BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Jj. NARAYANA (@®) EtEcHn CANCER ONCOLOGY Rohan solanki 12th neetCertificate This is to certify that Rohan solanki of class XII over Narayana e techno school has successfully complete the Biology Investigatory Project on Cancer/Oncology as prescribed by the Indian School Certification examination (CBSE) for the academic year 2024-25. Date: Signature of Signature of Internal Examiner External ExaminerAcknowledgment 1 WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY THANKS OF GRATITUDE TO OUR PRINCIPAL MAM FOR GIVING ME THE GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY To DO THIS WONDERFUL PROJECT ON THE TOPIC “CANCER BIOLOGY" WHICH HAS HELPED ME IN DOING A LOT OF RESEARCH. | WOULD EXTEND MY HEARTIEST THANKS TO MY BIOLOGY TEACHER, MR. MUKESH SIR AND KARAN SIR FOR PROVIDING ME WITH ALL THE SUPPORT I REQUIRED AT ALL TIMES. I WOULD LIKE TO GRATEFULLY THANK MY PARENTS FOR PROVIDING ME WITH ALL THE FACILITIES AND A FAVOURABLE ENVIRONMENT AT HOME. | WOULD ALSO THANK MY FRIENDS WHO HAVE GIVEN ME SUPPORT AND. HELPED ME IN FINALIZING THE PROJECT IN THE GIVEN TIME FRAME.no. Topic Pages 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2.. | DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN CANCER CELLS | 6 3. COMMON TYPES OF CANCER 7 4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEALTHY AND CANCER CELLS Q 2: HOW DOES CANCER CELL GET ACTIVATED? | 1 () ee CANCER CELL DIVISION ll ce CAUSES OF CANCER 13 §._| CANCER TYPES: SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION] 9. DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER 1? 10. CANCER TREATMENT 19 11 CASE STUDY OF CANCER PATIENT 19 23 CONCLUSION 20 | 13.) SS eistiograpuy 2lINTRODUCTION CANCER IS A GROUP OF DISEASES INVOLVING, ABNORMAL CELL GROWTH WITH THE POTENTIAL TO INVADE OR SPREAD TO OTHER PARTS OF THEBODY. NOT ALL TUMORS ARE CANCEROUS; BENIGN TUMORS DO NOT SPREAD TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY. POSSIBLE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS INCLUDE A LUMP, ABNORMAL BLEEDING, PROLONGED COUGH, UNEXPLAINED WEIGHT LOSS AND A CHANGE IN BOWEL MOVEMENTS. WHILE THESE SYMPTOMS MAY INDICATE CANCER, THEY MAY HAVE OTHER CAUSES. OVER 100 TYPES OF CANCERS AFFECT HUMANS. THESE DISEASES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A CELLULAR MALFUNCTION. HEALTHY CELLS ARE PROGRAMMED TO ,KNOW WHAT TODO AND WHEN TO DO IT". CANCEROUS CELLS DO NOT HAVE THIS PROGRAMMING AND THEREFORE REPLICATE AND GROW OUT OF CONTROL. CANCEROUS CELLS IN TOGETHER ARE CALLED NEOPLASM.HUMAN CANCER CELLS CANCER CELLS ARE CELLS THAT DIVIDE RELENTLESSLY, FORMING SOLID TUMORS OR FLOODING THE BLOOD WITH ABNORMAL CELLS. CANCER CELLS HAVE DISTINGUISHING HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES VISIBLE UNDER THE MICROSCOPE. THE NUCLEUS IS OFTEN LARGE AND IRREGULAR, AND THE CYTOPLASM MAY ALSO DISPLAY ABNORMALITIES. THE SHAPE, SIZE, PROTEIN COMPOSITION, AND TEXTURE OF THE NUCLEUS ARE OFTEN ALTERED IN MALIGNANT CELLS. THE NUCLEUS MAY ACQUIRE GROOVES, FOLDS OR INDENTATIONS, CHROMATIN MAY AGGREGATE OR DISPERSE, AND THE NUCLEOLUS CAN BECOME ENLARGED. DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF ABNORMALITIES ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF DIFFERENT CANCER TYPES, TO THE EXTENT THAT NUCLEAR APPEARANCE CAN BE USED AS A MARKER IN CANCER DIAGNOSTICS AND STAGING. ws - “@ CANCER CELL FORMATION CANCER CELL MULTIPLICATIONCOMMON TYPE OF CANCER + BLADDER CANCER + BREAST CANCER * COLORECTAL CANCER * KIDNEY CANCER + LUNG CANCER * LYMPHOMA- NON HODGE SKIN * MELANOMA * ORAL AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER * PANCREATIC CANCER * PROSTATE CANCER * THYROID CANCER ¢ UTERINE CANCER + BRAIN CANCERDifference between normal cells and cancerous cells Cancer Cell & Cancer Cell shepetreputr Nucleus: Larger, darker Growth: Out of control Maturation: Immature - Doesn't mature Communication: Doesn't communicate Visibility: Invisible to immune cells Blood Supply: Tumor angiogenesis Oxygen: Doesn't like or require oxygen Glucose: Loves, craves glucose Energy Efficiency: Very low (5%) Amount of ATP: 2 units of ATP Cell Environment: Acidic Nutrient Preference: Glucose Characteristics Normal Cell Normal Cell Shape: Regular Nucleus: Proportionate size Growth: In control, systematic Death: Mortal (Apoptosis) Maturation: Mature (Cell differentiation) ‘Communication: Communicates Visibility: Visible to immune cells, with ID Blood Supply: Angiogenesis during repair ‘Oxygen: Requires oxygen Glucose: Requires some glucose Energy Efficiency: Very high (95%) Amount of ATP: 36 units of ATP Cell Environment: Alkaline Nutrient Preferer Fat, Ketone, GlucoseMORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEENNORMAL AND CANCER CELLS SOaueimsais Cancer cells @ Fine chromatin © Coarse chromatin @ Single nucleus @ Multiple nuclei @ Single nucleolus @ Multiple nucleoli @Large cytoplasm @ Small cytoplasmHOW DOES CANCER CELLS ACTIVATE? IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT CANCER IS PRECEDED BY DAMAGED DNA. BECAUSE DNA IS ENCODED WITH THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR CELL BEHAVIOR, DAMAGED DNA CAN ALTER CELL PROCESSES INCLUDING THOSE THAT REGULATE GROWTH AND DIVISION. THIS IS SUPPORTED BY THE FACT THAT TISSUES WHICH HAVE A HIGH CELL-DIVISION RATE, SUCH AS BONE AND LYMPH, ARE THE MOST COMMON SITES FOR CANCER. SOME GENES, ENCODED ON DNA, ACT AS A SWITCH THAT CAN BE TURNED ON OR OFF DEPENDING ON CELL NEEDS. FREE RADICALS HAVE THE ABILITY TO BREAK DNA STRANDS WHICH CAN RESULT IN SOME GENES BEING PERMANENTLY SWITCHED ON SUCH IS THE CASE WITH CANCEROUS CELL GROWTH. ALTHOUGH IT IS OFTEN TAUGHT THAT THE DNA MUTATIONS THAT LEAD TO CANCER HAPPEN AT RANDOM, RESEARCH SUGGESTS THERE ARE EPIGENETIC TRIGGERS THAT MAY INCREASE PREVALENCE OF DNA DAMAGE.Cancer cell division CELL DIVISION IS A NORMAL PROCESS USED BY THE BODY FOR GROWTH AND REPAIR. A PARENT CELL DIVIDES TO FORM TWO DAUGHTER CELLS, AND THESE DAUGHTER CELLS ARE USED TO BUILD NEW TISSUE, OR TO REPLACE CELLS THAT HAVE DIED AS A RESULT OF AGEING OR DAMAGE. HEALTHY CELLSS STOP DIVIDING WHEN THERE IS NO LONGER A NEED FOR MORE DAUGHTER CELLS, BUT CANCER CELLS CONTINUE TO PRODUCE COPIES. CANCER IS UNCHECKED CELL GROWTH. MUTATIONS IN GENES CAN CAUSE CANCER BY ACCELERATING CELL DIVISION RATES OR INHIBITING NORMAL CONTROLS ON THE SYSTEM, SUCH AS CELL CYCLE ARREST OR PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH. ASA MASS OF CANCEROUS CELLS GROWS, IT CAN DEVELOP INTO A TUMOR. e—-eo—-@ on ceca NOOK Tumor formation, r a -@ ie aon anc cus Cancer development out. onsFour Basic Stages of Cancer etn cancer cells fran slomp"°*amounng rae —— Banetic Microscopie B cS f A Difference between normal cell and cancer cellCAUSES OF CANCER Cancer eee a ciel » — 4 @ fee. = e _ al + Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. + Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol. + Other factors include certain infections, exposure toionizing radiation and environmental pollutants + In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus (HPV). + Approximately 5-10% of cancers are due toinherited genetic defects from a person's parents. These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell + Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops.TYPES OF CANCER AND SYMPTOMS MOST COMMON TYPE OF CANCER LUNG. CANCER A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs occurs in people who smoke Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain, Wheezing and weight loss. Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work, Eat diet full of fruits and vegetables, Exercise most days of the week. Breast Cancer A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts. Symptoms-Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort, inverted nipple, lump formation near breasts. Prevention:-Keep weight in check and be physically i Avoid alcohol and smoking. Avoid birth control pills and regular screening. Avoid post-menopausal hormonesProstate cancer. Acancer in a man's prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid. Symptoms - Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and semen. Pain in the hips, pelvis, spine or upper leg. Pain or discomfort during ejaculation. Prevention-Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and a Balanced diet. Exouring regular ejaculation. Having green tea regularly. Throat cancer \ Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal cords, and other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils and oropharynx. Symptoms- Respiratory symptoms like coughing,Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath, weight loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice,Chest pain, ear ,p hoarseness swollen lymph nodes in the neck,difficulty in swallowing. Prevention-Don‘t smoke, check for radon at home, regular exercise; eat variety of fruits and vegetables, liBlood cancer Most blood cancers, also called hematologic cancers, start in the bone Marrow which is where blood is produced. Blood cancers occur when abnormal blood cells start growing out of control, interrupting the function of normal blood cells, which fight off infection and produce new blood cells. Types of blood cancer The three main types of blood cancer are leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma: Leukemia- isa blood cancer that originates in the blood and bone marrow. It occurs when the body creates too many abnormal white blood cells and interferes with the bone marrow’s ability to make red blood cells and platelets. Lymphoma- isa blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system from cells called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections. Myeloma -is a blood cancer that begins in the bloods plasma cells, type of white blood cell made in the bone marrow. Symptoms: Fever, chills, Persistent fatigue, weakness, Loss of appetite nausea, Unexplained weight loss, Night sweats, Bone/joint pain, Headaches, Shortness of breath, Frequent infections, Itchy skin or skin rash, Swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Prevention: Avoid exposure to radiation, chemicals such as pesticides or benzene, and to smoking or tobacco in any form. Additional lifestyle behaviors, such as staying active and eating a healthy die Newtrphl Ras bead catDIAGNOSIS OF CANCER The detection and diagnosis of cancer are very important before it spreads to other parts of the body. Identification of cancer genes is very valuable to prevent cancer The following methods are used to detect cancer — 1. Biopsy. 2. Histopathological studies of tissue. 3. Radiography technique. 4. Computed tomography. 5. Magnetic resonance imaging. 6. Molecular biology techniques.CANCER TREATMENT Cancer can be treated in the following ways: Surgery-Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which a surgeon removes cancer from the patient“sbody. + Radiation Therapy-It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. + Chemotherapy-lt is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. + Immunotherapy- Itis a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer.CASE STUDY OF CANCER PATIENT Patient details:- Name- Mr. Suresh Kumar Age- 85 Sex- Male Blood group- A+ Marital status- Married Profession- Doctor Cancer type- Breast cancer Problem- Diabetic , hypertensive and presented with a 3 x 3 cms. hard lump in her right breast. she had hormone receptor-positive, multicentric infiltrative ductal carcinoma of the breast with four positive nodes. ° Test- Mammography was done & confirmed it tobe a BIRADS V (malignant) lesion; also another 2 x 2 cms, BIRADS V lesion was was also seen. FNAC confirmed it to be ductal carcinoma. *Treatment- (nthe scan, the tumor mass appeared to be operable with adequate margin Wide excision of this lump was planned Wide excision of tumour mass with adequate margins was done and sent for final histopathology. The patient is planned for further chemotherapy And hormonal therapy.Conclusion Aplan for early detection of cancer is a key component within an overall cancer control plan. It enables cases to be detected at an earlier stage, when treatment is more effective and there are greater chances of cure. Acancer screening programme is a far more costly and complex undertaking than an early diagnosis programme. Therefore, where resources are limited, and where the majority of cases are diagnosed in late stages, early diagnosis of the most frequent cancers, linked to appropriate treatment, is likely to be the best option to reduce premature deaths and suffering due to cancer. Where the necessary resources are available, screening for cancers of the breast and cervix could be advocated, especially if there is high morbidity and mortality from such cancers. In high-resource settings, screening for colorectal cancer could similarly be justified. However, screening for other cancer sites must be regarded as experimental, and cannot be recommended at present as public health policy. Such screening should be implemented only as a research project, within a cancer control programme, and there should be mechanisms to evaluate the effectiveness of the screening. Research projects might include screening for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, liver, lung, ovary, bladder, or prostate.BIBLIOGRAPHY Book:- Kleinsmith, J. Lewis (2006), “Principle of cancer biology”, Pearson education: India, New Delhi Ratogi, Veer Bala (2019), “Biology for ISC Schools”, Srijan Publishers: New Delhi ; i: https://www.cancer.gov/about- Website:- cancer/understanding/what-is cancer https://www.medicinenet.com/cancer/article.htm https://www.cancercenter.com/blood-cancers https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/mult imedia/slid eshows/case-study/