Q1- constituent assembly?

Ans - A Constituent Assembly is a body of

representatives that is tasked with drafting or adopting
a new constitution for a country or making significant
amendments to an existing one.
Q2- define fundamental duties?
Ans - Fundamental Duties refer to a set of moral and
legal obligations that citizens are expected to uphold in
a democratic society. These duties are meant to
promote a sense of responsibility, national unity, and
ethical conduct among citizens, complementing their
fundamental rights.
Q3- define legislature?
Ans- A legislature is a body of elected or appointed
representatives who have the authority to make,
amend, or repeal laws for a country or a region. It plays
a central role in the functioning of a democratic
government by representing the will of the people and
ensuring the proper functioning of the legal system.
Q4- judicial review in Indian constitution?
Ans- Judicial Review in the Indian Constitution refers to
the power of the judiciary (mainly the Supreme Court
and High Courts) to review and evaluate the
constitutionality of laws, executive actions, and
constitutional amendments. If any law, executive
action, or constitutional amendment is found to be in
conflict with the Constitution, particularly with
fundamental rights, the judiciary has the authority to
declare it void.
Q5- the duties and power of CAG?
Ans- Power to Audit Government Accounts, Power to
Audit Financial Accounts, Power to Audit Public Sector
Enterprises: Power to Conduct Performance Audits:
Power to Audit Government Funds and Accounts, Power
to Inspect Documents:
Duties
Ensuring Financial Accountability, Submission of
Reports to the President: Conducting Regular Audits:
Advising the Government on Financial Management:
Q6 discuss cause for the development of Indian
national movement?
Ans- Drain of Wealth, Deindustrialization, Taxation and
Revenue Policies, Famines and Poverty:
Q7 objectives of cabinet mission plan?
Ans- Independence for India: Setting the Framework for
the Transfer of Power: Protection of Minority Rights:
Avoidance of Partition (Initially):
Q8 write all fundamental duties given in constitution?
Ans-  To abide by the Constitution and respect
its ideals and institutions, the National Flag, and
the National Anthem.
 To cherish and follow the noble ideals that
inspired our national struggle for freedom.
 To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity,
and integrity of India.
 To defend the country and render national
service when called upon to do so.
 To promote harmony and the spirit of common
brotherhood among all the people of India,
transcending religious, linguistic, regional, and
sectional diversities.
 To develop the scientific temper, humanism,
and the spirit of inquiry and reform
 To safeguard public property and to abjure
violence..
 To strive towards excellence in all spheres of
individual and collective activity, so that the
nation constantly rises to higher levels of
endeavor and achievement.
 To provide opportunities for education to
children between the ages of 6 and 14 years
 To value and preserve the rich heritage of our
composite culture.
 To protect and improve the natural
environment, including forests, lakes, rivers,
wildlife, and to have compassion for living
creatures.
Q9-explain the categories of directive principle of state
policy?
Ans- Social and Economic Welfare Principles These
principles aim to establish social and economic justice
in the country and focus on improving the quality of life
for the citizens, especially for the disadvantaged
sections.
Principles for Promotion of Gandhian Ideals These
principles are inspired by the ideas and philosophy of
Mahatma Gandhi, focusing on social reforms, self-
reliance, and the empowerment of local communities.
Principles Related to the Governance of the
Country These principles are intended to guide the
government in the formulation of laws and policies that
align with the needs and welfare of the people.
Secular Principles These principles are designed to
ensure that the state functions without any bias or
favor toward any religion and promotes the secular
character of the state.
Q10 legislative powers of president?
Ans -Constitutional Amendments (Article 368)

 The President plays a formal role in the process of

amending the Constitution. Any amendment
passed by Parliament requires the President's
assent to become law.
Making Recommendations for Legislation (Article
123)
The President can also suggest the introduction of
certain bills or changes in existing laws, particularly
with regard to matters where executive action is
required.
Assent to Bills (Article 111)
 A bill passed by both Houses of Parliament can only
become a law after receiving the President’s
assent.
Addressing the Parliament (Article 87)
The President addresses both Houses of Parliament at
the commencement of the first session after each
general election and at the first session of each year.
Q11 discuss importance of supreme court to be
independent?
Ans- Protection of Fundamental Rights, Ensuring
Separation of Powers, Safeguarding the
Constitution and Rule of L Promotion of Justice
and fairness, Judicial Review and Checks on
Government Power, Prevention of Political
Interference.
Q12 comparison between legislative assembly and
legislative council?
Ans-
Aspe Legislative Assembly Legislative Council
ct (Vidhan Sabha) (Vidhan Parishad)
Natur Lower House Upper House (Indirectly
e (Directly elected). elected or nominated).
Composed of elected
Composed of
members, nominated
Membershi elected
members, and
p representatives
members from local
(MLAs).
bodies.
Varies from state to
Maximum of 1/3rd the
Number of state, but a
strength of the
Members minimum of 60
Legislative Assembly.
members.
Indirect elections
(members are elected by
members of local
Mode Direct elections
authorities, graduates,
of (through a general
teachers, and elected
Electio election) by the
members of the
n people.
Legislative Assembly),
plus some are nominated
by the Governor.
 Permanent (members
Tenure of 5 years (unless serve for 6 years, with
Members dissolved earlier). one-third retiring every
two years).
Article 169 (for
Article 168 (for every
the creation of
Constitution State), Article 170 (for
Legislative
al Basis the composition of the
Councils in
Assembly).
States).
Q13 powers and responsibilities of election
commission?
Ans- Powers of the Election Commission of India
Supervisory Powers: Constitutional and Legal
Authority:
Control over Electoral Rolls: Election Scheduling:
Responsibilities of the Election Commission of
India
Ensuring Free and Fair Elections: Voter
Registration and Education: Supervising Electoral
Staff and Officials:
Conduct of Voting and Counting:
Q14 define constitution and characteristics Indian
constitution?
Ans- A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or
established precedents that determine how a state or
organization is governed. It outlines the framework of
government, the distribution of powers between
different organs of the state (Executive, Legislature,
Judiciary), and the rights and duties of the citizens.
Characteristics
The Indian Constitution is the longest written
constitution in the world, containing around 448
articles and 12 schedules (as of 2024)
Federal System: The Indian Constitution
establishes a federal system of government,
meaning that it divides powers between the
Central Government (Union) and State
Governments.
The Indian Constitution follows the parliamentary
system of government, modeled after the British
system.
The Constitution is the supreme law of the land.
All laws, whether made by the Union or the
States, must be in consonance with the
Constitution.
Q15 define preamble and discuss key words of
preamble.
Ans- A preamble is an introductory statement or
opening paragraph in a document, often found in legal
or constitutional texts. It sets the context for the
document and outlines its purpose, guiding principles,
and underlying values. The preamble does not contain
enforceable laws or provisions but serves as an
important declaration of intent
We the People: Establish Justice: Provide for the
Common Defence: Promote the General Welfare:
Q16 what is rajya sabha and how it different from lok
sabha?
Ans- The Rajya Sabha (Council of States) is the upper
house of the Parliament of India. It represents the
states and union territories of India and is primarily
intended to act as a revising chamber, balancing the
direct democratic representation provided by the Lok
Sabha
 Representation:
 Rajya Sabha represents states and union
territories, thus ensuring federal representation. It
is not directly elected by the people.
 Lok Sabha represents the people of India directly,
with members elected from constituencies across
the country.
 Term of Office:
 Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and members
have a six-year term, with one-third retiring every
two years.
 Lok Sabha is not permanent and is dissolved
after five years. It is entirely re-elected during
general elections.
 Power over Legislation:
 Rajya Sabha can suggest amendments to bills
passed by the Lok Sabha, but it cannot reject
money bills (which only the Lok Sabha can approve
or reject).
 Lok Sabha has greater legislative power
because it can introduce money bills and has the
final say on most types of legislation.
 Money Bills:
 Rajya Sabha has no role in initiating or amending
money bills (related to taxes and government
expenditure). It can only suggest amendments,
and the Lok Sabha has the final say.
  Lok Sabha is the only house that can introduce
money bills and make decisions related to
national finance.
Q17 define fundamental rights and what fundamental
rights given in constitution?
Ans- Fundamental Rights are a set of basic human
rights that are guaranteed by the Constitution of India
to every individual, ensuring their dignity, equality, and
freedom.
Right to Equality; This right ensures equality before
the law and prohibits discrimination on various
grounds. Right to Freedom; This right ensures a range
of freedoms related to individual liberty and personal
freedom. Right Against Exploitation; These rights
protect individuals from exploitation by others,
particularly in the form of forced labor and child labor,
Right to Freedom of Religion These rights ensure
the freedom of conscience and the right to practice,
propagate, and spread religion freely.; Right to
Constitutional Remedies;This right gives individuals
the ability to seek enforcement of their Fundamental
Rights through the courts. Cultural and Educational
Rights (Articles 29–30);These rights are designed to
protect the rights of minorities in terms of language,
culture, and education.
Q18 define panchayati raj system in india and features?
Ans- The Panchayati Raj System is a system of local
self-government at the rural level in India. It aims to
decentralize the administrative, political, and financial
powers of the government to the grassroots level,
enabling local communities to manage their affairs and
participate in the governance process.
features
1-he Panchayati Raj system embodies the principle of
democratic decentralization, wherein power is
vested at the grassroots level, allowing people to
participate directly in governance.
2- the Panchayati Raj system is organized into three
tiers: Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zilla
Parishad. Each level is interdependent and plays a role
in implementing government policies and facilitating
local development.
3- Panchayats have the power to levy taxes, collect
revenue, and allocate funds for various local
development activities.
4- The 73rd Amendment mandates reservations for
Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs),
and Women at all levels of Panchayati Raj institutions.
Q19 define finance commission and functions?
Ans- The Finance Commission is a constitutional body in
India, established under Article 280 of the Constitution.
Its primary role is to recommend the distribution of
financial resources between the Central Government
and the State Governments. Function
1-One of the major tasks of the Finance Commission is
to recommend how the net proceeds of taxes, which
are collected by the Central Government, should be
distributed between the Centre and the States.
2- In addition to its role in the Centre-State financial
relationship, the Finance Commission also recommends
measures to strengthen local bodies, such as
Municipalities and Panchayats.
3- The Finance Commission is also empowered to provide special
recommendations for specific purposes, such as:

 Financing special developmental projects.

 Addressing challenges faced by particular states or regions.
 Dealing with natural calamities, internal conflicts, or other
specific needs

4- The Finance Commission examines the financial

situation of both the Central Government and State
Governments to ensure that their fiscal policies are
compatible with each other and with the overall
development goals of the country.