Cells
D) Carbon dioxide B) Tissues
C) Blood
47. Genetics is the study of: D) Bones
A) Human evolution
B) Heredity and variations in organisms 55. Hygiene is the science of:
C) The functions of body systems A) Human anatomy
D) Ecosystem dynamics B) Disease prevention through cleanliness
C) Plant diseases
48. The growth of an organism refers to: D) Animal behavior
A) Temporary changes in size
B) A permanent increase in size, weight, and 56. Hydroponics is a method of growing plants
volume in:
C) Reproduction A) Soil
D) Behavioral changes B) Water with essential nutrients
C) Air
49. Which of the following describes the D) Glass
manipulation of genes to improve organisms?
A)Genetics 57. Haematology is the study of:
B) Evolution A) Human brain
C) Genetic Engineering B) The digestive system
D) Cytology C) Blood and blood disorders
D) Bones
50. Gynecology is the study of:
A) Male reproductive organs 58. Hepatology deals with the study of the:
B) Female reproductive system A) Heart
C) Blood vessels B) Lungs
D) The heart C) Liver
D) Brain
51. Gerontology focuses on the study of:
A) Aging 59. Ichthyology is the study of:
B) Diseases A) Birds
C) Plant growth B) Fishes
D) Human evolution C) Mammals
D) Reptiles
52. Gastroenterology deals with the study of:
A) The digestive system 60. Immunology is the study of:
B) The skeletal system A) The brain
C) The nervous system B) The immune system
D) The respiratory system C) The digestive system
D) The reproductive system
53. Solutions with a higher concentration of
solutes compared to another solution are 61. Kalology refers to the study of:
called: A) Beauty
A) Hypotonic B) Animal behavior
B) Isotonic C) Human evolution
 D) Plant diseases D) Fishes

62. Metazoans are: 70. Myrmecology is the study of:

A) Single-celled organisms A) Ants
B) Multicellular animals B) Trees
C) Non-living entities C) Fungi
D) Plants D) Birds

63. Monoecious plants have: 71. Mixed Farming refers to:

A) Male and female flowers on separate A) Plant-based agriculture only
plants B) Growing crops and raising animals
B) Male and female flowers on the same C) Rearing fish
plant D) Forest management
C) No flowers
D) Only female flowers 72. Nutrients are required by organisms for:
A) Growth and health
64. Morphology is the study of: B) Photosynthesis only
A) Internal organs C) Reproduction only
B) The external structure of organisms D) Decomposition
C) Evolution of species
D) Genetic material 73. Nanotechnology deals with the
manipulation of materials at which scale?
65. Microbiology is the study of: A) Microscopic scale
A) Insects B) Atomic scale
B) Plants C) Macroscopic scale
C) Microorganisms D) Cellular scale
D) Animals
74. Neurology is the study of:
66. Molecular Biology focuses on the study of: A) The heart
A) Cells B) The brain and nervous system
B) Organs C) The digestive system
C) Molecules in living organisms D) The circulatory system
D) Fossils
75. Neonatology focuses on the care of:
67. Medicine is the science of: A) Children
A) Treating diseases with drugs B) Pregnant women
B) Growing crops C) Newborns and premature babies
C) Animal behavior D) Elderly people
D) Fish farming
76. Nephrology deals with the study of:
68. Mammography is used for detecting: A) Lungs
A) Brain tumors B) Kidneys and related diseases
B) Breast cancer C) Bones
C) Lung diseases D) Blood
D) Skin conditions
77. Osmosis is the movement of water
69. Mycology is the study of: molecules through:
A) Insects A) A permeable membrane
B) Fungi B) A semipermeable membrane
C) Plants C) A non-permeable membrane
 D) A solid surface
86. Parasites are organisms that:
78. Odontology is the study of: A) Live independently
A) The heart B) Depend on other organisms for food and
B) The teeth shelter
C) The skin C) Produce their own food
D) The lungs D) Live in water

79. Osteology focuses on the study of: 87. Poikilothermic animals are:
A) Joints A) Warm-blooded
B) Bones B) Cold-blooded
C) Muscles C) Independent of environmental
D) Skin temperature
D) Able to generate internal heat
80. Oncology is the study of:
A) Heart diseases 88. Pigments are substances that:
B) Cancer and tumors A) Absorb light at specific wavelengths
C) Bone diseases B) Convert light into energy
D) Immune system C) Break down food
D) Provide energy to organisms
81. Obstetrics involves the care of: 89. Paleontology is the study of:
A) Children A) Plants
B) Pregnant women B) Fossils
C) Animals C) Animal behavior
D) Elderly people D) Genetics

90. Physiology deals with the study of:

82. Ornithology is the study of: A) Internal functions of organisms
A) Insects B) Animal behavior
B) Birds C) Fossils
C) Reptiles D) Evolution
D) Mammals
91. Pathology studies the causes and
83. Ophthalmology deals with the study of: transmission of:
A) The eye A) Diseases
B) The heart B) Species diversity
C) The kidneys C) Organism growth
D) The brain D) Plant diseases

84. Orthopaedics focuses on the study of: 92. Pomology is the study of:
A) Bones, joints, and muscles A) Flowers
B) Blood B) Fruits and fruit-producing plants
C) Skin diseases C) Insects
D) Nervous system D) Fossils

85. Phytoplankton are: 93. Psychiatry deals with the medical treatment
A) Small aquatic organisms of:
B) Microscopic plants in water A) Mental disorders
C) Large animals B) Heart diseases
D) Terrestrial plants C) Infectious diseases
 D) Skin conditions C) Development of embryos
D) Classification of species
94. Psychology studies:
A) Animal behavior
102. Physiotherapy is the treatment of body
B) The human mind and behavior
defects through:
C) Plant growth
D) Genetics A) Surgery
B) Physical therapy, such as massage and
95. Pisciculture is the practice of: exercise
A) Breeding and rearing fish C) Drugs
B) Growing aquatic plants D) Gene therapy
C) Animal husbandry
D) Growing vegetables
103. Radiology is a branch of medicine that
96. Phycology is the study of: uses:
A) Algae A) Blood tests for diagnosis
B) Fungi B) Imaging techniques (X-rays, CT, MRI) for
C) Insects diagnosis and treatment
D) Birds
C) Ultrasound for medical imaging
D) Surgical methods for treatment
97. Paediatrics focuses on the care of:
A) Newborns
B) Pregnant women 104. Rhinology is the study of:
C) Children A) The brain
D) Elderly people B) The heart
C) The nose and olfactory organs
98. Parasitology deals with the study of:
D) The kidneys
A) Parasites and parasitic diseases
B) Plant diseases
C) Microorganisms 105. Sonography refers to the study of:
D) Animal behavior A) Ultrasound imaging
B) X-ray imaging
99. Pharmacology is concerned with the study C) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
of: D) Genetic analysis
A) Drugs and their effects on the body
B) The heart
C) Blood circulation 106. Saurology is the study of:
D) Animal reproduction A) Snakes
B) Lizards
100. Photobiology studies the effects of light C) Amphibians
on: D) Birds
A) Chemical reactions
B) Plants
107. Serology is the study of:
C) Biological processes
D) Insects A) Blood serum and the interaction of
antigens and antibodies
101. Phylogeny refers to the: B) Human genetics
A) Study of human behavior C) The nervous system
B) Evolutionary history of organisms D) Infectious diseases
 A) Growing trees for timber
108. Sphygmology is the study of: B) Cultivating grapes
A) The circulatory system C) Producing vegetables
B) Pulse and arterial pressure D) Studying plant genetics
C) The skeletal system
D) The digestive system 115. Horticulture involves the cultivation of:
A) Grains
109. Taxonomy is the science of: B) Vegetables, flowers, and fruits for
A) The origin of species commercial purposes
B) The classification, identification, and C) Livestock
nomenclature of organisms D) Fish
C) Genetic analysis
D) Plant reproduction 116. Agriculture is the science and art of:
A) Developing new species of animals
110. Telepathy refers to the: B) Cultivating soil, raising crops, and rearing
A) Ability to communicate thoughts from one livestock
mind to another without using the normal C) Genetic modification of plants
senses D) The study of ecosystems
B) Study of electrical impulses in the brain
C) Ability to send and receive electrical signals 117. Olericulture is a branch of horticulture that
D) Communication using telephones and focuses on:
digital devices A) The production and marketing of fruits
B) The cultivation of flowers
111. Veterinary Science is the study of: C) The production, processing, and marketing
A) Human medicine of vegetables
B) Animal health and treatment D) The care of trees
C) The production of food
D) Marine biology 118. Otorhinolaryngology is a branch of
medicine that deals with the study of:
112. Holstein Friesian is a breed of cow that is: A) The cardiovascular system
A) Native to Africa B) The respiratory system
B) Not indigenous to most regions C) The ear, nose, and throat (ENT)
C) Known for its wool production D) The digestive system
D) A type of dairy goat

113. Primatology focuses on the study of:

A) Marine life
B) Human evolution
C) Human-like species, such as monkeys and
apes
D) Animal behavior in the wild

114. Viticulture is the practice of: