雅思写作技巧

第一章 写作基础文法 P2
1.1 基本句子结构
1.2 从句表达
1.2.1 名词性从句
1.2.2 状语从句
1.2.3 定语从句
1.3 非谓语动词
1.3.1 动词不定式
1.3.2 动名词
1.3.3 现在分词
1.3.4 过去分词
1.4 虚拟语气

第二章 写作词汇突破 P25

2.1 记忆词汇拓展思路
2.2 用词的准确性
2.3 用词的多样化
2.4 词汇的情感性和艺术性

第三章 句子写作提升 P51

3.1 强调句式
3.2 倒装句式
3.3 省略句式
3.4 修辞句式

第四章 段落写作拓展 P62

4.1 句子组合的技巧
4.2 段落过渡与衔接
4.3 常见考试话题观点段落范例

第一章 写作基础文法
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1.1 基本句子结构
1.1.1 基本句子结构解析
S+Vi（主语+动词—不及物）
1. The number of immigrants dropped significantly during 1950s.
移民人数在 50 年代急剧下降。
2. Notions about euthanasia differ widely.
人们对安乐死的观点不一。
3. The price peaked in August.
价格在八月份达到最高点。
4. Moreover, hatred from non-smokers always grows against smokers， hence some
conflicts arise frequently.
此外，不吸烟者憎恶吸烟者，从而使冲突频繁发生。
5. Views on the issue in question vary from person to person.
对于相同的问题人们的看法各异。
S+Vt+O（主语+动词/及物动词+宾语）
1. Traveling broadens one’s vision.
旅游开阔视野。
2. Junk food impairs people’s health.
垃圾食品危害人们的健康。
3. Every culture has its own customs.
每种文化都有其风俗习惯。
4. The employees need houses.
员工们需要房子。
5. Tobacco industry contributes a great proportion of revenue to the nation.
烟草行业上缴国家数额巨大的税款。
S+Vt+O2+O1（主语+动词+间接宾语/人+直接宾语/物）
1. Job-hopping offers us a sense of achievement.
跳槽给我们带来成就感。
2. Taking a part-time job provides students with an opportunity to combine theory
and practice.
做兼职给学生理论联系实际的机会。
3. Museums give people a sense of national pride and belonging.
博物馆给人们以民族自豪感和归属感。
4. History offers people tons of information about how people and society behave.
历史提供大量关于人和社会行为的信息。
5. Routines provide people security because they do not have to wonder what will
happen.
例行公事给人们安全感，因为他们不需要猜想会发生什么事情。
S+V+O+OC（主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语）

1. The cloning technology can make humans redundant, replaceable, and even
extinct.
克隆技术可能使人变得多余、可替代甚至是处于灭绝的境地。

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2. Advertisements keep us well-informed about products.
广告使我们清楚地了解产品。

3. We consider compulsory military service a violation of human rights.

我们认为义务兵役制是对人权的侵犯。

4. Systems of communication by air, sea and land make it possible for us to visit
each other’s countries at a moderate cost.
海陆空等交通通信系统的发展使我们能够花费合适的费用去访问彼此的国家。

5. Some social scientists consider language the keystone of culture.

一些社会学家认为，语言是文化的基石。
S+LV+SC（主语+系动词+表语）
1. Language is a vehicle of human thought.
语言是人类表达思想的媒介。
2. Overpopulation could become a serious worldwide threat.
人口爆炸可能成为全球性的严重危害。
3. The advertisement is misleading and exaggerative.
广告不仅具有误导性而且还很夸张。
4. In appearance, the proposal seems quite convincing and constructive.
表面上这个建议似乎很有说服力和建设性。
5. The price remains stable.
价格保持不变。
1.1.2 时态
一般现在时—表经常发生的动作或存在的状态（常见于 Task 1 和 Task 2 描述客观情况，应用频率高）
1. Technologies always contribute both benefits and detriments.
科技通常贡献好处的同时也带来一定的损害。
2. Airplane travels extremely fast, thus it save us a lot of time.
飞机速度极快，因此可以为我们节省很多时间。
3. At home, the telephone seems very inviting for some people who desire to
communicate.
在家时，电话看起来是为那些渴望交流的人们预备的。
4. Watching TV occupies our time to communicate with our families.
看电视占用了我们和家人交流的时间。
5. Finding solutions of the problem involves the increase of worldwide awareness
and international cooperation.
寻找解决这个问题的办法需要全世界对这个问题的关注和国际合 作。
一般过去时—表过去某一时刻发生的动作或存在的状态。（常见于 Task 1 中描述过去的情况和 Task 2 中的举例论证，应
用频率较高）
1. The travel modes which gained popularity in the period included cars, long
distance buses, trains and others.
在这个时期较受欢迎的出行模式包括：小车、长途汽车、火车、 出租车、和其他模式。
2. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-
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 seven cities around the world.
此项研究比较了世界上 37 个城市在交通上的资金投入比例。
3. Bank robberies which were unheard of in the past now occur more frequently.
以前从未听说的银行抢劫，现在却频繁发生。
4. People in British and other countries, were tremendously encouraged, and
finally went through the hardest period in human history.
英国人民以及世界其他国家的人都受到了巨大的鼓舞，并且最终 度过了人类历史上最艰难的时期。
5. The movement displayed their dissatisfaction with the system, and their need
for more freedom of expression.
这一运动反映了他们对社会系统的不满，和他们更大的表达自由 的要求。
一般将来时—表将来发生的动作或事实。（常见于 Task 1 中描述对将来情况的说明与预测和 Task 2 中的假设论证）
1. Some people will throw away the old products like TV, computers, washing
machines and some other electric appliances and purchase new one.
一些人将会丢弃他们旧的产品，比如电视，电脑，洗衣机和其他 电子设备，并去购买新的产品。
2. The government and the companies themselves will have to invest much
money in the construction of infrastructure in the rural areas.
政府和这些公司自身会投资大量的钱在乡下建造基础设施。
3. If one lacks the necessary determination and perseverance, it will be difficult for
one to succeed by any means other than luck.
如果缺乏必要的决心和毅力，那么除了靠运气外，是很难有所成 就。
4. History will help us understand people and society.
历史帮助我们了解人类和社会。
5. The result will be that the young people will grow up to be men and women of
honesty, sincerity, professional commitment and expertise.
这样，孩子就能成长为诚实、有敬畏心并有专业技术和素养的成 年人。
现在进行时—表现在，即说话人说话时刻正在进行的动作。（常见于 Task 2 中表现某个动作或现象的发展趋势，内涵丰富，
应用频率较高）
1. Surface and groundwater pollution is increasing rapidly.
全球水资源的需求量在不断增长。
2. As the number of traffic vehicles is roaring up recently, the development of road
system seems rather slow relatively.
当最近交通车辆的数量急剧增加时，道路交通系统的发展就相对 比较缓慢了。
3. People working or living in overcrowded cities are constantly suffering from
traffic, and housing problems.
人们工作或居住在过度拥挤的城市里要忍受交通和住房的问题。
4. Traditional arts are disappearing far away from the modern society.
传统艺术正在从我们的现代社会逐渐消失。
5. Some people suggest that we should wear our traditional clothing every day,
since many people are forgetting history and culture.
鉴于很多人忘记我们的历史和文化，一些人建议我们应该每天都 穿着传统服饰。
过去进行时—表过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
1. It was raining the whole evening.
昨天整夜都在下雨。
2. Just as I was leaving the house, the phone rang.
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 我正要出门，电话铃响了。
3. I was reading all day yesterday.
我昨天全天都在看书。
4. When he worked here, Roger was always making mistakes.
罗杰在这工作时老出差错。
5. While I was doing my home work, he was resting.
我在做作业时，他在休息。

现在完成时—表结果，它的动作发生在过去，但是对现在有影响。（常见于 Task 1 中描述过去的动作对现在产生的影响和

Task 2 的举例论证，应用频率较高）
1. Currently, the progress made by scientists who have dedicated much time and
energy to this research has demonstrated this point clearly and forcefully.
以现在看来，在这项研究上投入了大量的时间和精力的科学家们 取得的进展已经有力且清楚地证实了这一点。
2. With the rapid development of society, mankind has entered a throw-away
society.
随着社会的迅猛发展，人类进入了丢弃型社会。
3. It is undeniable fact that in recent years, environmental pollution, which
becomes increasingly serious, has aroused the shared concern of countries
around the world.
不可否认，近年来，日益严重的环境污染问题引起了世界各国的 共同关注。
4. In recent years, the Internet has been gaining its popularity at an amazing rate.
最近几年，因特网以惊人的速度越来越受人们的欢迎。
5. Traffic has taken the place of cancer and become the main factor in causing
death.
交通已经取代癌症成为导致死亡的主要因素。
过去完成时—表过去某一时间点以前也就是“过去的过去”发生的动作。
1. By the time of the Qing period, the number of colors used in printing had
increased from three to five.
到清朝的时候，在印刷中使用颜色的数目从 3 种已经增加到 5 种
2. However, his struggle had already changed the whole of society in the USA.
然而，他的斗争已经改变了整个美国的社会。
3. The hurricane last night had been a great surprise, but fortunately the house
had not been damaged and no trees had fallen near it.
昨晚的飓风很突然，不过幸好房屋并没受损，它附近的树也没倒
4. When I got to the theater I found that they had sold all the tickets.
当我到达剧院时，我发现他们所有的票都售完了。
5. They stood on the shore until the ship had disappeared.
他们站立在海岸边，直到轮船消失。
现在完成进行时—表动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。（强调事件的延续性，表重复，有感情色
彩）
1. During the process of economic globalization, inequality between developed
and developing countries has been increasing and the gap between the rich and
the poor has become wider.
在经济全球化的过程中，发达国家和发展中国家的不平等在加剧， 贫富差距在扩大。
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2. As an increasing number of people are aware of the importance of good
health, the conflict between the ever-growing demand of high quality medical
service and the insufficient public medical facilities has been worsened.
随着越来越多的人意识到保持健康的重要性，对高质量医疗服务 日益增长的需求与供应不足的公用医疗设施之间的
矛盾不断加 剧。
3. In recent years, the Internet has been gaining its popularity at an amazing rate.
最近几年，因特网以惊人的速度越来越受人们的欢迎。
4. Antiwar movies such as Tears of the Sun and All Quiet On the Western Front
among numerous others have been raising many questions.
《》《》 思考。
5. In my opinion, although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the
daily activities of our society, they also bring us numerous troubles.
在我看来，尽管汽车在我们的社会生活中充当着一个重要的角色， 但是它也给我们带来了许多麻烦。

1.1.3 语态
被动语态的应用省略了不需要提及的动作执行者，突出了动作的承受者，使得文句结构紧凑、上下连贯，同时也避免变换主语以求
行文流畅。
一般现在时的被动语态
1. If the government is unable to invest enough money on university education
because of the limited budget, the quality of education cannot be ensured.
如果政府因为预算有限，不能把足够的钱投入在高等教育上，那 么教育质量将会受到损害。
2. This can be done by offering financial support in the form of scholarships to
those who work hard.
我们可以通过提供奖学金的方式对认真学习的学生进行资助。
3. The students are taught how to learn, how to get information and then apply
what they have learned in other situations.
学生们被教授如何学习，如何获取信息并将学过的内容应用于其 它情况。
4. Advantages can be expected from such an experience.
这种经历有好的一面。
5. Being exposed to different culture, individuals can get a clear picture of the way
other people live.
深入到不同的文化氛围，人们可以清楚地了解其他民族的生活。
一般过去时的被动语态
1. Black children were educated in separate schools.
过去，黑人的孩子在单独的学校上课。
2. At least 450 years ago corn was brought to China.
玉米传到中国至少是 450 年前的事。
3. Woods and forests in the southeast were completely destroyed.
东南部的树木和森林全部被摧毁。
4. Everyone’s pay was increased by 5% last year.
去年每个人的工资都增加了 5%。
5. They were met at the station by the young lady.
他们在车站受到了这位年轻女士的迎接。
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1.3.3 一般将来时的被动语态
1. But on the other hand, there are also many people who strongly advocate that
Internet’s drawback should not be ignored.
但是，也有很多人强烈提出因特网的缺陷是不能忽视的。
2. Related business such as food, recreation, education, or construction will be
developed accordingly.
有关联的商业例如食品业、娱乐业、教育事业和建筑业都会因此 而发展。
3. It is likely that these trends will also continue and that more damage to the
environment will be done.
这种趋势可能会持续，而且可能会对环境造成更大的破坏。
4. When people are learning more about history and culture, their pride and
curiosity will be aroused.
当人们更多地学习历史文化时，他们的自尊心和好奇心会被激起。
5. If the government set a quota for hiring women to do high level work, then
perhaps women would be more inspired to be ambitious in their life plans.
如果政府对于雇佣女人做高等工作发出一个号召，那时也许女人 将会被鼓励而对她们的生活计划更加有雄心。

现在进行时的被动语态
1. Since the beginning of time, water has been shaping the face of the Earth.
有史以来，水一直在塑造着地球的表面。
2. Large cities in the world are just construction sites all year round and many
modern buildings, especially skyscrapers with glass walls, are being erected
here and there.
世界上的各大城市一年到头简直就是建筑工地，许多现代化的建 筑，尤其是带玻璃幕墙的摩天大楼在各个地方竖立
起来。
3. A new biology lab is being built this year.
今年即将建立一个新的生物实验室。
4. Satellites are being used more and more to collect information about space.
人造卫星越来越多地被利用来收集关于太空的信息。
5. They are already being used in agriculture and industry.
它们已经在农业和工业中使用。
现在完成时的被动语态
1. With the incredibly rapid advancement of science and technology, space
exploration, which is considered to be a big step for human beings, has been
carried out by many countries around the world.
由于科技的飞速发展，被誉为人类一大进步的太空探险在世界上 很多国家进行。
2. Steady progress has been made in the eradication of disease and this should
continue in the next 100 years.
在疾病的根除方面，医学已经有了稳定的进步，而且未来的一百 年应该还会持续进步。
3. We do not see the people of other nations as they really are, but as we have
been brought up to believe they are.
我们不能够看到其他民族真实的原貌。而只是想当然地认为他们 的生活是什么状态。
4. The soothing effects of smoking have been confirmed by ordinary smokers.
吸烟者证实吸烟可以产生镇定的效果。
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5. So far, no direct evidence has been provided that smoking can definitely result
in taker’s death of lung cancer.
迄今为止没有直接的证据证明吸烟者会死于肺癌。
过去完成时的被动语态
1. This will put these children in an unfavorable position in the future job market
when they compete with others who had been given free access to computers
earlier.
这会使他们在未来就业市场竞争中，与其他在很小就能自由使用 电脑的人比，明显处于不利的地位。
2. Even if the world had been dominated mostly by female leaders, nobody could
be sure that the world would have been more peaceful.
即使世界真的由女性领导者领导，没有人能够保证世界会更和平。
3. He had never been interested in becoming rich.
他对致富从来不感兴趣。
4. A new type of camera for taking photos from space had been developed.
一种供太空摄影用的新式照相机已经研制出来。
5. The coins included examples of almost all the types of Chinese coin that had
th
been made between the 7 century and the late 1870s.
这些硬币包括了中国几乎所有的币种，制作时间在 7 世纪到 19 世 纪 70 年代后期。

1.2 从句表达
1.2.1 名词性从句
1.2.1.1 主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句， 通常放在主语谓语动词之前，或者为了保持句子结构的平衡由形式主语 it 代替，形成
“It…that-clause”。主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。
（一）that 引导的主语从句
1. It is + 名词+ that 从句
It is a fact that… 事实是…
It is an honor that… 非常荣幸…
1) It is an unavoidable task that the young generations conserve endangered
species.
保护濒危动物是我们年轻人不可推卸的责任
2) It is a must for realization of sustainable development that a society promotes
its productivity.
要实现可持续性发展，社会就必须大力发展生产力。
3) It is a wonder that the unique cultural identity of this tribe is intact in spite of the
situation of globalization.
在全球一体化的形势中， 这个地区的文化还能保持其特色真是一 个奇迹
4) It is a great pity that many aboriginal languages and cultures have been
assimilated due to the rapid development of international tourism.
很遗憾，由于旅游业的迅猛发展，许多土著语言与文化已经被同 化。
5) It is a common belief that language is hazardous to our descendants， so
environmental contamination is committing suicide.
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 人们普遍人们保护环境对后代有利，因此破坏环境等同于自杀。
6) It is beyond doubt that animals’ experiment is very cruel
毋庸置疑，动物实验是残忍的。
2. It is +形容词+从句
It is natural that… 很自然… It is obvious… 显然…
It is noticeable that… 很明显… It is likely that… 很可能。。。。
It is ridiculous that.. …是荒谬的
1) It is essential that a society should reject its traditions if it wants to make
progress.
如果一个社会想要进步，抛弃传统是很必要的
2) It is apparent that the price has been on the rise since last week.
很显然自从上星期以来价格一直在上升。
3) It is highly significant that financial assistance is provided to artists and
organizations to support their work.
给艺术家以及支持艺术家工作的机构提供经济资助是非常必要 的。
4) It is obligatory that the whole society preserves and popularizes local cultures.
整个社会有义务保护和普及本土文化
5) It is essential that more rigid laws and regulations should be enacted to deter
criminals.
制定更严厉的法律和法规来震慑犯罪分子是必不可少的。
6) It is obvious that the influence of family, friends, religion and school is decisive
in forming the moral values of young people.
很明显，家庭、朋友、宗教和学校的影响在年轻人道德观的形成 中其决定性作用。
3. It +过去分词+从句
It is commonly believed that… 人们普遍认为，….
It is acknowledged that…. 大家公认，…
It cannot be denied that…. 不可否认，….
1) It is estimated that many students spend 6 hours in playing computer games.
据估计很多学生每天花费 6 小时玩电子游戏。
2) It is proposed that children should not be allowed to access the Internet so that
they will not be exposed to violence and pornography.
有人建议不许小孩子上网，从而可以避免他们接触到暴力和色情
4) It has been proved that heavy TV viewing leads to heart disease and anxiety.
现在已经证实过度看电视导致心脏病和忧虑症
5) It has been widely accepted by the public that they should eat traditional food
instead of fast food like coke in order to keep healthy.
大众普遍认为，为了保持健康，他们应该多吃传统食品，而避免 吃快餐例如可乐。
6) It is widely accepted that international tourism has promoted cross-cultural
communication.
人们普遍认为国际旅游业促进了跨文化交流。
4. It +不及物动词+从句
It appears to sb. that… 据某人看来…
It occurs to sb. that… …浮现在某人的脑海中…
1) It appears to the public that government should do their best to keep society safe
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 在大众看来政府应该尽力保持社会治安
5. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。 而 it 引导的强调句则是对句子的某一部分
进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可以用连词 that。被强调部分指人也可以用 who、whom
1) It is not only ecosystems that are endangered by the pressure of tourism, but
also local cultures.
在旅游压力下，收到伤害的不仅是生态系统，还有当地的文化。
2) It is environmental protection that we can enjoy our happy life
正式环境保护才使得我们有快乐生活。
(二) whether 引导的主语从句
1) Whether the old need spiritual consolation is quite controversial.
老人是否需要精神安慰是很有争议的。
2) Whether young people should study abroad should be left to individuals to judge.
年轻人是否应该出国留学，这应该留给个人去判断。
3）Whether students should wear uniforms is a controversial issue.
中学生是不是应该穿校服是个有争议的问题
(三) wh-/how 引导的主语从句
Wh-词包括 who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever 等连接代词和
where, when, how, why 等连接副词
1) What can be done to conserve traditional culture will be presented in the essay.
本文将提出保护传统文化的解决方案
2) Why there are so many ads and commercials to disturb normal TV programs
remains clear.
为什么有如此多的广告扰乱正常的电视节目的原因非常清楚。
3) What we should do is to tell children how to solve these problems properly.
我们应该做的是，告诉孩子们如何正确解决这些问题

1.2.1.2 宾语从句
宾语从句即在复合句中做宾语的名词性从句，通常放在句子谓语动词或介词之后
1. 做动词的宾语
(1) that 引导的宾语从句 （that 可省略）
1) They insist that the practice of censorship should be abolished.
他们认为审查应该被废除。
2) Some think that schools should be more responsible for children’s education
compared with the parents.
有些人认为与父母相比，学校更应该负责孩子的教育
3) Some people suggest that the old people’s children have the obligation to look
after their old parents.
一些人认为子女有义务照看他们的父母。
4) Critics argue that it is wasteful and impractical to subsidize traditional artists.
反对者争辩说，资助传统艺术家是浪费前次和不切实际的做法
5) Some assert that internet is convenient.
有些人认为互联网是很方便的
6）Studies review that there is a definite link between smoking and some serious
10
diseases such as lung cancer and heart disease.
研究表明，在吸烟和一些严重的疾病入肺癌和心脏病之间，有明 确的联系
(2) 由 what, whether(if)引导的宾语从句
1) We do not know what will happen to the environment in the future.
我们不知道未来环境会怎样变化
2) Some doubt whether compulsory military service is justified
有人对义务兵役制的合理性表示怀疑。
3) This debate is about whether we should sacrifice animal rights for human
benefits.
辩论的话题是关于为了人类的利益我们应不应该牺牲动物权利、
4) The government does not know whether they should fund on the art.
政府不确定他们是不是应该资助艺术。
(3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句
1) We deem it a great damage to environment that people keep on using plastic bags
我们认为持续使用塑料袋对环境会造成巨大伤害。
2) We consider it our obligation that traditional values should be passed down to our
next generations.
我们把传承传统价值观给子孙后代视为自己的责任。
(4) 在特殊词后面例如：decide, desire, demand, order, suggest 等表示要求，命令，请求，建议等动词后，常
用 that 从句，从句中用“should +动词原形”其中 should 可以省略。
1) They insist that the practice of censorship should be abolished.
他们认为审查应该被废除。
2) Government demands that young people should attend compulsory military
service.
政府要求年轻人要服兵役。
3) Educators suggest that children be exposed to different cultures so that they
may grow up as adults with knowledge of diverse cultural backgrounds.
教育家建议孩子们应该接触不同文化，以使他们成长为具有多种 文化背景知识的人
2. 做介词宾语
1) The reason why English prevails worldwide lies in that major English
speaking countries, such as Britain and US, have strong economic strengths.
为什么英语在世界上流行的原因在于说英语的主要国家例如英 国，美国拥有强大的经济实力。
2) There arises a heated debate over whether old buildings in urban areas should
be demolished for urban expansion.
关于是否拆市区的旧建筑引发了一场激烈的争论。
3. 做形容词宾语
That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后做宾语：pleased, annoyed, hurt, satisfied, content, proud 等。也可
以讲此类词后的 that 从句看作是原因状语从句。
1) Females feel disappointed that they cannot be equally treated in the society.
妇女感到失望，他们不能在社会上被平等看待
2) Supporters are convinced that art funding will unquestionably promote the
conservation of traditional arts.
支持者认为资助艺术毫无疑问有助于传统艺术的保护。
3) We are ashamed that many of our young people are totally ignorant of our
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history.
许多年轻人对历史一无所知，这实在让我们感到羞愧。
4. it 可以做形式宾语
1) We take for granted that the young should take care of the old.
我们认为年轻人照顾老年人是理所应当的事情。
2) Parents owe it to school education that young people go astray.
父母把孩子误入歧途归咎于学校教育。
3) We should make it clear to people that environmental protection is conductive
to every one.
我们应该向人们解释清楚，环境保护对每个人有益。
5. 否定转移
若主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess 等，其后的宾语从句若含有否
定意义，一般要吧否定词转移到主语的谓语动词上，从句谓语用肯定形式。
1) I don't think that tourism can give rise to benefits to the environment.
我认为旅游业不会给环境带来益处
2) Art funding critics do not believe that government money contributes to creativity
and imagination.
艺术资助的批评者相信政府资金不会有助于创造力和想象力。
3) People don't believe that animals’ experiment is civilized.
人们认为动物实验是不文明的。
1.2.1.3 表语从句
表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句。 一般结构是：主语+连系动词+表语从句。 可以接表语从句的联系动词有 be,
look, remain, seem 等。 引导表语从句的 that 经常可以省略， 另外， 常用的还有 the reason is that…和 it
is because…等结构。
1) One cause is that there is a great deal of cheating information in advertisements.
其中的一个原因就是广告中有大量的欺骗信息。
2) One question is whether international tourism has brought people more
benefits.
一个问题是国际旅游业是否能给我们带来更多的益处。
3) What they emphasize is that formal exams are harmful to students’ creativity.
他们强调的是考试对学生的创造力是有害的
4) The reason why the government should fund artists is that their works greatly
enhance the quality of life.
政府资助艺术家的原因是他们的作品大大提升了生活质量。
5) The pressing issue is that many aboriginal languages are on the brink of
extinction.
一个迫切的问题是许多土著语言处于濒危状态。
1.2.1.4 同位语从句
同位语从句的特点是有一个抽象名词+that 从句构成，引导词一般是 that，而且 that 在从句中不充当任何成分。 这些抽象名
词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message.
1) Some people even propose a suggestion that smoking should be totally banned
in all public places.
一些人甚至提出了建议，在所有公共场所完全禁止吸烟。
2) From what I have mentioned above, it is not difficult to get the conclusion that
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students should go abroad to study.
从上面我所提到的，不难得出这样的一个结论：学生应该出国留 学。
6) I can hardly assent to the view that international tourism leads to the
disappearance of some indigenous cultures and languages.
我很难认同国际旅游业的发展导致本土语言文化消失的观点。
7) There is evidence that English has been the dominant language online.
有证据显示， 英语已经成为网络的主要语言。
8) There is little evidence to support the view that the advent of the internet
contributes to the disappearance of many minority languages.
没有什么证据支持所谓互联网的出现会导致许多少数民族语言消 失的观点。
1.2.2 状语从句
状语从句主要用来修饰主语或主语从句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间，地点，原因，目的，结果，条件，让步， 比较
和方式。尽管种类较多，但是由于状语从句与汉语结构的语法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不是很难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导
布偶那个状语从句的常用连接词和特殊连接词。
1. 时间状语从句
引导词：when, whenever, as while, before, after, until, till, since, now that, once, so long
as, as soon as 等。
1) Obesity occurs when a person eats more calories than the body burns up.
当一个人摄入的卡路里超出身体所能消耗的数量时，就会变得肥 胖。
2) As long as we are fully conscious of the gravity of youth drug abuse, and adopt
some remedial measures, I am convinced that we can overcome the problem.
只要每个人都充分意识到青少年吸毒问题的严重性并采取有效措 施，我坚信我们一定能够克服这个问题。
3) Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be
communicated to another by means of speech.
一旦一个人的思想能够借助于语言传递给另一个人，知识便开始 增长了。
2. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由 where，wherever 引导
1) The human race should protect endangered animal species where the species
can be taken good care of.
人类应该在濒危动物可以得到良好照顾的地方保护他们
2) People have a sense of security where cameras are installed
在安装了摄像机的地方人们有安全感
3) Many workers are out of employment where computers are widely used.
在电脑广泛使用的地方，许多工人失业了。
3. 原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, seeing that, considering that…等
1) Riding a bike is physically beneficial because bicyclists burn excess fat while
riding.
骑单车对身体有益，因为骑单车可以消耗掉人多余脂肪。
2) Since obesity often affects more than one family member, making healthy
eating and regular exercise a family activity can improve the chances of successful
weight control for he child or adolescent.
由于肥胖问题常常影响不止一个家庭成员，把健康饮食和有规律 的运动当作家庭活动可以增加成功控制青少年体重
的机会。
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3) Deforestation should be stopped because it may lead to soil erosion and the
destruction of animal habitats.
应该停止砍伐树木， 因为毁林可能导致水土流失和动物栖息地遭 到破坏。
4. 结果状语从句
常用引导词：so…that…, to the degree that…. To the extent that…
1) Most animal experiments are done on animals so different from human beings
that data got from the experiments cannot apply to humans at all.
多数动物实验是在非常不同于人类的动物身上做的， 从这些试验 得到的数据根本不能用于人类身上。
2) Some teenagers are so blind that they are likely to emulate the behavior of
their idols that are sometimes negative role models.
有些青少年过于盲从，喜欢模仿偶像的行为与之，而有时候这些 偶像是一些负面榜样。
3) Insomnia and depression have been so prevalent that people begin to be aware of
the negative effects on their physical and mental health.
失眠和抑郁症变得非常普遍，人们开始意识到他们对身心健康的 负面影响。
5. 目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that…, in order that…, lest, in case 等。
1) Zoos preserve species from becoming extinct so that they can be reintroduced
into ecosystems.
动物园保护动物免于灭绝，以便他们可以重新进入生态系统。
2) Parents and children should have more emotional exchanges so that the
generation gap can be removed.
家长和孩子应该多进行感情交流，从而消除代沟。
3) Corporal punishment should be administered on children who behave badly
so that they will better understand where their fault is.
对表现不好的孩子应该实施体罚， 好让他们清楚自己错在哪里。
6. 条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless, as long as, on condition that…等
1) Just imagine how horrible the world would be if humans are the only creature in
the world.
想一想，如果人类是这世界上唯一的生物，这世界会变得多可怕。
2) Environmental degradation will accelerate if the increase in the global human
population is not slowed down.
如果全球人口增长速度不减缓， 环境恶化就讲加剧。
3) If we are to ensure that our children and grandchildren inherit a world that is
not altered for the worse by global warming, we must begin taking steps now to curb
global warming pollution.
如果我们要保证给予子孙后代留下一个为首全球气温上升负面影 响的世界的话，我们现在就应该采取措施减少全球气温上
升所带 来的污染问题。
7. 让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though..等
1) Although the traditional artists may not create commercial benefits, they can
enrich our spiritual life and civilize our society.
虽然传统艺术家们或许不能创造商业价值，他们可以丰富我们的 精神生活，让社会变得更文明。
2) Although the application of intelligent machines lowers the costs, reduces our
14
workload and improves efficiency, it gives rise to a serious unemployment problem.
尽管只能及其的广泛使用降低了成本，减轻了工作符合，提高了 工作效率，但同时也导致严重的事业问题。
3) Though nuclear technology has significant impacts on human civilization, we
shall never lose sight of its risks.
虽然核技术对人类文明产生了巨大的影响，我们却不能无视它的 危害性。
8. 方式状语从句
常用关系词：as, as if, how…等
1) It doesn't make sense for us to consider the matter of animal welfare the way we
consider human welfare.
我们用考虑人类福利同样的方式考虑动物福利问题并没有意义。
2) Just as we protect less able human beings, so we should safeguard the welfare
of other weaker species.
正如我们保护能力较弱的人一样，我们也应该保护较弱物种的福 利。
3) Meat eaters completely ignore the cruel fact of animal killing as if it never
existed.
肉食者完全忽略了屠杀动物的残酷事实，就仿佛他不存在似的。
9. 比较状语从句
常用引导词：as (同级比较)， than(不同程度的比较),
the more… the more…,
1) The more we know about the wildlife, the better we will live in the future.
对野生动植物界了解的越多，我们未来生活就会更好。
2) Breeding animals in zoos is more successful in the sense of animal protection
than leaving them in the wild
从保护动物的意义上说，在动物园中饲养动物比吧他们留在荒野 里更好。
3) Our future cities and habitats should be as advanced and comfortable as scientific
and social advances allow them.
我们未来的城市和栖息地应该在科学和社会进步容许的情况下尽 可能先进，舒适。
1.2.3 定语从句
定语从句在句中作定语， 修饰一个名词或代词。 被修饰的名词，词组或代词被称为先行词。 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由
关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等，而关系副词有：
when, where, why
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
1) Traditional schools offer cultural and sports activities that the home-schooled child
will miss out on.
传统学校提供一些文化和体育活动，这些是在家接受教育的小孩 所没有的。
2) Overpopulation and fresh water shortage are two thorny problems that people
are confronted with today.
人口过剩和淡水短缺是当今人们面临的两大棘手问题。
3） We should take pride in our cultural legacy handed from our ancestors, which
reflects our brilliant history and rich culture.
我们应该为祖先传下的文化遗产感到自豪，他们反映了我们璀璨 的历史和丰富的文化。
4) Endangered languages are languages that are slowly disappearing because of
technology and the desire for cultures to assimilate.
濒危语言指的是那些由于科技和文化的同化而慢慢消失的语言。
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5) Addiction is a brain disease that changes a person’s neurochemistry.
上瘾是一种改变人多饿神经系统的大脑疾病。
6) Those people who are against mandatory retirement have the following
reasons.
那些反对强制退休制度的人持有以下理由。
2．关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词代替的先行词是时间，地点或理由的名词，在从句中做状语。
关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于“介词+which”的结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用 /
that 代替关系副词
1) That is the reason why (for which) rich countries refuse to aid their poor
counterparts.
这就是为什么富国拒绝帮助穷国的理由。
2) We live in a country where (in which) people enjoy their legal rights.
我们生活在人们享有合法权利的国家。
3) It is highly likely to find a reason (that/why) we can tell a white lie.
很有可能找到我们撒小谎的理由
4) Excessive freedom (that/with which) parents provide their kids may do more
harm than good to the children and society as well
父母给孩子过多自有对孩子和社会带来的利可能大于弊。
1.3 非谓语动词
1.3.1 动词不定式
1.3.1.1 作主语
1. To send children to a boarding school helps cultivate independence and social
skills.
把小孩送到寄宿学校有助于培养独立性和交际能力。
2. To limit the use of computers by pupils in primary schools is to limit their access
to a powerful tool.
在小学，限制学生使用电脑，也就是限制他们获得一个功能强大 的工具。
3. To work and get paid is a well accepted social practice.
按劳取酬是众所周知的常理。
4. It is morally wrong to conduct experiments on live animals.
在活的动物身上做实验是不道德的。
5. It is ridiculous to encourage women to go home to be full-time housewives.
鼓励妇女回家做全职太太是荒唐的。
1.3.1.2 作定语
1. Government has a duty to protect the moral and physical health of their
citizens.
政府有义务保护公民的身心健康。
2. To encourage people to retire early is an effective means to ease the tension of
employment.
鼓励人们早点退休是减轻就业压力的有效方法。
3. Doing aerobic exercise is one of the effective ways to reduce weight.
做有氧运动是减肥的有效方法之一。
4. By engaging in educational pursuits in their spare time, they have the opportunity
16
 to develop themselves, to enlarge their horizons and to discover the pleasure of
doing things in a creative way.
通过增加在他们业余时间的教育，他们有机会去提高他们自己， 去开拓眼界，并且在创造性的活动中发现做事的乐
趣。
5. There are no relevant laws and regulations issued by the government to give
people restrictions.
政府没有相关的法律去约束人们的行为。
1.3.1.3 作状语
1. Our government should take feasible steps to preserve the brilliant culture and
history of the minority peoples.
我们的政府应该采取可行的措施来保护少数民族璀璨的文化和历 史。
2. Cameras are installed to ensure a safe living environment for people.
为了确保人民有个安全的居住环境，安装了摄相机。
3. To enjoy a long lifespan, one should lead a balanced life.
要想长寿，均衡的生活是必要的。
4. To solve the present serious situation, people think up various suggestions.
为了解决目前的严重问题，人们想出了各种各样的建议。
5. To correct this human feeling, some people advocate that one should wear
comfortable clothes which are in line with one’s present taste.
要纠正这些人的观念，有些人认为，应穿舒适的衣服以符合个人 的品味。

1.3.1.4 作宾语
1. Art funding helps to preserve and carry forward the traditional arts.
艺术资助有助于保护和弘扬传统艺术。
2. Some cities manage to ease the pressure of heavy traffic by restricting private
cars and developing public transportation.
一些城市通过限制私家车和发展公共交通来缓解沉重的交通压 力。
3. Censoring the Internet means to limit the accessibility of information and restrict
global communication.
对互联网的审查意味着限制信息的获得和全球性的交流。
4. First of all, I hold that, with the progress of the process of globalization,
people of different races and who believe in different religions may learn to
give understanding to one another and to exercise universal tolerance.
第一，我希望随着全球化过程的进展，不同种类、不同信仰的人 能够学会理解彼此、包容对方。
5. When people choose to follow the customs of their adopted country, they may
find that it helps them to adapt more quickly to the new society.
当人们选择遵从他们移入国家的风俗习惯时，他们可能会觉得这 样有助于更快地适应新的社会。

1.3.1.5 作表语
1. The best way to prevent crime in the short run is to lock up the offenders.
短期内有效预防犯罪的最好方法是把违法者关起来。
2. One of the main responsibilities of any government is to ensure the safety of its
population.
17
 政府的一个主要职责就是确保人民的安全。
3. The main reason to be a vegetarian is to reduce animal suffering.
成为素食者的主要原因是减少动物遭受的痛苦。
4. The only way to improve the safety on the roads is to give much stricter
punishments for driving offences.
改善公路安全的唯一办法是更严厉的惩罚违规行为。
5. We should be clear that the basic function of clothing is to keep us warm and
comfortable.
我们应该清楚衣服的基本功能是让我们温暖和舒适。
1.3.2 动名词
1.3.2.1 作主语
1. Eating meat also increase the risk of heart disease.
吃肉也增加了得心脏病的危险。
2. Protecting and preserving endangered species has become a popular topic within
the last several years.
在过去几年里，保护濒危物种成了个热门话题。
3. Developing positive feelings about pets can contribute to a child’s self-esteem
and self-confidence.
培养（小孩）对宠物的同情心有助于小孩自尊和自信的形成。
4. Being able to identify potential criminal behavior is vital for prevention and
intervention.
辨认出潜在的犯罪行为对于预防和干预是至关重要的。
5. Encouraging physical activity in the young through compulsory PE fights child
obesity and contributes to forming lifelong habits of exercise.
通过强制性的体育课鼓励年轻人参与体育运动，这有助于减少儿 童肥胖症问题并有助于养成终身的锻炼习惯。
1.3.2.2 作定语
1. If you wish to improve your IELTS writing ability, you are advised to do
more writing and reading practice.
如果你想提高雅思写作能力，建议你多做写作和阅读的练习。
2. A nursing house can provide better living condition and professional care and
treatment.
敬老院提供较好的居住条件和专业的照料和治疗。
3. From my point of view, the main reason of scarcity of water resource is the rapid
population growth, especially in developing countries.
在我看来，水资源缺乏的主要原因是人口的迅速增长，尤其是在 发展中国家。
4. Some people suggest moving large companies and factories with their
employees to the countryside could solve traffic and housing problems in
major cities.
有些人建议大公司和工厂以及他们的员工转移到乡下就可以解决 大城市的交通和住房问题。
5. The survival of traditional technology and methods does not mean that they
linger on in a steadily worsening condition.
现存的传统技术方法并没有每况愈下。
1.3.2.3 作宾语
1. Going vegetarian means massively reducing the risk of contracting food-borne
18
 disease.
吃素意味着大幅减少感染由食物传播的疾病的可能性。
2. Some people advocate limiting the use of computers in classes.
有些人主张应该限制电脑在课程里的使用。
3. Dams play an important role in detaining the surface rain water flowing from
the mountains and would prevent the loss of rainwater straight into the sea.
大坝在截流从山脉流下的地表水方面起着重要作用，它将防止雨 水直接流海里造成流失。
4. Yet the “healthy” in question refers to being at the same time mentally and
physically healthy.
在这里，“健康”的含义是指身体和心理都健康。
5. No chance to discover the courage you have within to accept defeat but never
stop trying.
没有机会发现你内心面对失败永不放弃的勇气有多大。
1.3.2.4 作表语
1. Another solution to the environment problem is banning disposable product.
解决环境问题的另一个方法是禁止一次性产品。
2. The main task of a responsible government is eliminating poverty, disease and
illiteracy.
负责任的政府的主要任务是消除贫困、疾病和文盲。
3. In the first case, that of people who dislike change, a dependency on routines
and habits can provide a sense of security and convenience, but it can also be
limiting.
第一种人不喜欢改变，依赖例行工作与习惯带给他们安全感与便 利，但这样也有所限制。
4. In this rapidly changing world, it is sometimes reassuring to have a schedule to
follow.
在这个快速变迁的世界中，有时预先知道要做什么事情会让人安 心。
5. Love is time-consuming and tears students away from learning.
谈恋爱很浪费时间，而且会令学生分心。

1.3.3 现在分词
1.3.3.1 作定语（单独的现在分词通常置于它所修饰的名词前，过去分词短语常置于它所修饰的名词之后。它相当于一个定语从
句，但较从句简洁，因此多用于书面语中，与普通形容词功能相同，都对名词起修饰作用）
1. A pressing issue troubling our government is that a growing number of
teenagers take drugs.
困扰我们政府的迫切问题是越来越多的青少年吸毒。
2. The deteriorating environment has drawn the public attention.
日益恶化的环境已经引起人们的广泛关注。
3. Too many tourists flooding the tourist attractions pose potential threat to the
conservation of cultural relics.
太多游客涌入旅游景点对文物的保护构成潜在的威胁。
4. Censorship should be imposed on the media that give misleading and cheating
messages.
对发出误导性和欺骗性信息的媒体应该实施新闻审查。
5. The alarming increase of people’s enthusiasm of learning English accounts
19
 mainly for this issue.
人们对英语学习热情的急剧增加占据了主要原因。
1.3.3.2 作表语
1. The fact that many animals are tortured by humans for pleasure is disgusting.
许多动物被人们折磨取乐的事实令人恶心。
2. Surfing the Internet is time-consuming.
网上冲浪耗费时间。
3. Some TV programs are misleading and corrupting.
有些电视节目是误导人和堕落的。
4. The Internet is culturally damaging.
互联网对文化有伤害。
5. The fact that a number of aboriginal languages are on the brink of extinction
is astonishing.
许多土著语言处于濒危状态的事实令人吃惊。
1.3.3.3 作状语（现在分词短语通常表示原因、时间、伴随性动作、条件或结果。除表示伴随性动作时分词短语起到平行谓语的
陪衬作用外，其它分词情况都可把它们视为一个从句。）
1. Taking into account all the factors, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion
that mandatory retirement is totally unacceptable.
考虑所有因素之后，我们可以得出结论：强制退休制度完全不可 接受。
2. Lacking money, many eligible children drop out of school and become
beggars.
由于缺乏钱，许多适龄儿童辍学了，并成了乞丐。
3. Serving in the army, females can develop independence, self-confidence,
self-respect and self-reliance.
在部队服役，女性能够培养独立、自信、自尊和自立。
4. Modern zoos can also function as a sanctuary for endangered animals,
therefore helping maintain ecosystems.
现代动物园还能够成为那些濒临灭绝的动物的一个避难所，从而 保护生态系统。
5. As more and more cars are produced and run into the street, a large volume of
poisonous gas will be given off, polluting the atmosphere and causing actual
harm to the health of people.
随着汽车的大量生产，行驶在大街上的汽车也会越来越多
1.3.4 过去分词
1.3.4.1 作定语（单独的过去分词通常置于它所修饰的名词前，过去分词短语常置于它所修饰的名词之后。它相当于一个定语从
句，但较从句简洁，因此多用于书面语中）
1. Many retired people can still contribute to the society with their rich experience.
许多退休老人还能用他们丰富的经验为社会作贡献。
2. We shall bring into full play the talents of returned students.
我们应该充分发挥归国留学生的才干。
3. Many drivers are penalized according to the newly issued regulation.
依据新颁布的规定，许多司机被处罚。
4. Currently, the progress made by scientists who have dedicated much time and
energy to this research has demonstrated this point clearly.
以现在来看，在这项研究上投入了大量的时间和精力的科学家们 取得的进展已经清楚地证实了这一点。
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5. We can find metal tins, plastic bags and all kinds of packages thrown away
everywhere.
我们可以看到易拉罐、塑料袋和各种包裹被随意地扔在四周。
1.3.4.2 作表语
1. Our natural energy will soon be exhausted if we pay no attention to the
conservation of it.
如果不重视自然资源的保护，它将很快被耗尽。
2. Under great pressure, many white collar workers feel depressed.
在重压之下，许多白领感到沮丧。
3. For example, in some third world countries traffic systems are not so developed:
roads are narrow and rough.
例如，在一些第三世界国家交通系统并不是很发达。
4. People who oppose the changes hold that some long-cherished precious traditions
are lost with the changes of customs and habits such as the above-mentioned
examples.
反对这些改变的人认为，一些被珍视已久的宝贵传统会随着上述 例子中风俗习惯的改变而被遗弃。
5. Furthermore, these people are worried that changes of customs and habits
imply the betrayal of our forefather, our past, and our history.
此外，这些人担心风俗习惯的改变意味着对我们祖先、过去和历 史的背叛。
1.3.4.3 作状语
1. If asked to make a choice, I would not hesitate to side with the latter view of
several strong reasons.
如果要我选择的话，我将基于几点理由毫不犹豫地支持后者的观 点。
2. Kept in zoos, some rare animals can enjoy better living conditions and
professional care.
在动物园里，稀有动物可以享受到更好的居住环境和专业的照料。
3. Deeply influenced by excessive violence and pornography on the Internet,
some teenagers go astray.
由于深受大量网络色情和暴力的影响，有些青少年误入歧途。
4. Given our different circumstances, it is not surprising that we are so different
from the previous generation.
如果考虑到我们与父母之间的差异，那么我们这一代和上一代大 不相同就没什么好惊讶的了。
5. Compared with people holding the former attitude, the latter has their own
disadvantages, such as the same old routine work and narrow horizon.
相对而言，人们支持前者的观点，认为后者有不少缺点。比如说， 同样的工作和有限的能力。

1.4 虚拟语气
虚拟语气是说话者表示愿望、假想或建议的一种动词形式，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实或与事实相反。
1.4.1 If 引导的非真实条件句
1. If I were preparing to take my first trip abroad on my own, the advice of
others who have already experienced such a trip could only help me.
如果我初次要准备自己出国旅行，那么有类似出国旅行经验的人 所提供的建议对我就很有帮助。
2. However, it would have been better if nuclear technology had never been used
to create nuclear weapons.
21
 然而，世界原本可以更美好，如果人类从未使用核技术制造核武 器。
3. If I were a writer, I should write detective stories.
如果我是个作家，我就写侦探小说。
4. I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s
examination.
如果我在昨天考试时有更多的时间，我就会把考卷再检查一遍了。
5. He would have already recovered from his illness if he had been the doctor in
good time.
如果他及时去找大夫看病，那么他就已经恢复健康了。

1.4.2 虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用
1. He speaks English so well as if he had studied English in England.
他的英语讲得非常好，好像他在英国学习过似的。
2. Even though he were here, he would not help us.
尽管他在这里，他也不会帮助我们。
3. If it weren’t for me, she’d have taken the wrong path a long time ago.
要不是我，她早就走上邪路了。
4. If we left now, we should arrive in good time.
如果我们现在就走的话，我们就会及时到达。
5. He speaks it as if he had seen it himself.
他说起那件事来好像他亲眼见过一样。
1.4.3 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用
1. In addition, I suggest more restricted smoking areas be planned so as not to
violate non-smokers’ rights.
另外，我的建议是应该有计划地限定吸烟区域，从而维护不吸烟 者的权益。
2. Children wish every day were a New Year’s Day.
孩子们希望天天过年。
3. They proposed that the issue should be discussed in a week.
他们建议这个议题一周后讨论。
4. He requested that the Premier grant him an interview.
他要求总理答应给他一次采访机会。
5. Mother insisted that Jennie send her to dancing-school.
母亲坚持要珍妮送她上舞蹈学校。

第二章 写作词汇突破
2．1 记忆词汇拓展思路
雅思考生可以利用不同的角度记词汇，同时也可以积累自己的观点: One stone kills two birds.
一． 经济的角度
1. 浪费, 奢侈
costly /dear/expensive/luxurious 昂贵的/花费的 economize 节约, 节省, 有效地利用
extravagant 奢侈的 money-consuming 花费时间的 precious /valuable 宝贵的, 贵重的
22
waste 废物, 浪费, 垃圾 adj.荒芜的 vt.浪费 wealthy 富有的, 丰裕的, 充分的
2. 贫困,
economic difficulty/pressure/problem 经济困难/ 压力/问题 impoverish.使贫穷
impoverished 穷困的 impoverishment 穷困 poor/needy 贫困 poverty 贫穷, 贫乏
3. 缺乏
be short of =run out of =shortage of 缺乏 insufficient 不够的
lack n.缺乏, 短缺的东西 vt.缺乏, 没有, 需要 vi.缺乏, 没有
scarcity n.缺乏,scarcity of budgetary resources/labor 预算经费短缺/劳动力不足
4. 资金、财产
a tight budget 预算紧张 financial 财政的, 金融的 financial aid/ burden 经济援助/负担
foreign currency 外汇 hard-earned money 辛苦挣来的钱 income 收入 invest v.投资
limited public funds 有限的公共资金 revenue/ taxpayer’s money 财政税收
5. 消费、开支
consumer goods 消费品 consumption 消费 expenditure 支出 necessity 必要性, 必需品
6. 贫民、下岗人员
beggar eligible 合格的 homeless jobless laid-off 下岗人员
7. 困境、福利
charity hospital 慈善医院 disease 疾病 healthcare 医疗保健 hunger/starvation 饥饿
miserable 痛苦的, 悲惨的 nursing house/home 养老院 welfare n.福利, 安宁, 幸福
shelter n.掩蔽处, 身避处, 掩蔽, 保护, 庇护所, 掩体 v.掩蔽, 躲避
角度词汇的应用(Translate the following into Chinese)
1. Some people are strongly against space research because they think it is an
extravagant and wasteful project for developing countries.
2. Many people are struggling at the poverty line, lacking food and shelter. Why
not use the limited public funds to help them alleviate poverty?
3.The primary responsibility of a government is to help its people eliminate poverty,
diseases and illiteracy.
4.The development of tourism creates many job opportunities and great amounts of
foreign currency.
5.Playing computer games all day lavishes parents’ hard-earned money.
6.Art funding is a luxurious practice to many developing countries.
7.Improving people’s welfare is the government’s obligation.
8.The construction of stadiums and theaters squanders the government’s tight
budget.
9.It is a luxurious dream for children in the poverty-stricken area to receive formal
education.
10.Net-surfing is a costly hobby.
11.Preservation of endangered species is a great economic burden on the developing
nations.
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12. Hosting the Olympic Games can increase the government revenue and create
more employment.
13.A private car is a luxury to many destitute families.
14. Sending children to study abroad is a heavy financial burden on many families.
15.The development of space exploration lavishes the limited public funds.
16.College students’ taking part-time jobs helps ease the financial burden of their
parents.
17.It is a great economic burden for a government with a tight budget to subsidize
artists and drama companies, which lavishes taxpayers’ money.
18.Legalization of gambling can bring the government a great amount of foreign
currency and at the same time create a considerable number of employment
opport_unities.
二、时间的角度
1. 浪费、占用时间
a timefiller 消磨时光的事物 be wasteful of time /consume/ kill/pass time 消磨时光
limited time mess around 浪费时间 occupy/take up time 占用时间
precious time 宝贵的时间 squeeze time 挤时间、
2. 吸引、诱人
allure/attract/capture/catch 吸引 attractive 有魅力的 distract 转移 distract --- from
3. 上瘾、沉迷
abandon 放弃, 遗弃 abandon oneself to 沉迷于 resist 抵抗 temptation 诱惑, 诱惑物
4. 自控、节制
control n.控制, 支配, 管理, 调节, 抑制 vt.控制, 支配, 操纵, 抑制
discipline n.纪律, 学科 v.训练
mature adj.成熟的, 到期的, 充分考虑的 immature adj.不成熟的, 未完全发展的
5. 学习、逃课
academic performance 学习成绩 discontinue one's education 辍 efficiency 效率, 功效
misleading 易误解的, 令人误解的 play truant /skip classes/schools 逃学/逃课
productivity .生产力 rewarding adj.报答的, 有益的, 值得的

角度词汇应用(Tanslate the following into Chinese)

1. Playing PC games is a time-consuming hobby that occupies students’ precious
time.
2. Net chatting dissipates our precious time that should be spent on study.
3. Computer games are so alluring that many children abandon themselves to playing
them.
4.Doing a part-time job takes up students’ valuable time and therefore affects their
study.
5. Pet-raising lavishes a great amount of time.

24
6. Some children lack adequate self-control and self-discipline, so that they revel in
online games and chatting all day.
7. In order to earn some money by taking up a part-time job, some students even skip
classes and hence their academic performance is seriously affected.
8. Some of the students are immature and curious, so they can hardly resist the
temptation and indulge in net surfing.
9. TV helps people to kill time and drive off their loneliness.
10.Children are not encouraged to keep pets because pet-raising is a time-consuming
hobby and children are likely to be diverted from their study.
11. Soap opera is a timefiller.
12.Students should be taught to refrain themselves from chatting online because their
sole task is study.
13.Those who wallow in the Internet tend to lead an indolent life.
14. Some TV programs are so tempting and distracting that many children can hardly
focus on their study.
15.We should do away with some bad habits and take part in some rewarding
activities.
三、健康的角度
1. 疾病
acute/chronic/epidemic diseases 急性/慢性/流行疾 depression n.沮丧, 消沉, 抑郁症
hypertension n.高血压 allergy n.敏感症 diabetes n.糖尿病, 多尿症 stroke 中风
tumor 瘤 tuberculosiss n.肺结核 eye irritation 眼睛发炎 coronary heart disease 冠心病
hydrophobia/rabies n.狂犬病, 恐水病
2. 各种症状
headaches indigestion 消化不良 muscle aches 肌肉疼痛 near-sighted 近视
overweight /obesity 肥胖 sore throat 咽喉痛 symptom 症状 tiredness 疲劳, 疲倦
3. 有害的不良习惯
cancer-causing 致癌的 convenience food 方便食品 oily 油的, 油滑的 passive 被动的
damage/harm vt/n 伤害, 损害 harmful/detrimental 有害的, 伤害的 pressure 压力
psychological 心理的
4. 细菌、病毒
bacteria n.细菌 exhaust 尾气 radiation 辐射 poisonous/toxic gas/fume 有毒气体
virus 病毒 excessive intake 过量摄入
5. 健康的生活方式
balanced/vegetarian diet 均衡/素食的饮食 energetic/vigorous 精力旺盛的 exercise jog 慢跑 lose
weight aerobic exercise 有氧运动 be immune to 免疫的 life expectancy 预期寿命
6. 治疗、药物
cure v. 治 愈 , 治 疗 medical medical care 医 疗 medical treatment 医 疗 prevention 预 防
treatment 治疗 eradicade 根除， 消灭 nutritious 有营养成分的 pain killer, vitamin C
角度词汇的应用(Translate the following into Chinese)

25
1.Eating too much fast food is physically damaging, for fast food contains too much
fat, sugar and calorie.
2. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
3. In order to stay healthier, we should reduce the intake of fat, sugar and calorie.
4. Smoking is particularly dangerous for teens because their bodies are still
developing and changing and the 4,000 chemicals (including 200 known poisons) in
cigarette smoke can adversely（负面地） affect this process.
5.Smoking endangers one’s health because tobacco contains many cancer-causing
agents（致癌物质） such as nicotine and tar(焦油).
6. Meat is a good source of protein, iron, vitamins and minerals.
7. There are significant health benefits to 'going veggie'; a vegetarian diet contains
high quantities of fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and is low in fat.
8. The best way to lose weight is to reduce the number of calories being eaten and to
increase the level of physical activity.
9.The causes of obesity are complex and include genetic, biological, behavioral and
cultural factors.
10. High cholesterol（高胆固醇） or a high intake of fat can be extremely harmful, leading
to heart disease, obesity, and other conditions
11. The rubbish problem poses potential risks to people’s health because trash
contains all kinds of germs and viruses（细菌和病毒） and transmits a number of epidemic
diseases（流行性疾病）.
12. Private cars should be restricted because cars emit toxic（有毒的） gases that contain
many known carcinogens（致癌物）.
13. Due to the deteriorating environment, many city dwellers suffer from some
respiratory problems such as a sore throat, bronchitis, asthma and even develop lung
cancer.
14. Physical exercise helps people to ease their mental strain.
15. Moderate diet and rest, good cheer, and regular physical exercises are the best
doctors.
16. Prevention is better than cure.
17. We should do away with bad living habits such as excessive drinking and
smoking and overeating.
18. Stress is affecting one’s health, behavior, thoughts and feelings.
19.Some health problems that may be caused by stress are as follows: diarrhea,
nausea, indigestion, constipation, hypertension, heart disease and asthma.(腹泻，恶心，消
化不良，便秘，高血压，心脏病和哮喘)
20.Overindulgence in computer games contributes to myopia and obesity（近视和肥胖）.

26
四、情感的角度
1. 热情的、可靠的
cheerful devoted 投入于, 献身 emotion 情感, 感情 energetic enthusiasm.热心, 积极性, 激发
faithful/loyal/sincere 守信的,可靠的 friendly，hopeful，stable，warm-hearted, refreshing
2. 孤僻、冷漠、焦虑
anxiety 忧 虑 apathetic/indifferent 冷 漠 diffident 缺 乏 自 信 的 frustrate 挫 败 hopeless ，
pessimistic 悲观的, 厌世的 introverted 性格内向的 isolated .隔离的,孤立的 inhospitable, unsociable
3. 虐待、疏远、遗弃
abuse n. 滥用, 虐待, 弊端 v.滥用, 虐待 maltreat 虐待 extra marital affair 婚外恋 gap 隔阂
desert 遗 弃 abandoned/deserted 遗 弃 的 distance 疏 远 divorce 离 婚 isolate 隔 离
ignore/neglect 忽视 alienate – from 使-----疏远 misunderstanding
4. 残酷的、好斗
conflict 冲突 dispute 争议 hatred/resentment 怨恨, 愤恨 hostile 敌对的 tension 紧张
5. 鼓励、安慰、亲近
comfort friendship goodwill romantic
角度词汇的应用(Translate the following into Chinese)
1. TV and the Internet distance a person from his/her friends, because people
nowadays lack adequate（足够的） face-to-face communication with their peers.
2. Those who indulge in the Internet often feel isolated and being cut off fromthe
outside world;gradually they tend to become more introverted withdrawn(自闭)。
3. The development of international tourism may contribute to greater tension
between nations.
4.Full-time housewives often feel isolated, depressed and frustrated.
5. Corporal punishment is emotionally detrimental, which alienates parents from their
children.
6. For lack of adequate knowledge of the local customs and traditions, some disputes
may arise when tourists communicate with the locals.
7.It is reported that some overseas students cannot adapt to the local life and commit
suicide due to depression(情绪低落).
8.Tourism creates resentment and antagonism （ 憎 恨 和 对 抗 ） because of the dramatic
differences in wealth.
9.If old people are sent to live in a nursing house, they tend to feel useless, deserted
by their family and hopeless.
10.Many young people are obsessed with （ 陶 醉 于 ） emotional exchanges with their
imaginary（虚拟世界的）friends in the virtual world.
11.Those who receive education through tele-education lack many essential （必 要的 ）
interpersonal skills and tend to be self-centered and introverted.
12.Indulgence in the Internet gives rise to resentment and hostility.

27
13.The Olympic Games can promote international goodwill, enhance mutual under-
standing between nations and maintain world peace.
14. Through traveling, people with different racial and political backgrounds get to
know each other better, thus removing misunderstanding and prejudice.
15.Telecommuting（在家上班） creates a sense of isolation(疏远感) among individuals and
telecommuters may become indifferent to others and lack a strong team spirit.
16. People are so addicted to (沉醉于) net surfing that they often neglect the emotional
needs of their family members; as a result, the resentment and hatred arise.
17. Due to the superiority complex(优越感 ), tourists more often than not look down on
the local people, which may sometimes give rise to hostility.
18.Sending a child to a nursery at an early age is emotionally harmful, because the
child who lacks proper parental care and love tends to feel isolated and depressed.
19.For lack of emotional exchanges, misunderstanding arises and sometimes leads to
the breakup of a family.
20. People should be encouraged to share their joys and sorrows at the diner table no
matter how busy they are. In fact, diner time is a perfect period for communication.
五、智力与教育的角度
1. 聪明、机灵的
ability of expression 表达能力 clever/creative/genius/ intelligent 聪明、机灵的
faculty 才能 insight 洞察力 mental growth 智力发展 nature 天性
talent talented 有才能的 wisdom
2. 笨的、平庸的
clumsy/dull 笨拙/迟钝的 impractical narrow-minded technology-dependent
fantastic 幻想的,荒谬的, 空想的 ridiculous 荒谬的, 可笑的 illogical 不合逻辑的, 不合理的
3. 培养、发挥、开发
appreciate 赏识, 感激 cultivate 培养 experience experienced explore 开发
promote 促进, 发扬, 提升 stimulate vt.刺激, 激励 bring into full play the talents 发挥才干
4. 创新的、想象
association 联想 creativity/originality 创造力/创意 imagination 想象力 shrewd 精明的
individuality 个性(通常用复数) instructive 有益的, 教育性的 observation 观察力
literacy 有文化，有教养 observation passion 激情, 热情 sophisticated 久经世故的,
5. 知识、观点、能力
a book worm 书虫 quality education 素质教育 talent 天才 computer literacy 电脑知识
learned person 知识渊博的人 survival ability 生存能力 thinking pattern 思维模式
角度词汇的应用(Translate the following into Chinese)
1.Amount of time children watch TV, regardless of content, should be moderated
because it decreases time spent on more beneficial activities such as reading,
playing with friends, and developing hobbies.
2.Television can exert strong influence in the area of learning and cognitive
development.

28
3.Television is harmful to children because it creates passivity(消极行为) and
presents a false picture of reality(虚假的现实).
4.A child who often indulges in TV doesn’t know the difference between
reality and fantasy(现实和虚幻).
5.Numerous studies demonstrate a strong link between an increase in TV
watching and a decline in reading achievement.
6.Giving pocket money to children helps develop a correct sense of responsibi- lity.
7.With too much pocket money,children are likely to foster a money-oriented men-
tality(拜金主义思想).
8．Competition builds character; it strengthens our self-esteem.
9.Children can develop a strong sense of responsibility during the competitive sports
10. Learning at home encourages children to live an indolent life( 懒 惰 的 生
活) with lax discipline（纪律松散）.
11.Through a gap year, you will develop a broader mind, a wider understanding
of the world around you, better social skills, improved self-confidence and
you will be more adaptable.
12.The merits of overseas study include greater global awareness,language learn-ing,
cross-cultural communication, enhanced independence, improved self-confi-dence an
d adaptability(适应).
13.While taking a part-time job, one will better identify his/her career inter_est and go
als, which will help him/her make a wiser choice of future career.
14.Since students are in their formative years,social contacts may expose them to
social ills at an age when they can hardly differentiate virtue from evil.
15. Military service helps one cultivate a strong sense of independence, self-
confidence and accomplishment.
16. Studying in a boarding school, children learn to cooperate and compromise
and master interpersonal skills needed for future success.
17. Some children are so naïve and sequacious that they tend to emulate their
idols who are sometimes negative role models.
18. Since some children lack adequate self-control and self-discipline, they
cannot resist the temptation of drugs and fall victims to drug-dealers.
19. Too much TV viewing is intellectually damaging; in other words, it kills
creativity and imagination.
六、心理的角度
1. 自大的、好斗的
aggressive 好斗的, 敢作敢为的, 有闯劲的, 侵略性的 arrogant 傲慢的, 自大的
self-centered self-proud ambitious 有雄心的, 野心勃勃的 snobbish 势利的

29
2. 胆小的、抑郁的 depressed diffident innocent 天真无知的 timid/chicken-hearted
3. 合群的、孤僻的
liberal/broad-minded 豁达的 out-going/sociable/extroverted 外向的 introverted 内向的
monomania 自闭症 unsociable lonely/solitary 孤独的
4．理性的、不切实际的，变态的，疯狂的
crazy 疯狂的 reasonable/rational 理性的 egocentric/sef-centered 自我中心的, 利己主义的
envious 嫉妒的, 羡慕的 contented 满足的, 心安的 abnormal 反常的, 变态的 idealize 理想化
impractical /unrealistic 不切实际的 optimism n.乐观, 乐观主义 nervous breakdown 神经失常
6．烦躁的、窘迫的
embarrassing embarrassed frustrated 失败的, 落空的 indifferent nervous
irritable .易怒的, 急躁的 moody 喜怒无常的, 忧悒的 nervous 神经紧张的, 不安的
角度词汇的应用(Translate the following into Chinese)
1.Children who are addicted to the Internet tend to be introverted,unsociable
and even indifferent.
2. Corporal punishment makes a child diffident, withdrawn and pessimistic.
3. For lack of contact with the outside world, some people become introverted , isolat
ed and eccentric.
4.Studying abroad, some students cannot adapt to the local life, feel very lone_ly and
homesick and even want to commit suicide.
5. Nowadays children tend to become self-centered and arrogant.
6. Tele-education results in a series of psychological problems such as with- drawn
（性格内向的）, anxiety and depression.
7. Under great pressure, people suffer from insomnia, anxiety, and depression.
8.Living in a nursing house, old people feel lonely, helpless and deserted by
their children.
9. If students are encouraged to criticize and evaluate their teachers, they
will become very arrogant and disrespectful.
10. Full-time housewives sometimes feel isolated and moody for lack of communi-
cation with the outside world.
七、权利的角度
1. 禁止、限制、剥夺
abolish/do away with vt.废止, 废除 (法律、制度、习俗等)
ban /forbid /prohibit vt.禁止, 阻止 deprive vt.剥夺 limit/restrict vt 限制
2. 侵犯、干涉
interfere 干涉 invade /violate/exceed/transgress the law 违反 brazen infringement 公然的侵犯
3.权利、平等、自由
deprive sb of one's ----剥夺------
civil right 民权 copyright 版权 human rights justice 正义 legal liberation liberty equality
fair and square =fair-minded= rightful 公正的 humanistic 人道的 inviolable 神圣的, 不可亵渎的,
不可侵犯的 right of subsistence 生存权 enjoy the freedom /privacy 享受自由/个人空间
30
4. 歧视，偏见
discrimination 歧 视 sexual discrimination distortion 扭 曲 political constraint 政 治 压 力
humiliating 羞辱的 unprejudiced 无偏见的 agism 年龄歧视 handicapism 残疾歧视 sexism 性别歧视
5. 新闻封锁，死刑，安乐死
censorship 审查机构, 审查制度 blockout 新闻封锁 monopoly 垄断 death penalty/capital/death
sentence/execution 死刑， penalty/punishment 惩罚 military service euthanasia 安乐死

角度词汇的应用(Translate the following into Chinese)

1.Why I do not support having the death penalty is that it violates the right
of subsistence.
2.The death penalty is a cruel and barbaric practice that must be eliminated
from today’s society.
3. Abortion is a cruel and unusual practice that must be done away with.
4.The installation of cameras in public places is a brazen infringement of one's
privacy and limits freedom.
5. Encouraging females to go back home to be full-time housewives is a very ri-
diculous idea which deprives women of their basic right to work,and is a sort
of sexual discrimination(性别歧视).
6.Animal testing is a cruel and uncivilized practice that robs animals of theirright of s
ubsistence.
7. Mandatory retirement is a brazen infringement on one’s right to work.
8. Censorship deprives us of the right to know the truth.
9. Corporal punishment violates children’s human rights and affects their phy-sical an
d mental health.
10.The legalization of euthanasia respects one’s right to choose when and how
to die with dignity.
八、环保的角度
1. 垃圾、废物
chemical-waste 化工废料 garbage/junk/refuse /rubbish /trash/litter 垃圾 landfill 垃圾掩埋
2. 肮脏、污染
antiseptic 防腐的 n.防腐剂, 杀菌剂 dust 灰尘 food /light /noise /soil /water body pollution
messy 脏乱的 chemical substance 化学物质 dirty/filthy 肮脏 emit radiation 排放辐射 pesticide
wastewater acid rain 酸雨 contaminate 污染 disposable products 一次性产品 smelly 发臭的
3. 生态、环保
Anthropologist 人类学家 beautification 美化 biodegradable .生物所能分解的 biology bioshere
circumstance, cityscape 都市风景 condition, conserve 保存, 保藏 convenient, durable 耐用的
ecological balance 生 态 平 衡 endangered species/rare animals/wild life 野 生 动 物
environmentalist 环 境 保 护 论 者 environmentally friendly 环 exist ， food chain 食 物 链
globalization 全球化 picturesque 迷人的 preserve recycle surroundings survive system
ventilation .通风, 净化 vegetation 植被

31
4. 生态灾难、恶果
Be exhausted avalanche 雪 崩 blameworthy 该 受 责 备 的 , 应 受 谴 责 的 cancer-causing agent
desertification 沙漠化 deteriorate /worsen v.(使)恶化 die out/become extinct 灭绝
energy shortage irreparable 不能挽回的 landscape 风景 landslip 塌方 poisonous，ruin/spoil
soil erosion 水土流失 traffic jam unbearable 无法忍受的 vicious cycle 恶性循环
角度词汇的应用(Translate the following into Chinese)
1. In the process of urbanization, deforestation and land clearing are
very common, which damage the natural habits of flora and fauna(动植物的自然栖息地).
2.Habitat destruction makes many species of animals become homeless and become
endangered.
3.The disappearance of some species breaks the ecological balance because the
food web is destroyed.
4. Many private cars emit toxic gases which contain many chemical substances
that are carcinogens.
5. Deforestation leads to soil erosion and desertification.
6. One third of all waste produced is made up of packaging materials.
7.What we are doing now is wasteful of resources and unfriendly to the environ-ment.
8.Much tillable land has been used as landfills to bury the increasing rubbish ,a huge a
mount of which is not biodegradable. That is to say, rubbish of many
kinds will remain the same in the soil for a long period of time.
9. Many incinerators have been set up to burn the appalling amount of waste.
They produce a lot of poisonous gases while disposing of the waste produced
by us human beings.
10. Litter collection and disposal waste a huge amount of taxpayers'hard-earned
money.
11.The industrial waste is dumped into rivers without being filtered,thus
contaminating the rivers and bringing great harm to the residents nearby.
九、文化与传统的角度
1.语言，文化，传统
artistic 艺术的 bilingual 双语的 civilization culture dialect 方言
diverse 不同的 dominant 占优势的, 支配的 language minority 少数民族 value
2. 祖先、考古、遗留
ancestor 祖先 ancient .远古的 traditional 传统的 treasure n. .财宝 vt, 珍惜,珍藏
3. 同化、吸收、破坏
absor/assimilate 同化、吸收 damage destroy keep ruin
4. 灭绝消失、过时的
die in danger language loss old-fashion out-of-date vanish 消失
5. 丰富的、无价的
abundant 丰富的 brilliant 灿烂的 diversity 差异, 多样性 instructive 有益的, 教育性的 invaluable 无价

32
的, 价值无法衡量的 popular splendid 壮丽的, 辉煌的 unique 唯一的, 独特的
6. 保护、发扬、继承
cultivate vt.培养, 耕作 reservation n.保留 spread 发扬 transform vt.改变, 改造 transmit 传播
7. 民族特性、归属感
national cohesion/identity/pride/unity 民族的凝聚力/特性/自豪感/团结 collectivism 集体主义思想
a sense of belonging/pride 归属感/自豪感 cradle of culture 文化摇篮 historic relics 历史文物
8. 传统艺术形式
cross-talk/comic dialogue 相声 embroidery 刺绣（品） folk art 民间艺术 handicraft 手工艺
opera 歌剧 paper-cutting 剪纸 puppet show 木偶剧 sculpture 雕塑 wood carving 木雕
角度词汇的应用(Translate the following into Chinese)
1. The widespread use of English and the booming international tourism
exert some adverse effects on the aboriginal culture and minority languages to some e
xtent.
2.Globalization poses potential risks to the preservation of aboriginal cultureand langu
age, because we know cross-cultural communication is becoming increa-
singly frequent and cultural assimilation and penetration is inevitable.
3.The Internet produces profound influence on people’s lifestyle and value systems.
4.It is of great significance for a government to
make efforts to conserve endangered culture and language.
5.The tourist industry has played a positive role in meeting the cultural needsof the pu
blic, carrying forward national culture and achieving the sustainable
development of resources(实现资源的可持续发展).
6.Tourism helps to better introduce the country to foreigners and showcase （ 展 现 ） the
brilliant history and culture to the outside world.
7. Tourism contributes to the revival of customs and traditions.
8. Tourism helps to preserve the city’s historical and cultural heritage.
9. Too many tourists flooding the tourist attractions also pose potential risks to the pre
servation of cultural relics.
10.Contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniqueness
of one‘s own culture and make the world less colorful than before.
11. Cultural globalization will result in one homogenous global culture（统一的全球文化）
where everyone looks the same, speaks the same and thinks the same.
12.Often the community is pressured to give up its language and even its ethnic and c
ultural identity.
13. The disappearance of diverse languages is
the disappearance of diverse cultures.
14.The death of languages spells the end of the culture which gave rise to them. They
are a living heritage we should cherish.

33
15.The globalization of culture will ultimately
lead to a homogenous world culture （统一的世界文化）dominated by western and America
n influences.
十．社会规范与道德的角度
1．是非，诱惑，自控
distinguish good/right from evil/wrong 明辨是非 resist the temptation of 抵住-------的诱惑
self-control 自控 self-discipline 自律 proper guidance 恰当的指导 monitoring and supervision
监管
2. 沉醉， 上瘾，诱人，盲从， 模仿
addiction 上瘾 alluring 诱人的 be prone to social ills 易受到社会恶习的侵蚀 misleading 误导人的
follow like sheep 盲从 sequacious 盲从的 go astray 误入歧途 imitate/copy 模仿 curiosity 好奇心
ignorance 无知 inexperienced 无经验的, 不熟练的
3. 人性弱点
aggressive 好斗的 antisocial 反社会的 degenerate 堕落 illiteracy 文盲 spoiled 宠坏的 irrational 非理性的
negative/positive role model 负/正面榜样 immature 不成熟的年第亿厘亿年吨 indecent material 猥亵材料
peer pressure/influence 同伴的压力/影响 money-oriented 拜金主义的 be guilty of 有罪的 morally
corrupt 道德腐败 untrustworthy 靠不住的 egocentric 利己主义的 lax discipline 纪律松散 self-centered
4. 罪行种种
armed robbery 持 械 抢 劫 aggressive/risky behavior 攻 击 性 行 为 bully n. 欺 凌 弱 小 者 vt. 威 吓
burglary 入室行窃 female violent crime 妇女犯罪 drug abuse 滥用毒品 domestic violence 家庭暴力
child abuse 虐待 drug addict 隐君子 physical /corporal abuse 体罚 prostitution 卖淫 evil 邪恶；邪
恶的
arson 纵火 pornographic 色情的 adverse/ negative 不利的/负面的 sexual harassment 性骚扰
5. 关心与同情
be affectionate to 充满柔情的 caring/sympathetic 有同情心的 considerate 体贴人的 trusting 信任
confidence, self-esteem and life skill 自 信 ， 自 重 和 生 活 技 能 emotional exchange 情 感 交 流
strengthen family ties 促进家庭情感 enhance face-to-face communication 加强面对面的交流
角度词汇的应用(Translate the following into Chinese)
1.I believe that the government should impose censorship on the Internet,
because there is much violence and
pornography on the Internet which exerts adverse effects on teenagers’ physical and
mental health(对青少年的身心健康带来负面影响).
2.Drugs are so alluring that few people can resist their temptation and many are
obsessed with drugs.
3.Teenagers are so immature and curious that they can hardly distinguish right
from wrong; they are likely to be misled by the violent and
pornographic content in the computer games and eventually err from the right path.
4.Lacking proper moral guidance and effective communication, many teenagers
head for crime.
5.Television can be a powerful influence in developing value systems
and shaping behavior(行为成型).

34
6. Children may have access to obscene materials via the Internet and even
go astray under the negative influence of the mass media.
7.Children lack adequate self-control and self-discipline, and they
are likely to indulge themselves in net surfing.
8. Teenagers are very sequacious and they often emulate the behavior of their
idols who are sometimes negative role models.
9. Some TV programs are morally polluting and therefore should be prohibited.
10.The censorship of pornography has a positive effect on our society and is
a good thing because pornography leads to crime, pornography has no positive
impacts （ 影 响 ） on society, and censoring pornography( 色
情) is not against the constitution（宪法）.
11.Obsessions with things like violent games and TV shows lead to violent acts.
12. There is excessive violence and pornography in mass media that is mislead-
ing, exaggerative and false. Teenagers are so immature, ignorant and sequacious （ 盲
从）that they can hardly distinguish right from wrong and easily go astray.
13.The purpose of indecency regulation is to keep adult material from falling in
to the hands of children.
14. The Information Superhighway is in danger of becoming an electronic red
light district.
15.Government should regulate information on the Internet. Obscene and harmful mat
erial on the Internet, such as child pornography should be obliterated.
16. Programs that promote violence and murder teach people the techniques of
killing, raping(强奸), kidnapping（绑架）, and stealing.
17. Violence on television can create aggressive behavior.
18. Television has led to the moral decline（道德水准下降）

2.2 用词的准确性
用词的准确是语言基础能力的体现。当然笔误有时在所难免，但我们应该力争没有错误，下面是一些常见的有关用词准确的分类
和例子。
2.2.1 拼写的正确
1. The govenment (government) should take actions to solve this problem.
政府应该采取行动来解决这一问题
2. This method will recieve(receive) no respect.
这方法不会背理会
3. It will play a signifisent(significant) role in economic development.
这在经发展中将发挥重要的重要
4. What we are doing is not friendly to the environment(enviornmnt).
我们的所作所为对环境是有害的
5. The war seperated (separated )many families

35
 这场战争让需要家庭妻离子散
6. I had expented (expended) much time on the work but they told me it's useless.
我花了很多时间在这件工作上，他们却告诉我说这是无用的。
7. The embassodor(ambassador) will help to handle the problem.
大使会帮助处理这件事的。
8. Is a questionnare（questionnaire） answered by 500 people truly representative
of national opinion?
一份调查问卷有 500 人作答，是否能真正代表全国人民的意见?
2.2.2 词性的正确
【例 1】
Do you know how many countries belong to Europe Union.
【纠错】正确答案: European
你知道欧盟有多少国家？

【例 2】
Since my arrive in France, I have made a great number of friends.
【纠错】正确答案: arrival
从我到法国至今，我结交了不少朋友。
【例 3】
The government will take immediately action to punish the criminals.
【纠错】正确答案: immediate
政府将采取果断行动来惩罚罪犯。
2.2.3 忽略名词的复数形式
【例 1】
Cabbage, carrots, and tomatoes are my favorite vegetable
【纠错】正确答案: vegetables
卷洗菜、胡萝卜和西红柿是我的最爱。
【例 2】
One of the passenger taking the plane to London is a great writer.
【纠错】正确答案: passengers
乘坐该飞机去伦敦的乘客中，有一位是个著名作家。
【例 3】
I set a trap for mices, but I failed to catch any one.
【纠错】正确答案: mice
我做了个捕鼠器，但是却一个也没抓到。

2.2.4 可数名词和不可数名词不分
【例 1】
The room appears large in the absence of furtinures .
【纠错】正确答案: furniture
没有家具，这房子显得好大。
2.2.5 不清楚不规则动词的变化形式
【例 1】
It was extremely cold and some animals were freezed to death.
36
【纠错】正确答案: frozen
由于严寒，许多动物都被冻死了。
【例 2】
A bird flied in my room through the open window.
【纠错】正确答案: flew
当我开窗的时候，一致鸟飞了进来。
2.2.6 基数词和序数词不分
【例】
We all had a good time at Jack’s eighteen birthday party.
【纠错】正确答案: eighteenth
在杰克 18 岁生日聚会上，我们都非常愉快。
2.2.7 忽略时态
【例 1】
The rain continues for days, so we could not go out to play.
【纠错】正确答案: continued
雨持续好几天了，我们无法外出活动。
【例 2】
Lisa sticks a stamp on the envelope and then mailed it.
【纠错】正确答案: stuck
丽莎填好邮票，将信寄了出去。
2.2.8 忽略非谓语动词形式
【例 1】
We’re looking forward to receive your letter as soon as possible.
【纠错】正确答案: receiving
我们期待尽快收到您的来信。
【例 2】
He fell off his bicycle and had his right leg badly injuring/injure.
【纠错】正确答案: injured
他从单车上摔了下来，他的腿严重受伤。
【例 3】
John had a bad cold. He kept cough the whole night.
【纠错】正确答案: coughing
约翰感冒了，整晚都在咳嗽。
【例 4】
Mrs. Smith was in the office, corrected the students homework.
【纠错】正确答案: correcting
斯密斯老师在办公室里批改学生的作业。
2.2.9 忽略规则动词的变化形式
【例 1】
The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without referring to his
notes.
总裁在商务会议上讲了近一小时，却不知所云。
【纠错】正确答案: referring
【例 2】
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He has a good knowledge of English. It seems as if he has studyed abroad.
【纠错】正确答案: studied
他的英语很棒，就像在国外上过一样。
2.2.10 忽略形容词、副词的比较级/最高级形式
【例 1】
You’ll feel cool to stand in the shade than in the sun.
【纠错】正确答案: cooler
在荫处站着你会含觉冷的，去晒太阳吧。
除此之外，我们在具体写作的时候，还需要多多体会词的深刻含义。将词汇用到适合的场景中，准确地表达意思。请看下面一些例
子详解：
例 1：class
大家从小学开始就知道 class 有班的意思，但它的真实含义 是级的意思，而不是班。由级这个意思衍生出去，还有：课
程、班级、级别等意思。这些都是名词性的意思。
那么 classic 和 classical 这两个词都是 class 派生出的两个形容词。一个是经典的；一个是古典的。
同时 class 还派生出了 classify 的动词，意思是分级的意思。源于-ify 是动词后缀，表示“使…动”用法.这个动
词的名词形式是 classification.但是 classify 变成过去分词 classified，获得形容词性之后，意思也和原来大不一样，
表示：机密的。
在具体适用过程中根据不同的意思和词性去选择。
例 2：economy
这个词毫无悬念的是“经济”的意思。但是它的形容词有两种：economic 和 economical，形容词词尾 ic 和
ical 性质是一致的，但是上述两个词的意思却大相径庭。一个是：经济学的；一个是：划算的、经济的。正好和经济一词在汉语
中的意思是一样的，注意区别。

有了以上两个例子，再看看实际在句子中该如何操作：

例 3：许多人相信科技的最大弊端就是它可能会带来一些难以想象的消极影响。
上句一般采用宾语从句，而“弊端”一词是宾语从句的主语，能充当主语的无非是代词和名词，这里显然用名词：故选择
形容词：unimaginable.
Many people believe that the biggest disadvantage of science and technology is
that it may give rise to some unimaginative negative influence.

例 4：计算机会让人丧失想象力和创造力。
上句是个简单句，“想象力”和“创造力”都是宾语，自然选择的是名词性：imagination 和 creativity。
The use of computer will lose your imagination and creativity.

例 5：造成该现象的原因或许有许多
“造成”一词可能会让人想到“cause”但是，这里主语是“原因”，所以 cause 可以因句式的不同而采用不同的形式：
There are many causes to this phenomenon (名词)
The factors which can cause this phenomenon are numerous.（动词）
The factors causing this phenomenon are numerous.（现在分词）
例 6：博物馆可以发挥教育的作用
上句中的“教育的”做定语修饰“作用”，故选择形容词：educational。但也可以做名词。而“作用”我们可以换用意思
为“角色”的 role 一词。经典用法为：play…role in doing sth.
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Museum can play a role in education
Museum can play an educational role.
必须强调一点英语主句中只能有一个谓语动词存在，如果需要用不止一个动词，则需要进行非谓语动词处理，或者放在从句
中间。非谓语动词包括：不定式（带 to 或者不带 to）、分词(现在分词和过去分词)、动名词。详细解释和从句部分请参看第一
章相关部分。
● 带 to 不定式的使用
例 1：The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
例 2：I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
例 3：Please show us how to do that.
请演示给我们如何去做。
例 4：I found it important to learn.
我发现学习十分重要。
例 5：We didn't expect there to be so many people there.
我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
● 不带 to 不定式的使用
例 1： The boss made them work the whole night.
老板让他们工作了整个晚上。
例 2： I saw him dance.
我看见他在跳舞。
例 3： He wants to do nothing but go out.
他只不过想出去。
例 4： He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
他除了吃药外可以相信任何东西。
例 5： He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
他想搬去法国并迎娶那位女孩。
● 现在分词的使用
例 1： Having failed many times, he didn't lost heart.
有很多次失败，他没有灰心。
例 2： His friend died, getting him a lot of money,
他的朋友死了，（所以）给了他很多钱。
例 3; Please answer the question using another way.
请用另一种方式回答这个问题。
例 4： Look at the people lying on the beach
看那些人正躺在沙滩上。
例 5： Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．
冬天来了 天变的越来越冷了。
● 过去分词的使用
例 1： The concert given by their friends was a success.
他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
例 2： The meeting, attended by over five thousand people,
welcomed the great hero.
他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人。
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例 3：Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.
因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。
例 4; Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了。
例 5： He found his hometown greatly changed.
他发现他的家乡变化很大。
● 动名词的使用
例 1：Reading is an art.
读书是一种艺术。
例 2：It is no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收
例 3： There is no telling what will happen.
我们无从得知将会发生什么
例 4： Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks
traffic regulations.
每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。
例 5: What I hate most is being laughed at.
我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。

2.3 用词的多样化
在写作实践中，为了避免重复和表意丰富。我们往往可以选择多样化的表达方式，仔细体会一下下面例子中的选词，使得表意上
的细微差异：
例 1. The fog was so thick that we could not see anything.(dense)
The fog was so dense that we could not see anything.
例 2. You'd better take this table away. It takes too much room.(space)
You'd better take this table away. It takes too much space.
例 3. It is said that the new railway station is about twenty miles away
from our college. (some, distant)
It is said that the new railway station is some twenty miles distant
from our college.
例 4. Finally he came to understand it. (At length, In the end, At last…)
At length he came to understand it.
In the end he came to understand it.
At last he came to understand it.
例 5. Even if I had a large amount of money, I wouldn't spend much on
foods. (lots of, a lot of…)
Even if I had loads of money, I wouldn't spend much on foods.
Even if I had a lot of money, I wouldn't spend much on foods.
例 6. An increase in demand causes higher prices. (Results in, leads to,
produces)
An increase in demand results in higher prices.
An increase in demand leads to higher prices.
An increase in demand produces higher prices.
例 7. It is generally/widely accepted that …(argued, held, believed)
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 It is generally/widely argued that
句子是灵活的，在具体写作实践中，词汇的多样性有很多的体现，再来看看一些例子的详解：
例 1. 我们确信幸福取决与不同的因素。
“确信”可以用许多不同的方式表达，例如：believe / be convinced / be confident / ensure 等。取决于可以
表达为：cause / lead / attribute to / achieve 等。不同可以用：diverse / different / various 等。我们
也可以把“幸福取决于”认为是“被定义为”这样的意思。
We are convinced that happiness can be achieved by different factors.
例 2. 为了解决这个问题，我们必须采取切实有效的措施。
我们都知道动词不定式提前表示目的，所以“解决”可以选择：solve / settle down /get rid of / fix up 等。“为
了”可以表达为：so as to / in order to / to solve 等。采取：carry out / conduct / take 等。措施：
way / method / means / approach / action 等。
那么对于“切实”这种意思怎么去说呢? 答案是“混凝土”一词：concrete，在做形容词的时候有：坚实的、切实的意思。有效
的 effective 注意和 efficient 区别。故有：
In order to solve this issue, we have to take concrete and effective actions.
例 3. 人们对于幸福的定义不同。
根据不同的句式表达效果可能不同：
People are different in defining happiness
People have different explanation on happiness.
The definition of happiness varies a lot from person to person.
例 4. 如果把所有的因素都考虑进去的话，前者更有说服力。
“把…列入考虑范围内”可以表达为：take sth. into account / take sth. Into consideration.
If we take all the factors into account, the former one will be more convincible.
例 5. 总之，我支持后者。
“总之”可以表达为：all in all / to sum up /generally speaking / anyway /in conclusion 等。“支
持”表达为：back up / support /advocate / hold / in favor of / vote for 等。
Anyway, I am in favor of the latter one.

词汇毕竟是有限，而句子意思是丰富的，通过词汇间一定的组合和连接——合成词，可以帮助我们解决表达多样性的需要。下面
举例说明！
2.3.1 常见合成词
air conditioner 空调机 news bulletin 新闻公报
alarm clock 闹钟 arms race 军备竞赛
assembly line 装配线 baby-sitter 看孩子的人
bank account 银行账户 birth control 节制生育
blood donor 献血者 blood pressure 血压
book case 书柜 bookmark 书签
brain drain 人才流失 burglar alarm 防盗警报器
car park 停车场 contact lens 隐形眼镜
corporal punishment 体罚 cotton wool 药棉
credit card 信用卡 death penalty 死刑
estate agent 地产经纪人 fancy dress(ball)化装舞会
generation gap 代沟 greenhouse effect 温室效应
health center 医疗中心 heart attack 心脏病发作
heart failure 心国衰竭 hire purchase 分期付款
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 income tax 所得税 labor force 劳动力
labor market 劳动市场 letter-box 信箱
mail order 邮购定单 mineral water 矿泉水
welfare state 福利国家 civil rights 公民权力
compact disc 激光唱盘 current affairs 时事
general knowledge 人所共知的事 general public 公众
higher education 高等教育 natural resources 自然资源
nervous breakdown 神经失常 remote control 遥控
social security 社会保险 solar system 太阳系
2.3.2 介词短语的运用
at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边”
in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。
on 表示毗邻，接壤
to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤
He arrived at the station at ten.
He is sitting at the desk.
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
Jiangsu lies in the east of China.
Russia lives on the north of China.
Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province.
2)above, over, on 在……上
above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below 相对
over 指垂直的上方,与 under 相对,但 over 与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。
on 表示某物体上面并与之接触。
The bird is flying above my head.
There is a bridge over the river.
He put his watch on the desk.
3)below, under 在……下面
under 表示在…正下方
below 表示在……下，不一定在正下方
There is a cat under the table.
Please write your name below the line.
2.3.3 动词短语的运用
例 1：He brought up his children strictly．
例 2：Something unexpected has turned up．
出现了令人意外的情况。（turn up=appear）
例 3：The barrel of gunpowder blew up．
（不及物）火药桶爆炸了。
例 4：The soldiers blew up the bridge．
（及物）士兵们把桥炸毁了。
例 5： I don’t much care for television．
我不很喜欢电视。（care for=like）
例 6：We must work hard to make up for lost time．
我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。（make up for＝ compensate）
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例 7： Let’s have another try．
让我们再试一下。（have a try=v．try）
例 8： Keep an eye on the baby while I am out．
我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。
例 9： I know he is slow at understanding，but you have to be patient
with him．
我知道他理解力差，但你得对他耐心些。
2.4 词汇的感情性和艺术性
说话是有立场的，写作也一样，两者的差异仅限于语言的输出方式，其实质是一样的。这立场随着积极、消极、中立等态度的不同
而选择不同感情色彩的词，最终体现的效果也不同，成为一种艺术的体现，耐人寻味。这对考生的要求比较高，有了前面的基础，
这一节可谓一点就通，详情如下。
例 1. 那些在外国学习的孩子将有机会去体验一种完全不同的文化。
我们如何去感受词汇的感情色彩和艺术性呢，上面一句大家最直接的写法可能是：
Those children who study abroad have chances to experience a totally different
culture.
这个句子要写出来不难，但想想有没有其他的表达方式呢，例如这得的“有机会”难道只能用 have 吗？如果大家都有这个机会，
那么实际上大家是在“分享”它，所以能否用个 share 呢? 再看看“体验”我们是不是除了 experience 像不到其他表示体验、
经历的词语了呢？如果能理解体验不同的文化是种“享受”的话，效果就不同了;同理，不同的文化，“不同”只能用
totally、completely 等词语呢？用“五彩斑斓”不好吗？ 如下：
Those who study abroad will share the chance to enjoy cultures of different colors.
例 2. 那些国防力量薄弱的国家在国际事务中将没有发言权。
有了例 1 的经验，我们再来看这句， 薄弱如何表示？weak?不难想到可以用 poor。国际事物的事物，对词义把握准确的
话，应该想到了 affairs，甚至有人会想到：issue / event 等词。发言权可以表示为：rights to speak；“没有”，大
家都容易想到：in lack of 这样的结构，或者 without 等，请看下面例句：
试比较：
1. Those countries which （ who） is weak in national defense will have no rights to
speak in international affairs.
2. In international arena, poor defense power loses a country its rights to make it
heard.
有了前面两个例子比较详细的解释，下面的例子大家应该可以自己去好好体会这种情感和表意的艺术性，它不仅体现在词语本身，
有的时候也可以通过句子结构和变化来实现，例如：
例 3. 互联网的快速发展使得人们可以享受到更加美好的生活成为可能。
试比较：
1. The eye-dazzling development of internet makes it true for people to enjoy a
better life.
2. The fast development of internet makes it possible for people.
例 4. 我想列出的第一点好处是发展国际旅游业将会促进经济的发展。
试比较：
1. The first advantage that I want to point out is that developing international tourism
will stimulate the development of economy.
2. I am going to list out my first favor to boost the economy, which is to develop
international tourism.
例 5. 更糟糕的是，由于缺乏经验，许多青少年无法明辨是非。
试比较：
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1. The worst thing is that many juveniles cannot, due to the lack of experience, judge
what should be right or right.
2. What’s worse, due to the lack of experience, many young people lose their way to
tell what is right or wrong.
2.5 段落分析
段落一：
Those in favor of the idea about usage of animal declare that using animal is an
advisable choice. On one hand because their bodies function similar to ours, for
instance, they catch colds, suffer from abnormally stomachs and heart diseases, which
more importantly influenced by diet and habits. The consequences of the test may not
be applied to humans, although they are highly connected to the human situations. On
the other hand, those creatures yell and act when they feel uncomfortable, this is what
exactly researchers expect. In addition, there is an easy-to-answer question: isn’t it
crueler to test directly on people with little knowledge on the objects’ effects? In a
word, there is nothing better than animal that resemble human the best for experiment
词汇分析：
In favor of 这里没有用 support 这样的常见的词表示支持，也没有用大家熟知的 hold 。而是一个短语：in favor
of。请联想下其他的可以表示支持的词：advocate / vote for 甚至是:insist / persist 等都可以表示支持、主张的意
思。
这里适用的是名词形式，其动词 choose，还有其他表示选择的是：alternative / option / select /elect / pick
up
打个比方，举个例子，没有使用：for example 也没有选择一贯写作中常见的：take sth. as an example.
经受…的痛苦 适用 suffer from 这个搭配很好。后面紧接着 abnormal 这个雅思核心词，表示不正常的。
Sequence 本身有顺序的意思。而 consequence 就是随之而来的结果，但是则重于不好的结果——后果。
影响有些什么词呢：influence / impact /affect 等
生物生灵;creature ，嚎叫，大叫：yell
Yell at sb.对着某人怒吼。
合成词： easy –to-answer 变成形容词性的词语，作定语。
Knowledge 这里不是知识的意思，而是引申为知道知晓。相当于 know.
用了 resemble 表示类似，而非 similar.

段落二：
Based on the above analysis, I am fully convinced that immediate measures should be
taken to combat the situation. Priority should be given to restricting violence and
pornographic contents on TV or avoiding youngster from being exposed to them,
thereby preventing students from imitating them. Also, despite that parents are busy,
they should spend more time on their offspring’s and give them more concern and
love, then youngsters would be more considerate of others and more sociable and
responsible. Finally, to schools, it is imperative that they should shoulder their
responsibilities to instruct youngsters to establish a positive outlook on life and keep
them from going astray.
词汇分析：
analysis 这里因需要适用名词，切勿用为动词 analyze
convince 相信不一定就是 believe，还可以 assure / ensure / insist…等都可以。
44
immediate 没有用习惯性的副词性 immediately ，这里做了定语。方式方法有许多备选单词：way / approach /
method 等
combat 而不是 fight
priority 重中之重，当务之急，首要任务
限制有很多备选词：restrict / restrain / limit / confine
pornography 色情 黄色 expose 暴露，很形象的表达了他们的状态。
prevent…from doing sth. 经典结构，避免做某事。
offspring 下面的泉水就是子嗣和子女，或后代的意思。很形象！
由 consider 变来的 considerate 表示考虑周到，体贴的意思。social / responsible 形容词做表语。
imperative 必要的、急切的。没有选择：necessary / significant 等
instruct 指导、说明
out look 观点 展望 见解
astray 歧途、迷路

第三章 句子写作提升
3.1 强调句式
强调句是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式,主要有如下几种形式:
3.1.1．用助动词“do（does／did）＋动词原形”来表示强调：
1. There is no doubt that the extra curriculum does cultivate students’
interpersonal ability．
毋庸置疑课外活动的确能培养学生们的人际关系能力。
2. Energy-consuming industry did contribute a lot to the economy booming in the
last two decades, whereas we have to reconsider it now.
诚然能源消耗工业在过去二十年里对经济做出了相当的贡 献，但 现在我们得重新考虑。
3. As is known to all, languages do reflect the culture and custom behind them.
众所周知，语言能反映出其背后的文化与习俗。
4. The views of children do matter, but in many cases society is right to
leave the decisions to others.
孩子的意见固然重要，但很多时候社会有必要把决定权留给 其他人。
3.1.2.用 it is 引出强调结构
1. It is the lessons and subjects at school that are often necessary for children to be
successful when they are older.
学校里的课程和科目往往是孩子们将来成功所必须的。
2. It is the mobile phone that enables people to keep in touch anywhere and
anytime.
手机让人随时随地与人保持联系。
3. It is artists who satisfy our spiritual chasing and enrich our lives.
艺术家满足我们的精神追求并丰富我们的生活。
4. It is mandatory retirement that frustrates the elder staffs who still want to make
contribution to the society.
强制退休让那些还想继续为社会做贡献的老年员工感到沮丧。
(注意：构成强调句的 it 本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用 that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，
that, who 不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去
45
进行时，用 It was ... ，其余的时态用 It is ... 。)

3.1.3. not ... until ... 句型的强调句

句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
1. It is not until suffering from various diseases that people realize the importance
of health.
人们直到饱受各种病痛折磨才意识到健康的重要性。
2. It was not until last decade that bio-fuels had been utilized as a substitute of
traditional energy.
生物燃料直到最近 10 年才被用来替代传统能源。

3. It was not until the first moon exploration that human beings had the chance to
view the earth from a different angle.
人类直到第一次探月才有机会从不同的视角审视地球。
(注意：此句型只用 until，不用 till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until 可通用；因为句型中 It is/ was not ... 已经
是否定句了，that 后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。)

3.1.4．用形容词 very，only，single，such, last 等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气：

1. That's the very reason why we have to foster a multiculturalism under the
globalization era．
这正是为什么我们在全球一体化时代下要塑造多元文化的原 因。
2. Private school’s high tuition fee is not the only disparity comparing with public
school．
私立学校高昂的学费不是其与公立学校的唯一差别。
3. Not a single child has been deprived from receiving education in modern
society．
现代没有一个孩子会被剥夺掉受教育的权利。
4. To some students, exam is the last thing they want to consider in this world!
对某些学生而言，考试是他们最不愿提及的事情。
3.1.5．用 If 来表示强调：
1. If constitution fails to administer people’s behavior, nothing else can constrain
citizens in a country.
如果宪法都不能控制人们的行为，一个国家的国民将无以约 束。
2. If the factory continues draining chemical pollutants into the local river,
nobody could grant the community’s environment in the future.
如果该工厂坚持向当地河流排放化学污染物，没人能保证这 个社区将来的环境。
介绍完上述几种方法后，我们来看如何用不同的强调方式对同一个句子进行表达。
原句：
Our future generations, by the knowledge we gain regarding the distant space, will
benefit in mankind’s pursuit to further advancement to discover the unknown.

强调方式 1：Our future generations, by the very knowledge we gain regarding the distant
space, will benefit in mankind’s pursuit to further advancement to discover the
unknown.
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强 调 方 式 2 ： It is by the knowledge that we gain regarding the distant space that will
benefit our future generations in mankind’s pursuit to further advancement to discover
the unknown.

强 调 方 式 3 ： Our future generations, by the knowledge we gain regarding the distant

space, do benefit in mankind’s pursuit to further advancement to discover the
unknown.

现在我们看看强调句是如何在段落中发挥作用的。

例 1：
Initially, violence and sex shown on television may result in higher rate of crimes and
encourages antisocial behaviour. This is especially evident in certain western
countries, since many criminals confess it is TV that encourages their violent
actions or attitudes towards the society. What’s more, a big part of TV audience
consists of teenagers, and this group is especially vulnerable to the violence and
various stereotypes promoted by TV, because the mentality of young people is in the
process of formation. The rate of such crimes is constantly growing and increasingly
they are often committed by teenagers. This is becoming a great problem of modern
society.

例 2：
Admittedly, space exploration is marvelous to human, but it should not undergo at the
expense of the present. The dreams of exploring space are a luxury that we cannot
afford. Specifically, our world is marred by war, famine and poverty; millions of
people are struggling simply to survive from day to day. Hence, it is not until we
have addressed the problems we face on Earth that we will have the ability to
explore the universe.

例 3：
Giving a greater place in education to the co-curriculum means that many more clubs
and activities will have to be organised for students. This will be such expensive that
it will require more staff and more resources to be paid for. This explains why most
schools that currently offer a large co-curriculum are well-funded fee-paying
institutions. Most ordinary schools, dependent on state-funding, will never be able to
match this spending and could not aim to offer an ambitious co-curriculum. If they
try, it will be at the expense of more important academic activities.

实际上除了上述几种表示强调的句型以外，还可以用倒装的形式来突出强调的部分，关于倒装句我们在下一节中会重点探讨。

3.2 倒装句式
倒装是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种
47
比较固定的结构加以颠倒。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,
倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。
3.2.1.将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。 具体如下
1．in, out, up/down, bang, away 方位副词或拟声词放句首，而且谓 语动词是表示动作的不及物动词，要
用全部倒装。
如： Bang went the firecracker.
In came the girls, singing and talking.
Following a roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
2. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时, 为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。
这是 我们需要掌握的。
A. Near the school locate some net-bars, which will distract students from study.
B. Some net-bars locate near the school, which will distract students from study.
学校附近有网吧，会使学生偏离学习的轨道。
从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的 A 句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的 B 句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,
在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。

3. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和 谓语都提到主语前。
Exhausted would be the energy on earth in the future.
地球将来的能源会耗尽。

4. 以副词 here , there 开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。

Here is the solution for the government to balance the conflict of population and
energy.
这是供政府解决人口与能源矛盾的方案。
3.2.2 只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。
在写作当中使用的更多的是部分倒装，也是我们讨论的要点。
倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,在写作中被广泛应用，其表现形式如下:
1. 否定词 never, seldom, not, hardly, scarcely, rarely, little 位于句首，部分倒装
(1) Seldom do citizens really realize the importance of environmental protection.
市民很少真正意识到环保的重要性。
(2) Not only does television appeal to those who can read but to those who
can't.
电视不仅吸引能阅读的人，而且也吸引了不会阅读的人。
(3) Never before has this city been in greater need of modern public transport than it
is today.
这座城市目前的交通工具需求达到了前所未有的程度。
2. on no account, in no case/sense/way, by no means, under no circumstances 位于句首，
后面部分倒装，这类句型通常用来对不利因素或不良行为的彻底否定。
(1) On no account are students allowed to plagiarize in essay writing.
无论如何学生都不能在论文书写中抄袭。
(2) Under no circumstances will customers be merely attracted by the
advertisements as long as they do no have real needs.
如果消费者没有实际需要，他们不会仅仅被广告吸引。
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(3) By no means are animals used in experiments on the behalf of human beings.
绝不能以人类的名义用动物做实验。
(4) In no case should the Internet expose too much private information arbitrarily.
互联网不能随意地暴露个人隐私。
3. no sooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…表示“一。。。就。。。”，将前后两个句子之间的内在逻
辑联系予以高度体现。
(1) No sooner had students got university than they were attracted by the wonderful
college life.
学生一进大学就被丰富的大学生活吸引了。
(2) Hardly do visitors arrive at the scenery when they find the strong sense of cultural
difference.
游客一到景点就感受到了强烈的文化差异。
(3) Scarcely did students get enrolled in boarding schools, the teachers will exert
greater control over children’s study and daily lives.
学生刚刚踏进寄宿学校，老师就会对孩子们的学习和日常生活加 以严加看管。
4. so + adj./adv.或 to such an extend + that, 部分倒装
(1) So scarce is the energy that every organization and every individual should
cherish it.
能源是如此稀缺以至于每个机构、每个人都要珍惜。
(2) To such an extent do the parents love their son that they have tried to satisfy
every demand of his.
父母溺爱到孩子到那个程度以至于他们尽力去满足孩子的任何要 求。
(3) So expensive are the public services for those less-educated who cannot find jobs
that the government has to force everyone in society to pay more taxes.
为那些没受过良好教育而无法找工作的人提供公共服务如此昂 贵，政府不得不迫使民众上缴更多的税收。
5. only + 状语（时间、方式）
(1) Only in this way can the government solve the poverty completely.
只有用这种方法,政府才能彻底解决贫困问题。
(2) Only after students had graduated from university did they realize they lacked
practical experience.
只有当学生毕业后才意识到他们缺乏实践经验。

(3) Only by living and studying in a country for a certain period can a person
master this language completely.
一个人只有去到另外一个国家学习和生活一段时间才能完全掌握 这门语言。
6. 前置
(1) the more… the more…
1) The more books one reads, the more knowledge he has.
一个人书读得越多，他知道的就越多。
2) The fewer plastic bags we use，the fewer environment problems we suffer.
我们使用的塑料袋越少，我们承受的环境问题就越少。
3) The more the rich countries offer，the more the poor countries depend.
富国给的帮助越多，穷国的依赖就越大。
4) The longer the prison term is， the more frustrated the criminals would be.
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 服刑时间越长，囚犯越沮丧。
(2) as/though
1) Rich as most celebrities are, they suffer a lot from loneliness and even the
autism.
尽管很多明星都很富有，但他们承担了很多孤独甚至自闭。
2) Excellent though children from impoverished areas, they are hindered from
continuing their further education studies due to the financial stress.
尽管贫困地区的孩子学习优秀，但他们由于经济负担而不能继续 学习。
3) Beneficial though co-curriculum is to high school students, it will take up
them a lot to time.
尽管课外活动有益于高中生，但会占据学生们很多的时间。
3.3 省略句式
省略句是我们在学习英语过程中能不断体验收获和趣味的一种惯用手法，无论是说话还是写作，都要求生动活泼，简明扼要。按照
语法的分析, 有时句子应具备的成分出于修辞上的需要, 会缺少一个或几个句子语法结构所必要的语言成分，但在一定语境中可独立
存在，仍能表达其意义完整并发。
3.3.1. 谓语的省略
In spite of the widespread of the Internet, some of students prefer studying alone at
home，others (prefer) studying in groups.
尽管互联网已经普及，一些学生选择在家单独学习，另外一些学生选择小组学习

3.3.2. 表语的省略
There will not be enough energy in the future as there had been in the before. （had
been 后面省略了 enough energy）
将来我们不会再有和以前一样多的能源了。
3.3.3. 定语的省略
I propose that the government spend a majority of the fiscal budget on infrastructure
construction , and the rest on medicine and education.
我建议政府将绝大部分财政预算用在基础建设上，其余的用在医疗和教育（the rest 后面省略了定语 of the money
fiscal budget）
3.3.4. 词的省略
1. 名词、冠词、物主代词或介词如果与前文重复时，可以省略，如：
(1) Most students like playing modern games instead of traditional (games).
大多数学生喜欢玩现代游戏而不是传统游戏。
(2) Human beings have the strong obligation to take good care of these wild
animals and (these) precious plants.
人类有强烈的责任照顾好这些野生动物和这些珍稀植物。
(3) For example，with the advanced transportation technology，we can now work
in Beijing but live (in) Tianjin at the same time.
例如，随着科技的发展，我们可以同时在北京工作而在天津生活。
2. 重复出现的形容词，省略后边的；两个或两个以上被形容词修饰 的同一名词，前边的则常被省略。
According to the graph ， there were middle-aged (women) and elderly women to
attend the night school.
如图所示，中年女性和老年妇女参加夜校。
3. 在以 if, when，though，as，as if 等连词引导的从句中，如从句中主要动词是 be，可将主语和动词 be 省掉。
50
(1) The tourists would really appreciate the local culture, though (it is) extremely
different from their own.
游客们会深切地为当地文化所折服，尽管这种文化与他们自有的 文化相差甚远。
(2) The animal experiments ought to be stopped as if (they were) harmless to animals.
尽管动物实验对动物没有伤害也必须禁止。
3.3.5. 简单句的省略
1. 独立主格结构中的分词如为 being 或 having been 时的省略
The college life (being) over, students all have to adapt to a new environment, namely
the society.
大学生涯结束，学生们必须适应社会这个新的环境。
2. 不定式的省略
(1) 并列的不定式
Students’ consultants’ job is to provide useful suggestions and (to) comfort the new
students.
学生咨询的工作是提供有用的建议以及抚慰新生。
(2) 为避免重复, 作某些动词 hope, want 等宾语或 tell, order, ask 的宾补时，省略不定式短语, 只保留不定式符号
to.
The child wanted to develop his own interest, but his parents did not allow him to.
这个孩子想发展自己的爱好，而他的父母不允许他这样做。
(此句中 not to 后省略了和上文相重复的 develop his own interest.)
(3) 感官动词 see, hear, feel, notice, hear 或使役动词 let, make, have,等后跟不定式作宾补时省略 to.
1) Chinese people noticed the economy develop at an incredible rate in the past few
years.
中国人民在过去的几年里见证了经济的极速发展。
2) It is illegal to have the children conduct heavy workload as ordinary staffs.
让小孩从事于一般劳工一样强度的工作是不合法的。
注意：当感官动词与使役动词用于被动时，需恢复 to 的省略! 如：
3) The figure of white electronics consumption was seen to increase
dramatically from 1999 to 2009.
从 1999 年到 2009 年，白色家电消费量猛增。
(4) 有 had better, would rather, can’t but 或 Why not 等句型后面直接跟动词原形，实际上是接省 to 的不
定式。
1) Even though the exams cannot reveal students’ learning completely, the students
had better prepare the exams carefully.
尽管考试不能完全反应学生的学习情况，学生还是要细心准备考 试。
2) The students could not but (to) focus their energy on study.
学生只能专心学习。
(5) 介词（或介词短语）的省略
1) 动名词前面的介词 in 在一定条件下常被省略
The customers should not spend a large sum of money (in) purchasing the
unnecessary goods just because of the alluring advertisements.
消费者不能仅仅因为诱人的广告而把大量钱消耗在购买不需要的 物品上。
(而当 spend money in doing sth. 结构用于被动语态时 in 不能省略
A large sum of money should not be spent in purchasing the unnecessary goods
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just because of the alluring advertisements. )
2) 有些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配介词短语, 在以 what, when, how, whether, that 出现的从句或不定式短
语之前有时被省略介词短语 as to.
Parents have to be careful (as to) what content their children are watching.
家长必须对孩子观看电视的内容保持警惕。
3) of +形容词+名词作补语表示大小、年龄、形状、颜色或价格时 of 常被省略
Youngsters who are（of）the same age often have the common topics.
年纪相仿的青年人往往有共同话题。
3.3.6. 并列句中的省略
并列句的省略是最常见的，一般说来，在后一并列句中凡是与上文相同的成分通常都会被省略。
To some teenagers self-control is very easy, and to others (self-control) so hard.
对某些孩童来说，自我控制很容易，而对另外一些孩子而言自我控制很困难。

3.3.7. 复合句中的省略
复合句中从句的句尾和主句相重复时从句的句尾部分可省掉
Parents have to censor the viewing content in TV because children do not know how
to (censor the viewing content in TV).
父母应该审核电视内容，因为孩子不知道如何去审视电视内容。

(1)含有宾语从句的复合句
1) 在两个并列从句如连词不同而其它成份相同时，可省略第一分句和第二分句相同的部分，只把两个连词连接起来。
The medium is aiming to discover why (the government issues the altered regulations)
and when the government issues the altered regulations.
媒体致力于探寻为什么政府会发布修改了的规章以及何时发布这个修改版本。
2) 在以 which, when, where, how 和 why 引导的宾语从句中，其谓语与主句谓语相同时省略全部谓语，有时甚至
主语也可省略，只保留一个 w h～的词。
This endangered animal will extinct, but scientists do not know when (it will extinct).
这个濒危动物会灭绝，只是科学家不知道它什么时候灭绝。
(2) 含有状语从句的复合句
状语从句中的省略原则是，如主语与主句主语一致，或主语是 it，可省略从句的连接词、主语和 be 助动词，只保留分词和其它成
分，从而使语言更加简洁明了。
1) 地点状语从句中的省略
The city is extremely crowded where (it is) overpopulated.
在城市人口过多的地方会特别拥挤。

2) 让步状语从句中的省略
Although (she was) the youngest of the group, she won all the prizes.
尽管她是这组里最小的，她却赢得了比赛。
3) 条件状语从句中的省略
The nuclear power will not be promoted unless (the nuclear power is)
testified thoroughly.
在核能没有被全面测试之前，核能不会被推广应用。

4) 比较状语从句中的省略
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在以 than 和 as 引导的比较结构的状语从句中，省略某些与主句相同的成分或在特定上下文中有某些不言而喻的成分，可省掉整
个 as/than 从句。
The goods in the small shops will be cheaper (than those in shopping mall), but (they
are) not as good as those in shopping mall.
小商店里的货物比大超市里的货物便宜，但质量却比大超市里的差。
(3) 虚拟语气条件句中 if 的省略 .
与 If 引导的条件从句中含有 were, had 时，可将 if 省略, 并用倒装结构。
Had the government offered proper education to the criminals, they would not commit
crimes again after they are released.
如果政府为罪犯提供相应的教育，他们出狱后不会再犯。
结论
“省略”不仅是一种以无为有的表达方法, 更是一种简便至极, 虽无胜有的修辞手段。 大文豪莎士比亚有句名言：Brevity is
the soul of wit. 意为：“言以简洁为贵”。 尤其对学习语言并以此为乐的英语学员们来说甚有同感！“简洁”二字并非简洁，
而真要做到“简”得恰到好处、“洁”得恰如其分，省略法的研究与掌握是势在必行且乐在其中的事。

3.4 修辞句式
许多考生反映自己的英语写作要么十分“中文式”，全无英语的味道，要么就是作文干巴巴的显得没有一点文采。其实英文写作和
汉语写作在修辞方面还是存在许多共同之处的。要使自己的英语作文显得有文采，考生就要在英语写作中尝试采用有效的修辞手法 ，
下面就介绍几种修辞方法：
3.4.1 Simile 明喻
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as
if, as though, similar to, such as 等.
1. The technology is like an engine that drives human beings forward.
科技就像发动机一样驱使着人类前进。
2. I wandered lonely as a cloud.
我像云一样独自漫步着。
3.4.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻
隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.
1. Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
希望是一顿丰盛的早餐，却是乏味的晚餐。
2. For children，some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be
chewed and digested.
对于孩童来说，有些书浅尝即可，有些书要接受，而有些书必须 细细琢磨并加以理解。
3.4.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.
1. 以容器代替内容,例如:
(1) The kettle boils. 水开了.
(2) The country stood silent, mourning for the dead in the earthquake.
全国人安静地站着，为地震中遇难的同胞默哀.
2. 以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:
Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
3. 以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集
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4. 以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:
Graduates had the brain, and they made money out of it.
大学毕业生有学识,他们就用大学生的学识赚钱.
3.4.4.Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
1. According to a statistic，there are about 10 billion chimneys erecting in the
world.
据统计世界上约有 100 亿个工厂。
2. Some physical scientists are even the Newton of this century.
有些物理学家甚至是本世纪的牛顿。

3.4.5.Personification 拟人
拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.
1. The earth generously offers her resources to the human beings.
地球慷慨地将她的资源奉献给人类。
2. In the country side，people could hear the birds singing in the woods.
在乡村，人们可以听到鸟儿在林中高歌。
3. All kinds of vehicles shout day and night in every corner of a big city.
在大城市的每个角落，各种交通工具日夜地咆哮着。
3.4.6.Hyperbole 夸张
夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..
1. When the final exam approaches，some students have to read the whole books in
the library.
当考试临近的时候，有些学生要读一整图书馆的书。
2. In the past，it was impossible to build a magnificent edifice unless 1 million
labors were engaged.
在过去，除非召集一百万人，否则无法建成一座宏伟的建筑。
3. When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out immediately.
当她听到这个噩耗时，立即泪流成河。
3.4.7.Parallelism 排比, 平行
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.
1. No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly happy till
all are happy.
一个人自由不是真正的自由，一个人幸福不是彻底的幸福。
2. Studying abroad can bring various benefits, such as broadening one’s horizon,
cultivating one’s independence, strengthening one’s interpersonal skills.
出国读书带来大量的好处，比如开阔人的眼界，培养人的独立性， 加强人的人际关系能力。
3. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
4. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.
狡猾者鄙视读书，浅陋者羡慕读书，明智者活学活用。
5. Nature gave human beings no warm fur pelts against the cold，no swiftness to
escape any enemy，no weapons for fighting, however, they survived.
大自然没有赐予人类能抵御风寒的温暖皮毛，也没有给予他们躲 避敌人的灵敏快捷，更没有给与他们进行抗争的武
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器，但他们生 存了下来。

3.4.8.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法
婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.
1. Children’s relation with their parents has not been fortunate.
孩子们与他们的父母关系不融洽.
2. Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.
邓小平 1997 年去世。
3.4.9. 仿拟
这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞.
1. Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
罗马非一日建成，也不是一年建成。
2. A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
真正的朋友能避免自己犯错。
3.4.10.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.
1. As the society advances，our living quality is increasing; the spiritual pursuit is
degrading.
随着社会的进步，我们的生活质量提高了，精神追求却退化了。
2. Give me liberty, or give me death.
不自由，毋宁死。

第四章 段落写作拓展
4.1 句子组合技巧
在雅思写作中，雅思句子可长可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。如果全
篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要
加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。
例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别：
(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching
hunter. (并列分句(1)+2)
(2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching
hunter. (现在分语短语+简单句)
(3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching
hunter. (副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2) )
(4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching
hunter. (简单句+形容语短语)
(5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the
approaching hunter. (原因副词从句+主句)
(1)和(5)的句式最常见；如果加上其他三种互相交替，句子会更多样化
(6) The young pilot was on his first overseas training.
(7) He felt very uneasy.
我们可以将它们变成一下这几种：
(a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy.
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 (b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training.
(c) The young pilot's first overseas training made him feel very uneasy.
(d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training.
(e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy.
(f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.
(g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.
(h) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.
(i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy.
(j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy.
(k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy.
(l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.
在上述 12 个句子中，(a)-(g)是简单句；(h)是并列句；(i)-(l)是复杂句。简单句除(b)和(g)之外，其他五种并不常
见。
B. 60％的同学认为公园不应该收费。
Sixty percent of the students think that the park should not charge entrance fees.
Sixty in [out of] one hundred students hold the view that entrance fees should not be
charged for parks.
Three fifths of the students believe that a park should be free of charge.
Three in [out of] five students are against the idea of entrance fees.
In the opinion of 60% of the students, people can enter parks for free [nothing].
60% of the students have the idea that people should be allowed to enter parks
without charge.
4.2 怎样构建复合句及多重复合句
复合句中包含有两个或更多的主谓结构，其中，有一个（或更多的）主谓结构充 当句子的某一（些）成分，如主语、宾语、定语、
状语、同位语等。充当一个句子成分的主谓结构称为从句。由于从句在句子中的成分不同，可分为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，
定语从句和同位语从句等。有时复合句的一个（多个）从句可能包含有一个（或多个）从句，即从句里套着从从句，这种句子称为
多重复合句。多重复合句句式复杂，是同学们阅读的难点。对付复合句及多重复合句的方法是，先抓住主干，即抓住主句，然后再
识别从句的类型，进而搞懂整句话的意思。大部分题目的答案来自主句，但也有一部分题 目的答案来自从句。
1． interests are needs，desires，concerns，fears——the things
one cares about or wants
中文译文：利益是需要、渴望、关注、恐惧——一个人关心或想要的东西。
结构分析：one cares about or wants 是 the things 的定语从句。
2． another interests-based procedure is mediation， in which a third party assists the
disputants， the two sides in the dispute，in reaching-agreement
中文译文： 另一个基于利益的过程叫作调解，在调解中第三方帮助冲突者，即冲突的双方， 达成一致。
结构分析： in which 引出的定语从句 in which a third party assists
the disputants，the two sides in the dispute，in reaching-agreement 是对 mediation 的解释，
在定语从句中，the two sides in the dispute 是 disputants 的同位语，同时也是插入语结构。
3． It is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute 中文译文：试图
决定谁在冲突中是正确的通常很复杂。
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结构分析：it 是形式主语，实际主语是不定式短语 to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute，宾语
从句 who is right 是 determine 的宾语。4．although it is usually straight forward where righ
ts are formalized in law，other rights take the form of unwritten but
socially accepted standards of behavior，such as
reciprocity，precedent，equality，and seniority
中文译文：虽然当对错在法律中被正式规定时，通常是很直截了当的，但其它的，但其它的对错采取的是非书面的、社会接受大行
为标准，例如：互惠、先例、平 等和资历。结构分析：although 引导一个让步状语从句，注意本句的最后有一个 such
as，是例如的意思，后面的内容往往是举例说明，属于不重要的内容，可不作 为阅读的重点，socially accepted 是
standards of behavior 的前置定语。
5． research studies lend strong support to the argument that there are benefits for fam
ilies considering a change to a fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and p
ains of family life
中文译文：研究表明快乐和痛苦能够平等分担的家庭会受益。
结构分析：that there are benefits for families considering a
change to fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life
是 that 引导的同位语从句做 argument 的同位语。在同位语从句中， considering a change to fairer or m
ore equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life 是现在分词短语做 families 的
后置定语。
小窍门
初看起来，引导的同位语从句特别像定语从句。区别一个从句是同位语还是定语 从句的方法是：引导的同位语从句中，只是连接词，
它不在从句中做任何句子成分，所以同位语都是完整句，而引导的定语从句中，要做句子成分（主语或宾语），所以引导的定语从
句都是不完整句（缺主语或缺宾语）。
6． paper is also biodegradable， so it does not pose as much
threat to the environment when it is discarded
中文译文：纸张还是可生物降解的，所以当我们把它扔掉的时候，它不会对环境造成很大的威胁。
结构分析：是多重复合句。结果状语从句（由 so 引导）中套着一个时间状语从句（由 when 引导）。biodegradable 是
一个生词，可以用构词法猜测它的意思，主干部分是 grade，意思是“级别”，degrade 表示“降级”，able 表示“能…
…、可……”，bio 表示“生命的，生物的”，所以此词的意思是“可生物降解的”。

C．合句法
英汉两种语言的句子结构不完全相同，尽管英语句子日趋简洁，但是从句套从句，短语含短语的句型也是频频出现。一般而
言，一个英语句子的信息包含量要大于一个汉语句子，因此，我们在做汉译英的时候，常常把汉语的两个句子，甚至更多句子，合
译成英语的一句。使用合句法还可以使译文紧凑、简练。如以下三个例子：

例 6：一代人与一代人之间的冲突，也就是年轻人与老年人的冲突，似乎是最可笑的。因为这就是现在的自己与将来的自己，或者
说过去的自己与现在的自己的冲突。(在关联词处合译)
A conflict between the generations between youth and age seems the most
stupid, for it is one between oneself as one is and oneself as one will be, or between
oneself as one was and oneself as one is.

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例 7：对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。(从主语变换处合译)
To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.

例 8：第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有 34 个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。(按内容连贯合译)
The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers, giving
more details.

二．组合式作文句子综合运用，将他们集中在一起可以形成一篇完整的文章。
1.1 大量的中国人不断移民海外这件事在今天非常普遍。
It is quite common these days that a large group of Chinese people are constantly
emigrating.
1.2 当在陌生的地方安顿好后，他们很自然地要选择适合的生活方式。包括：设法融入当地社会或者组成自己的圈子。
When setting down, they have got to make a choice of new lifestyles including getting
into local community or making a group of the people with a cultural context.
2.1 那些偏爱前者的人认为与当地人结交并像他们那样生活将有助于他们自己适应新的环境。
Those who prefer the former believe that making local friends and living like natives
are very helpful in adapting to a new condition.

2.2 众所周知，当地人了解很多事情，比如：如何成功地找到工作，如何更经济的生活等等。这些正是新移民所需要的。
It is broadly acknowledged that the local understand many things including how to
find a good job successfully, live at a low cost and so forth, which are the real needs
of new immigrants.
2.3 此外，如果他们能够尽量学习当地的习俗和文化，他们也可能会受到更少的文化冲击。
Besides, new immigrants will be least bothered with culture shock if they are trying to
learn local tradition or custom.
2.4 当然，良好的语言水平以及社会交流技巧是必须被新移民所具备的，否则他们很难与当地人相处并学习新的文化了。
However, a good language skill and social skills are required to be obtained by new
immigrants, or they might have difficulty in getting along with the native and even
adopting local things.
3.1 选择后者的人相信与拥有同样背景的人交流会更容易些也是实际的。
The people preferring the latter hold the statement that communicating with the ones
with similar background is much easier and practical.
3.2 原因在于他们可能有共同的境遇，并会分享共同的感受。
The main reasons may involve the recognition that they have common condition,
probably sharing a feeling.
3.3 但是，这样做就失去了移民的意义。
But, to doing this loses the significance of emigration.
3.4 在一个新的环境生活，人们应该尝试适应新的环境。
In a new condition people should try to accept.
3.5 否则，他们就应该呆在自己的国家，而不是移民了。
Otherwise, they should stay home instead of living overseas.
4.1 我始终认为新移民应该被鼓励去学习新的东西，因为这样有利于他们更好的在今后生活。
My position is still that new immigrants should be encouraged to study new things,
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because it will be good for them to live much better in the future.
4.2 为了能够更轻松的学习，他们应该尽快采取行动利用传统课程或在线课程提高外语水平和培养交流能力。
In order to study easily, instant action should be taken to improve language
competence developing communication in regular classes and online curriculum.
4.2 段落过渡与衔接
4.2.1 列举
常见的关联词有: first, second, finally; for one thing, for another thing; on one hand, on
the other hand 等,如:
(1) Effective measures can be taken to protect our natural resources. On one hand, we
should carry out campaigns to make people aware of the urgency of environmental
protection; on the other hand, strict laws should be made to put the commercial
fishing under control.
(2) Many parents regretfully observe that their kids seem unable to come up with
anything to do in their spare time besides turning on the TV or play video games. The
first reason is that educational activities, if properly planned and carried out, play a
fundamental role in building children’s characters. The second reason is that
educational activities also help children to learn and develop the skills.
4.2.2 举例
常 见 的 关 联 词 有 : for example, for instance; one example is… , another example is…;
such as 等,如:
(1) Love means more to those who need help. For example, in 1998, southern China
witnessed an unprecedented flood. Many people became homeless, and they were in
bad need of clothing and food for the coming winter. At this moment, people all over
China offered their warm hands. With their love, they help the victims of the flood
live through the winter.
(2) Although automobiles have been playing a vital part in the daily activities of our
society, they also bring us numerous troubles such as more serious environmental
pollution. More traffic accidents and more energy consumption.
4.2.3 递进
常见的关联词有:furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, what's more 等,如:
(1) Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen. There are two
reasons for this phenomenon. To begin with, they can meet the needs of manufactures.
With the development of market economy, manufactures have to be more and more
competitive, and advertising is one of the best ways to strengthen their competitive
capacity. What's more, advertisements are also necessary to consumers.
Advertisements can help the consumers keep informed about different products and
offer them different alternatives when they just stay at home.
(2) There are some major causes for it. In the first instance, the improvement of
students is the final goal of education. Furthermore, the criticism is the stimulus to
teachers’ self-perfection and improvement in educational quality. Last but not least,
the criticism itself is a kind of feedback and communication between teachers and
students, lack of which will affect the educational outcome afterwards.
4.2.4 因果
常见的关联词有 :because, since, for, owing to, due to, as a result, because of, so, there
59
fore, thus, consequently, accordingly 等,如: .
(1) At present, fake products are very common in our markets. The most obvious
reason is that some dishonest manufactures want to make easy money, and selling
fake products is their first choice. In addition, the government hasn't passed strict laws
to punish these dishonest manufacturers. As a result, fake products are very popular in
the market.
(2) PC based internet has increasingly become an integrated part of the world, and
people can no longer afford to be computer illiterate. Therefore, it is clear that the
more skillful you are at computer use , the more competent and efficient you will be.
4.2.5 比较和对比
常见的关联词有:on the contrary, in contrast, in comparison, on the other hand, likewise,
while, whereas, yet, but, however 等,如:
(1) The entry into WTO has brought China many opportunities. For example, it will
introduce into China more advanced technology, which is bound to stimulate the
development our country. However, each coin has its two sides. After China became a
member of WTO, it has also faced many challenges. A case in point is that some
heavy industries are facing bankruptcy because of the pressure from the foreign rivals.
(2) In this IT age, computer literacy has become a skill required of workers in
practically every field. In some countries, computers have even been introduced into
the classroom of primary schools. However, some people advocate limiting the use of
computers in such classes, arguing that they might retard children’s ability to read,
write and calculate.

经典高分句型集锦：
1. The first and foremost reason is that, tourism, which become the principal source of
financial revenue in many developing countries, is financially beneficial to the
economic development.
使用句型：非限定性定语从句
2. Last but not least, it is true that tourism contributions a great deal to the friendship
and mutual understanding between people from different countries, which
unquestionably enhance the future cooperation in international affairs.
使用句型：强调句式+宾语从句
3. All in all, it is of great benefit for developing countries to promote the tourist
industry, for it will play a positive role in both the economic and political
development of a country.
使用句型：原因状语从句
4. Some people, including some doctors, claim that the practice of euthanasia has
merits.
使用句型：插入语
5. The opponents argue that the practice of mercy killing is just another kind of killing
and killing is always wrong and a sin.
使用句型：宾语从句
6. Besides there is always the chance that some cure may be discovered for the
particular disease.
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使用句型： 定语从句
7. Another is growing number of cars and buses, whose exhaust sends huge quantities
of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, making the air of cities unbreathable.
使用句型：非限定性定语从句， 动名词短语
8. The most appalling thing was that the emotionless and brutal killer was a teenager
boy.
使用句型： 表语从句
9. If a mother or father uses violence to settle disputes, their children will probably do
the same in similar situation.
使用句型：条件状语从句

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