Geography O-Level P-2 Notes by Javed Kausar 1 Unit 6: Fishing industry

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UNIT 6 Syllabus 2019 – 21

Fish

 Describe the fishing methods used in both

FISHING
marine and inland waters, including fish
farms
 Give examples of the fish caught in both

INDUSTRY
marine and inland waters, and of the fish
reared on fish farms
 Give examples of the fishing ports on both
the Balochistan and Sindh coasts
 Describe the uses of the fish caught
 Explain improvements in fishing methods
and processing techniques
 Understand the problems facing the
O Level fishing industry and evaluate the
possibilities for its further development and
Pakistan Studies sustainability.
(Geography)

Javed Kausar

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Geography O-Level P-2 Notes by Javed Kausar 2 Unit 6: Fishing industry
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UNIT-6: FISHING INDUSTRY

Fishing is one of the oldest occupations for people who live near lakes, rivers and the sea. Fish farming
is called ‘aquaculture’.
 It is nutritious white meat.
 It is preferred as a low cholesterol diet.
 Fish waste is used to make fertilizer and poultry feed.
 Oil extracted from fish provides a source of vitamin A and D.
 It adds 0.9% GDP.
 Pakistan earns 6% of its total foreign exchange by exporting marine catch.

There are two types of fishing being practiced in Pakistan, Marine and inland fishing.

Fishing areas and methods

Marine Fishing Inland Fishing

 Marine fishing is done along the coastal  Inland fishing is done in rivers, reservoirs of
areas of Pakistan i.e. Sind and Balochistan dams and barrages e.g. Mangla and
coastline. Terbela, inland lakes e.g. Kinjhar Lake. In
 In marine fishing the number of people are the Northern Mountains fishing is also
less and the catch is more. practiced in rivers e.g. Trout. In Inland
 Karachi and Gawadar are the main areas fishing fish farming is also becoming
 Marine fish catch is 70% of the total fish popular (plains and mountains).
caught in Pakistan  In Inland fishing number of people involved
 Gawadar, Ormara and Pasni fishing is more but the catch is less.
harbours are now being developed  Inland fishing contributes only 30% of total
 Sharks, Drums, Croakers, Rays, Stakes, catch.
Poplate, Shrimps  Raihu, Mahsheer, palla, Thalla, Baam

Marine Fishing Along Sindh And Balochistan Coastline.

Geography O-Level P-2 Notes by Javed Kausar 3 Unit 6: Fishing industry
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Types of marine fishing

Subsistence Fishing Commercial Fishing

 It is practiced mostly by the people who are  It is also practiced by fishing communities
living in small villages or fishing living along the coastline. Mostly in Sindh
communities along the coastline. but with new developments at Balochistan
 Fisherman and his family are involved in coastline it is developing fast.
fishing and they consume most of the  Commercial fishermen sell their catch and
catch. depend on it as the only source of income.
 The catch is less and they cannot rely on it  Fisherman use motorized boats, trawlers
as permanent source of income (Sea is and gill netters.
rough in Monsoon).  Availability of ice from the ice factories set
 Fisherman use small wooden sail boats to up along the coastline has made it possible
go to the sea. to fish for several days in deep seas up to
 Land and sea breezes help to go to the sea 50 km off shore.
and come back.  Fishermen use SONAR System
 They cannot practice deep sea fishing as  They are helped with satellites
they can go only 3-5 km from coastline.

Reasons for more fish catch along the Sindh Coastline.

Sindh coastline has number of human and natural factors which have resulted in increased fish catch:
 Korangi fish harbour where storage (cold storage), processing, packing and exporting (port)
facilities are available.
 Ice factories are also present to supply ice to the fishing boats for deep sea fishing.
 Docking of boats, handling of the catch and processing facilities are available.
 Large population of Karachi’s big market.
 Industries based on by products of fish processing industry.
 Shallow sea more food available for fish.
 Creeks.
 Indus delta and mangroves roots provide rich breading ground and protective environment for
small fish.
 Nutrient rich water from Indus River.

Development Along the Makran Coastline.

 Gwader Sea Port.
 Cities along Makran Coastline are being electrified.
 Cold storage facilities at Gwadar.
 Processing and canning facilities are also being developed.
 Loans are being provided to small fishermen for motorised boats and gill nets so that they can
do deep sea fishing.
 Construction of ‘Makran Coastal Highway’ to facilitate transportation of fish catch to Karachi for
processing.

Inland Fishing.
Inland fishing is done in rivers, reservoirs of dams and barrages e.g. Mangla and Terbela, inland lakes
e.g. Kinjhar Lake. In the Northern Mountains fishing is also practiced in rivers e.g. Trout. In inland
fishing, fish farming is also becoming popular (plains and mountains).

Commercial Fishing Subsistence Fishing

 Fishing done in reservoirs of dams,  People living along rivers and natural lakes.
barrages and lakes.  Small catch; they do not depend as a
 Fish farming in upper and lower Indus source of income/living.
Plains and Northern Mountains.  Fish catch is mostly consumed by family.
 Fish catch is sold in the market  Fishing is only done in winters.

TYPES OF FISH CATCH

Raihu, Mahsheer, Palla, Thaila, Baam
Geography O-Level P-2 Notes by Javed Kausar 4 Unit 6: Fishing industry
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FISH FARMING

 Digging, Rectangular / man-made ponds for better management.

 Making of embankments from the soil, taken out while digging.
 Planting of trees along the banks to make them firm and lining the banks with stones to prevent
erosion. (Shade)
 Spread cow dung and fertilizer.
 Half fill it with water and let it stay for fifteen days.
 Insects and small organisms grow which will become food for the fish.
 Spread lime powder to clear water in ponds and fill it with water, add small fish from hatchery.
 Feed the fish and after they reach a certain size they can be caught and sold in market to earn
profit.
 There can be several fish ponds in a farm (to control spread of disease and rearing of different
types of fish).
 Brick paved roads between ponds for transportation.

Species of fish reared on fish farms.

Manaseer, Rahu, Palla, Thalla, Trout, Carp, shrimp, catfish, croaker, perch

Importance and expansion of fish farming.

 Increase in population demand has resulted in expansion.
 Govt. efforts.
 Extra source of income.
 Health benefits. (Nutritious food, protein, white meat, low in cholesterol)
 Export, earns foreign exchange.
 Dependency on red meat and cereal crops reduced
 Source of employment

Problems in marketing of fish along the Makran Coastline.

 There is low population along the Makran Coastline.
 Lack of infrastructure and topographic constraints result in difficulty for inland marketing. e.g.
Turbat, Awaran, Khuzdar etc.
 Most of the fish catch is sold at Karachi fish harbour and in international waters to foreign
trawlers. Some of the fish is dried and exported to Middle East.

Fish processing and storage.

 Refrigerated
 Frozen
 Gutted
 Filleted
 Salted
 Dried
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 Canned

Reasons for decrease in fish catch.

 Over-fishing
 Water pollution / oil spills etc.
 Loss of breeding / shelter / feeding areas (i.e. mangroves)
 Fishing in closed season / when breeding
 Fishing by boats from other countries

Improvements In Fishing Methods.

 Boats with engines
 Can go further offshore
 Can stay at sea for several days
 Cold storage on boat
 Mechanized equipment / winches
 Nylon / bigger / stronger/ nets or ropes
 Weather forecasts
 Sonar to locate fish
 Satellite navigation
 Training/education
 Trawling

Benefits
 More food
 Healthier food / more protein etc.
 More employment / more income/ less unemployment
 Exports to – or of – (e.g. shrimps to Japan, dried fish to Middle East, to Sri Lanka)
 Better communications with – (e.g. better roads, telecommunications in Balochistan)
 More education by teaching skills
 More technology – introduction of engines, machines, radar, satellite navigation
 Growth of other industries e.g. Processing, boat building
 Sustainability as fish are ‘free’, should not ‘run out’

Problems with the fishing industry

 Water pollution – oil spills, dumping of domestic and industrial waste are causing great harm to
fishing industry
 Use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and toxic materials present in them have been traced into
fish
 Over fishing – Fishing has to be banned in breeding season.
 Laws are not followed regarding net size and breeding areas
 Mangroves under threat – Destruction of mangroves has reduced the size of breeding grounds
for fish and shrimps.

Advantages and disadvantages of developing fish processing industries in the ports of

Baluchistan.
1. Stimulates development of fishing industry / port facilities (other than processing)

Gwadar Port
 Reduced cost of transport (than to Karachi)
 More fresh / no delay / no need for storage
 Infrastructure development, e.g. roads, power, telecommunications

2 Adds value to fish

 Also credit the following ideas with reference to Balochistan
 Income – higher living standards, better housing, jobs linked to income or economy
 Trade with other countries or areas – more visitors, contact with other areas etc., e.g. Middle
East
 Economic development, e.g. investment, entrepreneurs (with some detail)
Geography O-Level P-2 Notes by Javed Kausar 6 Unit 6: Fishing industry
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3 Undeveloped infrastructure
 Lack of infrastructure, e.g. roads, power, water, ports, etc.
 Small market / population
 Long way from major centres of population, e.g. Karachi
 Uneducated / unskilled population
 Lack of interest from investors or government / high cost of any development / Inhospitable
climate / relief
 Named pollution linked to processing
 Effects of increase in urban population
 Poor quality product / canned fish banned in some countries

4 Sustainable Fishing
To increase fish production and ensure fish populations are viable for future generations, the
following step have to be taken:
Fishing sector is not performing well due to the following reasons
 Over fishing both by local and foreign fisherman
 Catching of baby fish
 Mangroves being destroyed
 Illegal nets are being used
 Water pollution in coastal areas

Sample Question

(a) Study Fig., which shows the weight of marine fish caught 1996–2006.
The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996.

(i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease.

 Over-fishing
 Water pollution / oil spills etc.
 Loss of breeding / shelter / feeding areas (i.e. mangroves)
 Fishing in closed season / when breeding
 Fishing by boats from other countries

(ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006.
 Increases and decreases / fluctuates
 Highest in 2002
 Two peaks
 Lowest in 2006
 No increase since 2003 / decline from 2004
 Max and min. figures (only)

(iii) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved.

 Boats with engines
 Can go further offshore
 Can stay at sea for several days
 Cold storage on boat
 Mechanised equipment / winches
Geography O-Level P-2 Notes by Javed Kausar 7 Unit 6: Fishing industry
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 Nylon / bigger / stronger/ nets or ropes

 Weather forecasts
 Sonar to locate fish
 Satellite navigation
 Training / education

(a) With reference to Fig., explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing
industry in Pakistan.

Advantages Disadvantages
More food Education – lack of skilled labour
Healthier food / more protein etc. Technology – costs money, imported
More employment / more income/ less Water pollution – kills, damages fish, Pakistan’s
unemployment rivers are polluted, mangroves polluted
Exports to – or of – (e.g. shrimps to Japan, dried Restrictions – marine fishing banned in June and
fish to Middle East, to Sri Lanka) July – controls on net size
Better communications with – (e.g. better roads, Quality – some products banned by western
telecommunications in Baluchistan) countries – can be poisonous / makes them
More education by teaching skills unsuitable to eat
More technology – introduction of engines, Income – not large, delayed profit
machines, radar, satellite navigation Sustainability – issues of over-fishing
Growth of other industries e.g. Processing, boat
building
Sustainability as fish are ‘free’, should not ‘run
out’
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