1.

Renowned composer John Williams, revered for his contributions to the film industry and his
ability to capture the essence of a movie through music, frequently _____ leitmotifs in his film
scores: this technique is particularly evident in the Star Wars saga. For instance, the menacing
“Imperial March” is synonymous with Darth Vader, while the heroic “Force Theme” is often
associated with Luke Skywalker and moments of hope. Furthermore, Princess Leia has her own
poignant and memorable theme.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A.​ eschews
B.​ suppresses
C.​ harnesses
D.​ refutes

2. The proliferation of smartphones and social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram, has facilitated an era of unprecedented connectivity, enabling people from around
the globe to communicate with ease. However, critics like Nicholas Carr, author of “The
Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains”, argue that the constant barrage of
notifications and updates can lead to _____ attention spans and hinder meaningful face-to-face
interactions. The debate around the impact of technology on human cognition and social skills
continues to be a topic of scholarly discussion and public concern.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A.​ fractured
B.​ emboldened
C.​ sedative
D.​ laconic

3. The process of extracting honey from beehives, a practice dating back to ancient times, has
remained relatively unchanged for centuries, involving a labor-intensive and time-consuming
method that often disturbs the bees. However, a groundbreaking invention by father-son duo
Stuart and Cedar Anderson, called the Flow Hive, has emerged, making honey extraction more
_____ and less disruptive to the bees, thereby revolutionizing beekeeping practices. The Flow
Hive allows honey to be harvested directly from the hive without opening it up and has been
widely acclaimed for its innovation and sustainability.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A.​ meticulous
B.​ ephemeral
C.​ efficient
D.​ convoluted
4. In Margaret Atwood's celebrated novel "The Handmaid's Tale", the protagonist, Offred, faced
with seemingly insurmountable challenges in a dystopian society, draws strength from her inner
resilience and resourcefulness. Her character _____ throughout the story, as she navigates a
repressive regime that subjugates women. Through acts of defiance and determination, Offred's
development illustrates the indomitable human spirit, ultimately leading her to overcome the
obstacles in her path and inspiring readers with her courage and fortitude.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A.​ stagnates
B.​ deteriorates
C.​ flourishes
D.​ capitulates

5. New York City's public transportation system, historically regarded as one of the most
extensive and efficient in the United States, has unfortunately become increasingly
unpredictable and sluggish due to a chronic lack of maintenance and upgrades. The aged
subway trains often experience breakdowns, and the bus services have been plagued by
delays. The need for a comprehensive _______ of the system is now more apparent than ever.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A.​ overhaul
B.​ detriment
C.​ stagnation
D.​ dilution

6. In a significant discovery, geneticist Ahmed Zayed and his colleagues have found a way to
______ the issue of organ transplant rejection: they developed a method to modify the genetic
makeup of donor organs, making them more compatible with the recipient's body.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A.​ circumvent
B.​ deteriorate
C.​ provoke
D.​ disregard

7. Text 1
Scientists have long speculated that the extinction of dinosaurs was caused by a single
catastrophic event such as a meteor impact. This theory is supported by the presence of a layer
of iridium—an element more common in extraterrestrial bodies than on Earth—in rock layers
dating to the time of the extinction.

Text 2

The idea of a single catastrophic event causing the extinction of dinosaurs has been challenged
by evidence of significant climate changes and volcanic activity occurring around the same
period. These multiple factors may have created an inhospitable environment over an extended
period, contributing to a gradual, not sudden, extinction of dinosaurs.

QUESTION
Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the claims of the
author of Text 1?

A.​ By confirming that a single catastrophic event could account for the broad range of
environmental changes observed in the fossil record
B.​ By rejecting the theory and arguing that the presence of iridium does not provide
sufficient evidence for a meteor impact
C.​ By affirming the claim but suggesting that the meteor impact was one among several
factors leading to the dinosaurs' extinction
D.​ By doubting the claim, arguing that climate change and volcanic activity are speculative
and not supported by robust evidence

8. The following text is from Langston Hughes' 1926 poem "Dreams."

Hold fast to dreams

For if dreams die
Life is a broken-winged bird
That cannot fly.

Hold fast to dreams

For when dreams go
Life is a barren field
Frozen with snow.

QUESTION
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

CHOICES
 A.​ To emphasize the significance of dreams as vital life forces, equating their loss with a
crippling inability to progress and thrive
B.​ To ponder whether dreams conceived in youth are more poignant than those formulated
in later years
C.​ To counter the argument that the pursuit of practicality outweighs the necessity of
fostering dreams and aspirations
D.​ To illustrate how personal dreams and ambitions are often mirrored in the collective
aspirations of a community

9. In the late 19th century, John Wesley Powell, an American explorer, led a daring expedition
through the Green and Colorado rivers, which included the first known passage by Europeans
through the entirety of the Grand Canyon. During these expeditions, Powell meticulously
gathered data about the geology and anthropology of the region. He also observed how local
Indigenous communities adapted to the harsh environment, a realization that later influenced his
advocacy for sustainable land use practices. As the second director of the U.S. Geological
Survey, Powell implemented rigorous methodologies that professionalized the organization.

QUESTION
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A.​ To examine Powell's initial endeavors as an explorer, setting the stage for his future
contributions
B.​ To shed light on Powell's observations on sustainable land use practices among
Indigenous communities
C.​ To delve into Powell's contributions to the professionalization of the U.S. Geological
Survey
D.​ To highlight the dangers Powell and his team faced during the Grand Canyon expedition

10. The Great Depression, which took place mostly during the 1930s, was a severe worldwide
economic depression. It originated in the United States, following the major fall in stock prices
around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of
October 29, 1929. The Depression had devastating effects both in the rich industrialized
countries and the poor ones. Personal income, tax revenue, profits, and prices dropped, while
international trade fell to a fraction of its previous level. As a consequence, there were massive
unemployment and acute deflation. In a detailed historical analysis, an economist proposes that
the public's confidence in the economy, shaped significantly by governmental policies and
responses, played a critical role in deepening the Great Depression.

QUESTION
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the economist's claim?
A.​ The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act enacted by the U.S. government in 1930, which raised U.S.
tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels, resulted in retaliatory tariffs from
other nations and a significant reduction in international trade.
 B.​ Following the Stock Market Crash in 1929, many Americans developed an inherent
distrust in the banking system, leading to multiple bank runs and ultimately, the collapse
of a significant number of banks.
C.​ The Federal Reserve's decision to raise interest rates in 1928 and 1929 in order to curb
stock market speculation led to a decrease in available credit, causing numerous
business failures and an increase in unemployment.
D.​ Various work programs initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of the New
Deal helped to restore public confidence in the economy and played a role in the
recovery from the Great Depression.

11. Project managers at a software development company have recently investigated the
correlation between the methodology used for software development and the number of
software bugs detected during each phase of testing. They hypothesized that the Agile
methodology, emphasizing iterative development and continuous feedback, would result in
fewer bugs being detected in the latter stages of testing (i.e., system and acceptance testing),
compared to the Waterfall and Spiral methodologies. The results from several projects using
each methodology were compiled and analyzed.

QUESTION
Which choice best describes data from the graph that support the project managers'
hypothesis?
A.​ The Agile methodology results in fewer bugs detected during unit and integration testing
compared to the Waterfall and Spiral methodologies.
 B.​ The Agile methodology results in fewer bugs detected across all testing phases
compared to the Waterfall and Spiral methodologies.
C.​ The Agile methodology results in more bugs detected during system and acceptance
testing compared to the Waterfall and Spiral methodologies.
D.​ None of the above options describe data that support the project managers' hypothesis.

12. The Acropolis of Athens, an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city, is one
of the world's most iconic archaeological sites. Home to several significant buildings, including
the Parthenon, it is seen as the epitome of ancient Greek architecture and a symbol of the
birthplace of democracy. The site is frequently attributed to the innovative architectural vision of
Pericles, the influential Athenian statesman, who initiated its construction in the 5th century BC
as part of a grand citywide building program. Scholars contend that Pericles's leadership was
critical to the construction of the Acropolis and its enduring global cultural significance. This
viewpoint is anchored on the belief that Pericles commissioned the best artists of his time and
effectively marshaled resources to realize his ambitious architectural vision.

QUESTION
Which finding, if true, would most directly undermine the scholars' viewpoint?
A.​ There is evidence that significant modifications were made to the Acropolis's structures
centuries after Pericles's death.
B.​ A recent study indicates that Pericles might have appropriated funds from the Delian
League, an alliance of Greek city-states, to finance the Acropolis's construction.
C.​ Several architectural innovations associated with the Acropolis, such as the use of
optical refinements, predate Pericles's building program.
D.​ Many elements of the Acropolis, including its layout and the use of white marble, reflect
broader trends in Greek architecture during the 5th century BC.

Concert Reverb Time Occupancy Average Critic

Hall (Seconds) (%) Rating

A 2.3 95 8.5

B 2.1 87 7.8

C 1.8 70 6.3

D 2.3 98 9.1
 E 2.0 85 7.6

13. Architectural acoustics is a discipline bridging the science of sound and the art of
architecture. It is concerned with the design of spaces to ensure appropriate sound quality for its
intended use. One of the crucial measures in architectural acoustics, especially for concert
halls, is the 'Reverberation Time' (RT), which is the time it takes for sound to decay by 60
decibels after the source has stopped. The optimal RT varies depending on the style of music to
be performed, with symphonic music generally requiring longer RTs than speech or drama.
However, designing a concert hall is a delicate balancing act. On one hand, a longer RT is often
associated with a fuller, richer sound that is ideal for orchestral performances. But on the other
hand, if the RT is too long, it can result in excessive 'sound overlap', causing the music to sound
blurred and unclear. The occupancy rate of a hall, indicative of its popularity, is another
important factor to consider. While architectural design and sound quality play a crucial role,
other factors like location, program offerings, and marketing also contribute to the occupancy
rate. The approval of critics is also a key indicator of a concert hall's reputation and success.
Among the various concert halls, the concert hall that best represents the perceived relationship
between RT, occupancy, and critical reception is ______.

QUESTION
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A.​ Concert Hall A
B.​ Concert Hall B
C.​ Concert Hall C
D.​ Concert Hall D

14. The Inca civilization, which flourished in South America from the 12th to the 16th centuries,
was known for its complex and efficient road system. This system spanned an estimated 40,000
kilometers, connecting various parts of their vast empire which spanned present-day Peru,
Ecuador, Bolivia, and Colombia. These roads facilitated trade, military movements, and the
dissemination of cultural practices. Consequently, the Inca's road system ______

QUESTION
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A.​ allowed for rapid communication across the empire.
B.​ was not appreciated by the neighboring civilizations.
C.​ was difficult to maintain due to its vast expanse.
D.​ was primarily used for religious ceremonies.

15. Leonardo da Vinci, the renowned Italian polymath, is celebrated for his contributions to art,
science, and engineering. Among his many accomplishments was the conceptualization of
various machines, some of which were remarkably similar to modern inventions such as the
helicopter and the tank. However, due to the technological limitations of his time, da Vinci was
unable to build these machines. Hence, Leonardo da Vinci's designs ______

QUESTION
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A.​ inspired not only other inventors of his time but also posterity.
B.​ led to the rapid development of technology in Italy.
C.​ were not well-documented for future generations.
D.​ were mostly considered impractical during his lifetime.

16. In addition to honing his craft as a magician, _____ Further demonstrating his versatility, he
mastered complex sleight of hand tricks, such as the "Cups and Balls," and his reinterpretation
of the "Harlequin Act" has left a lasting legacy in the world of illusion. Vernon believed that this
wide-ranging repertoire, from intimate card tricks to larger theatrical performances, is essential
for professional magicians.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A.​ the use of the "Ambitious Card" routine and the "Triumph" shuffle have been perfected
by Dai Vernon.
B.​ Dai Vernon’s perfection of close-up magic techniques extends most notably to the
"Ambitious Card" routine and the "Triumph" shuffle.
C.​ Dai Vernon perfected his close-up magic techniques, most notably the "Ambitious Card"
routine and the "Triumph" shuffle.
D.​ the "Ambitious Card" routine and the "Triumph" shuffle are examples of close- up magic
techniques Dai Vernon perfected.

17. In a comprehensive analysis carried out in 2021, a profound shift towards digitalization was
investigated, pinpointing one hundred and three US and European organizations whose
traditional business operations were digitized between 2000 and 2021. This transformation,
driven by the pervasive growth of internet technology and public awareness, _____ the
operational dynamics and competitive landscapes in diverse industries, from retail and finance
to healthcare and education.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A.​ has fundamentally reshaped
B.​ fundamentally reshaping
C.​ will have fundamentally reshaped
D.​ have fundamentally reshaped
18. A 1975 survey conducted by the National Polling Bureau uncovered that an astounding 70
percent of the American children ________ they had watched the 1969 Apollo 11 moon landing
live on television, representing a significant moment in television history and marking the impact
of the Space Race on popular culture.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A.​ responded that
B.​ responded that,
C.​ responded: that
D.​ responded that;

19. In her early years, renowned pianist Eleanor Anderson _______ on an old, out-of-tune piano
in her grandmother's living room, an intimate space where melodies flowed freely and a young
artist's passion blossomed. Anderson honed her skills, eventually establishing herself as a
leading figure in the world of classical music.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A.​ practiced assiduously,
B.​ practiced assiduously;
C.​ practiced assiduously—
D.​ practiced assiduously

20. Between 1940 and 1950, numerous young men and women in the United States, including
prominent figures like baseball legend Ted Williams and Hollywood actor Clark Gable, _____
drafted into military service. This era, marked by the global conflict of World War II, saw a
significant increase in the nation's armed forces, as well as the establishment of new military
bases, the likes of Fort Campbell in Kentucky and Camp Pendleton in California.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A.​ are
B.​ have been
C.​ were
D.​ has been

21. The discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming revolutionized medicine and
marked the beginning of the antibiotic era. The widespread use of antibiotics has since saved
countless lives by effectively treating bacterial infections, but some experts ______ that overuse
and misuse of these drugs have led to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A.​ warning
B.​ warn
C.​ had warned
D.​ to warn

22. Breast cancer awareness campaigns, like the Susan G. Komen Foundation's Race for the
Cure, have been instrumental in raising awareness about the importance of early detection and
prevention. These campaigns empower women by providing _____ with information on how to
perform self-examinations and by encouraging them to schedule regular mammograms, which
can lead to improved outcomes. They also work to dispel myths and misconceptions about
breast cancer, helping women understand their risk factors and the steps they can take to
reduce them.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A.​ it
B.​ her
C.​ them
D.​ themselves

23. Public transportation systems play a vital role in urban environments. They reduce traffic
congestion, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and provide affordable transportation options. In
cities like New York and London, extensive subway networks enable millions of people to
commute every day. ______ public transportation systems can also face issues like
overcrowding, underfunding, and infrastructure maintenance.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A.​ Simultaneously,
B.​ Surprisingly,
C.​ However,
D.​ In fact,

24. In the world of photography, the advent of digital technology has made it possible for
individuals to capture and edit images with unprecedented ease and speed. Traditionalists,
however, argue that the tangible nature of film photography and the patience it requires offers a
more authentic and rewarding experience. ______ digital enthusiasts point out the flexibility and
creativity allowed by modern software as a significant advantage.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A.​ In spite of this,
B.​ For this reason,
C.​ On the other hand,
D.​ To illustrate,

25. Fossil fuels have powered the world's economies for over a century, driving industrialization
and technological advancement. However, their extraction and consumption have had profound
environmental impacts, leading to climate change and pollution. ______ many countries are
now investing in renewable energy sources like solar and wind, aiming to reduce their carbon
footprints.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A.​ Consequently,
B.​ Incidentally,
C.​ However,
D.​ Subsequently,

26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

●​ Iconoclasm refers to the destruction of images or hostility toward visual representations

in religion.
●​ Byzantine Iconoclasm was a period of controversy within the Eastern Orthodox Church
over the use of religious images or icons, which took place in the 8th and 9th centuries.
●​ The Iconoclasts (those who rejected images) objected to icon veneration for several
reasons, including the Old Testament prohibition against images in the Ten
Commandments and the possibility of idolatry.
●​ The definitive end of Iconoclasm came at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, which
affirmed that icons could be venerated but not worshipped, in line with the doctrine of the
Incarnation.
●​ The Iconoclast Controversy significantly impacted Byzantine art and theology.

QUESTION
The student wants to emphasize the end of Iconoclasm and the lasting impact of the Iconoclast
Controversy on Byzantine culture. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?

CHOICES
 A.​ Byzantine Iconoclasm, which took place in the 8th and 9th centuries, led to significant
changes in Byzantine art and theology due to the controversies regarding the veneration
of religious images.
B.​ The Iconoclast Controversy, during the 8th and 9th centuries, resulted in the Eastern
Orthodox Church affirming the veneration of icons at the Second Council of Nicaea in
787, significantly influencing Byzantine art and theology.
C.​ Despite the Old Testament prohibition against images, the Second Council of Nicaea in
787 affirmed the veneration of icons, ending the Iconoclast Controversy.
D.​ The Iconoclast Controversy, a period in the 8th and 9th centuries when the veneration of
religious images was disputed, led to substantial shifts in Byzantine art and theology.

27. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

●​ The Gunnison sage-grouse is a North American bird species with declining numbers.
●​ It is named after Captain John W. Gunnison, who explored western United States in the
1850s.
●​ Their mating dance, involving male grouse puffing their chests and fanning their tail
feathers, is a sight to behold.
●​ Conservation efforts are ongoing due to habitat loss, predation, and climate change.
●​ As of 2020, there were less than 5,000 of these birds in the wild.

QUESTION
The student wants to highlight the threats to the Gunnison sage-grouse and ongoing
conservation efforts. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A.​ Named after John W. Gunnison, the Gunnison sage-grouse, a North American bird
known for its distinctive mating dance, is now threatened due to habitat loss.
B.​ The Gunnison sage-grouse, known for its remarkable mating dance, is a threatened
species due to factors like habitat loss and climate change.
C.​ As of 2020, fewer than 5,000 Gunnison sage-grouse remain in the wild, a decline
attributable to habitat loss, predation, and climate change, thus spurring ongoing
conservation efforts.
D.​ Despite the unique mating dance of the Gunnison sage-grouse, their numbers are
dwindling, necessitating conservation measures.
1. The digital revolution, symbolized by Tim Berners-Lee's invention of the World Wide Web,
has ______ changed how individuals and societies across the globe access, consume, and
share information. This seismic shift in technology ushered in an interconnected world,
dissolving the geographical barriers that once hindered the fluidity of data sharing and
international communication. The advent of social media giants like Facebook and Twitter
epitomizes this profound transformation.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
CHOICES
A
minimally
B
methodically
C
radically
D
temporarily

2. Despite water's central role in sustaining life, underscored by Jacques Yves Cousteau's
assertion that "Water and air, the two essential fluids on which all life depends, have become
global garbage cans", the stark reality is that clean drinking water remains ______ in many
regions around the globe, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia. Challenges like
industrial pollution, climate change-induced droughts, and inadequate infrastructure contribute
significantly to the paucity of this essential resource, often triggering severe public health crises,
such as cholera outbreaks and other waterborne diseases.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

CHOICES
A
superfluous
B
supercilious
C
scarce
D
irrelevant

3. The famed archeologist Dr. Amelia Harlow, best known for her discovery of the ancient city of
Zanaris deep within the Amazon Rainforest, once again astounded the scientific community.
This time, she unearthed an artifact that _______ prior theories about the city's fall, sparking
heated debates among historians and altering our understanding of pre-Columbian civilizations.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
CHOICES
A
vindicated
B
corroborated
C
debunked
D
muddled

4. In the music industry, Björk, the iconic Icelandic singer-songwriter, is renowned for her
eclectic style and experimental approach to creating music. Her unique sound often _______
various genres, including electronic, pop, experimental, classical, and trip hop, making her one
of the most influential artists in contemporary music.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

CHOICES
A
eclipses
B
curtails
C
amalgamates
D
enervates

5. Celebrated African American author, Toni Morrison, known for her enchanting narrative style
and poignant themes, had a remarkable ______ for language and storytelling. Her compelling
works, such as the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Beloved and the critically acclaimed The Bluest
Eye, are rich explorations of complex themes of race, identity, and the human experience.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
CHOICES
A
disdain
B
capacity
C
oblivion
D
ineptitude

6. The following text is adapted from Henry James' 1903 novel The Ambassadors. The novel
centers around Lambert Strether, a man in the midst of a European journey.

Strether's first question, when he reached the hotel, was about his friend; yet on his learning
that Waymarsh was apparently not to arrive till evening he was not wholly disconcerted. A
telegram from him bespeaking a room 'only if not noisy,' reply paid, was produced for the
enquirer at the office, so that the understanding they should meet at Chester rather than at
Liverpool remained to that extent sound. The same secret principle, however, that had prompted
Strether not absolutely to desire Waymarsh's presence at the dock, that had led him thus to
postpone for a few hours his enjoyment of it, now operated to make him feel he could still wait
without disappointment.

QUESTION
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

CHOICES
A
It uses a sequence of events to highlight the complexities of Strether's relationship with
Waymarsh.
B
It presents Strether's anticipation of Waymarsh's arrival, elaborates on the delay, and
concludes with Strether's acceptance of the situation.
C
It introduces a setting and follows it with the protagonist's reaction to changes in his planned
meeting with Waymarsh.
D
 It details Strether's actions, then explores the reasons behind them and ends with a reflection
on his emotional state.

7. The following text is adapted from Elizabeth Barrett Browning's 1850 poem "Sonnets from the
Portuguese 43: How do I love thee? Let me count the ways." The poem is a passionate
expression of affection.
​

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.

I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.
I love thee to the level of every day's
Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;
I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.

QUESTION
What is the main idea of the text?

CHOICES
A
The speaker is questioning the nature of love and its impact on their life.
B
The speaker is expressing regret for not having loved deeply enough in the past.
C
The speaker is conveying the intensity and totality of their love for the person they address.
D
The speaker is reflecting on the fickleness of love and the potential for betrayal.

8. Believing that connecting with the natural world can strengthen community bonds and
spiritual well-being, the Nuu-chah-nulth tribe of the Pacific Northwest has practiced traditional
sea-hunting and wood-carving for centuries. These activities are deeply embedded in the tribe's
culture; for instance, they carve intricate totem poles and craft sturdy canoes. Their connection
with the sea is so profound that a young member, upon catching his first fish, is celebrated
through a communal feast. This kinship with nature is believed to have fostered a sense of
belonging and tranquility among the tribe members.

QUESTION
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

CHOICES
A
As a sea-hunting community, the Nuu-chah-nulth tribe has been influential in promoting
sustainable fishing practices among other Native American tribes.
B
Through traditional sea-hunting and wood-carving, the Nuu-chah-nulth tribe maintains a
deep connection with nature, which strengthens community bonds and well-being.
C
The Nuu-chah-nulth tribe has perfected the art of sea-hunting and wood-carving, making
them the most skilled craftsmen among Native American tribes.
D
Although engaging in sea-hunting and wood-carving is an integral part of the Nuu-chah-nulth
tribe’s culture, it is slowly fading due to modernization.

9. The following text is adapted from Elizabeth von Arnim's 1898 novel Elizabeth and Her
German Garden. The novel, inspired by the author's own life, tells the story of Elizabeth, as she
navigates her marriage and life in rural Germany.

Elizabeth, a woman of keen horticultural predilections, sought refuge in her cherished garden
from the exigencies of domestic life. The verdant sanctuary offered her solace and respite from
her quotidian responsibilities, allowing her to cultivate not only her prized flora, but also her
sense of self. As the seasons progressed, her garden flourished, each bloom an affirmation of
her perseverance and dedication. While her marriage was often a source of consternation,
Elizabeth's unwavering devotion to her garden served as an anchor in the tempestuous seas of
her life.

QUESTION
According to the text, what is true about Elizabeth?

CHOICES
A
She dislikes gardening and prefers indoor activities.
B
Elizabeth's marriage is a harmonious and fulfilling partnership.
C
Her garden serves as a source of happiness and stability.
D
She is indifferent to the challenges of her domestic life.
 SAT Test 05

10. Macbeth is a circa 1623 play by William Shakespeare. In the play, Lady Macbeth's descent
into guilt-ridden madness becomes evident as the play progresses. Her unraveling state of mind
is best illustrated when she _______

QUESTION
Which choice most effectively uses a quotation from Macbeth to illustrate the claim?

CHOICES
A
encourages Macbeth, "Art thou afeard to be the same in thine own act and valor as thou art in
desire?
B
advises Macbeth, "Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under't. Who dares do
more is none."
C
tells Macbeth, "We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking-place, and we'll not fail. When
Duncan is asleep."
D
speaks to herself, "Out, damned spot! Out, I say! One, two; why then, 'tis time to do't. Hell is
murky!"

11. In 2009, Dr. Felicia Martinez and her team began a research project to develop a solar cell
that can efficiently harness energy from the sun even during cloudy weather. Traditional solar
cells have a low efficiency in diffused sunlight, which limits their performance under cloudy
conditions. Dr. Martinez's team worked on designing solar cells with a broader light-absorption
spectrum and a nanostructured surface that improves their efficiency in capturing light from
different angles. As a result, the new solar cells can generate electricity more effectively under
cloudy skies compared to standard solar cells.

QUESTION
According to the text, why are traditional solar cells less efficient in cloudy weather?

CHOICES
A
Because they have a narrow light-absorption spectrum
B
Because they can only generate electricity under direct sunlight
C
Because they have a nanostructured surface that absorbs light poorly
D
Because they are not designed to capture light from different angles

12. The Chinese social structure has historically been influenced by the teachings of Confucius,
a philosopher who lived during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE). Confucianism emphasizes
the importance of familial relationships, social harmony, and personal virtue. The concept of filial
piety, or "xiao" in Chinese, is a key tenet of Confucianism, which entails the idea that children
should demonstrate unwavering respect, obedience, and loyalty towards their parents and
ancestors. In the context of traditional Chinese society, the principle of filial piety would likely
_____

QUESTION
Which choice most logically completes the text?

CHOICES
A
promote the importance of individualism and self-expression.
B
ease tensions between different social classes.
C
incite resistance to established social hierarchies.
D
reinforce the deference to authority figures.

13. The concept of time dilation, as described by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, states that
time passes at different rates depending on an observer's relative speed or proximity to a
gravitational mass. In practical terms, this means that a person traveling at a significant fraction
of the speed of light or living near a massive object, such as a black hole, would experience
time at a slower rate compared to someone in a different situation. This phenomenon has been
experimentally confirmed through the use of atomic clocks placed on aircraft and satellites,
which have shown that their timekeeping deviates from those on Earth. Given this
understanding, if an astronaut were to embark on a long journey at near-light speed and then
return to Earth, they would find that _____

QUESTION
Which choice most logically completes the text?
CHOICES
A
they have aged more than people who remained on Earth.
B
they have aged less than people who remained on Earth.
C
their aging process has been entirely halted during the journey.
D
their experience of time has not been affected by their journey.

14. The organization's primary goal is to empower young people through education and skill
development. The ______ success in achieving this objective has transformed countless lives.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
nonprofit's
B
nonprofits
C
nonprofit
D
nonprofits'

15. Whether the proposed "Green Living Initiative," championed by Mayor Sophie Anderson, will
achieve its intended goals _____ yet to be determined. The program, aimed at reducing carbon
footprints and promoting sustainable living, has recently been passed by the city council of
Newport. Despite the enthusiastic support from environmental advocacy groups like Green
Horizon, its long-term effects on the Newport community remain unclear.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
have
B
are
C
have been
D
is

16. The widespread use of smartphones and social media in recent years ____ a considerable
influence on the way people communicate and access information. This shift has led to new
opportunities and challenges for individuals, businesses, and governments alike.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
has had
B
have had
C
have
D
are having

17. Acclaimed composer Ludwig van Beethoven's music evolved dramatically throughout his
career. In his early period, Beethoven composed piano sonatas that showcased his virtuosic
skills; _____ in his late period, he composed complex, introspective works like the Ninth
Symphony, which introduced choral elements and revolutionized the genre.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
however later,
B
however
C
 however,
D
however, later,

18. In the animal kingdom, the mantis shrimp is known for its incredible striking speed and
vibrant _______ being an anomaly, these features have evolved for specific purposes.
Scientists have discovered that the mantis shrimp's punch, which can reach speeds of up to 50
mph, is used not only for hunting but also for breaking open the shells of its prey. Besides
having one of the fastest strikes in nature, the mantis shrimp also possesses an extraordinary
visual system, with 16 color-receptive cones compared to humans' three. This remarkable vision
allows the creature to see a vast array of colors that humans cannot even comprehend, which
helps it navigate the complex environments of coral reefs.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
colors; rather than
B
colors, rather than
C
colors rather than
D
colors — rather than

19. Egyptian doctors were known for their comprehensive knowledge of the human body and
utilized a wide range of natural remedies ________ the ancient Egyptians also had a
rudimentary understanding of geometry, which was essential for their construction projects.
They developed a system of measurements and standardized units, allowing them to create
monumental structures with impressive precision. This combination of practical knowledge and
artistic vision has left a lasting legacy that continues to fascinate modern scholars.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
for various ailments — besides
B
 for various ailments. Besides
C
for various ailments, besides
D
for various ailments. Besides,

20. A large number of people have doubts about the credibility of online health advice from
unverified sources and often find themselves swamped by the countless, frequently
contradictory _________ there is an increased need for reliable, expert guidance offered by a
certified medical professional or platform.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
recommendations,
B
recommendations; now that
C
recommendations, so
D
recommendations, therefore,

21. In a paper published in the American Economic Review, economists Daron Acemoglu and
Pascual Restrepo examined the relationship between automation and labor markets. They
found that while automation can increase productivity and reduce the need for human labor in
certain tasks, it can also create new tasks that require human skills. This dynamic process, in
which tasks are constantly being automated and new tasks are being created, can lead to
significant adjustments in labor markets _____.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
itself
B
 themselves
C
them
D
it

22. As the scientists observed, quadrupeds with shorter necks typically have a greater range of
motion. The giraffes, in contrast, possess remarkably elongated necks, which enable them to
access foliage at higher elevations, providing a distinct ecological advantage. This unique
adaptation has allowed giraffes to perform tasks in _____ other herbivores may struggle, such
as reaching nutritious leaves in the uppermost branches of tall trees, thereby reducing
competition for resources and promoting their survival in various African savannah ecosystems.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
whom
B
which
C
what
D
that

23. The human brain, often referred to as the epicenter of human consciousness and an
astoundingly intricate organ, isn’t merely an assembly of neurons suspended in empty space.
According to Dr. Sandra Aamodt, a renowned neuroscientist and author of “Welcome to Your
Brain,” it is composed of approximately 75% water, which plays a crucial role in various brain
functions. How _______ Water facilitates chemical reactions, provides a medium for nutrients to
travel, and helps in waste removal from the brain.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
it maintains this composition!
B
does it maintain this composition.
C
it maintains this composition.
D
does it maintain this composition?

24. Commonly referred to as the "father of modern genetics," ________ made groundbreaking
discoveries in the field of heredity through his experiments with pea plants, laid the foundation
for our understanding of genes, inheritance, and genetic variation.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

CHOICES
A
Gregor Mendel, whose work
B
it was Gregor Mendel's work that
C
the work of Gregor Mendel
D
Gregor Mendel and his work

25. The invention of the steam engine in the 18th century revolutionized transportation and
industry. It powered trains, ships, and factories, enabling the rapid movement of goods and
people. ______, the widespread adoption of steam power marked the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution, which transformed economies and societies worldwide.

QUESTION
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

CHOICES
A
For instance,
B
As a consequence,
C
On the contrary,
D
Despite this,
26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• A political system is the set of institutions, rules, and processes that determine how a
government functions.
• Common types of political systems include democracies, autocracies, and oligarchies.
• In a democracy, power is vested in the people, who elect representatives to make decisions on
their behalf.
• Autocracies are characterized by a single individual or small group holding significant power,
often with limited checks and balances.
• Oligarchies involve a small group of individuals or families controlling the government, often for
their own benefit.

QUESTION
The student wants to compare the distribution of power in democracies and autocracies. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

CHOICES
A
Democracies and autocracies are both types of political systems, with democracies
characterized by power being vested in the people, while autocracies involve a single
individual or small group holding significant power.
B
Political systems, such as democracies and autocracies, determine the institutions, rules, and
processes that govern how a country is run, influencing the distribution of power within the
government.
C
In a democracy, power is distributed among the people who elect representatives to make
decisions, whereas in an autocracy, the centralized power is devoid of checks and balances.
D
Oligarchies are a type of political system that can be contrasted with democracies and
autocracies, as they involve a small group of individuals or families controlling the government
for their own benefit.

27. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature, precipitation, and other weather
patterns.
• Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, contribute to climate change through
greenhouse gas emissions.
• Climate change can lead to various consequences, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather
events, and species extinction.
• Mitigation strategies aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while adaptation strategies
focus on coping with the impacts of climate change.
• International agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to address climate change on a
global scale.

QUESTION
The student wants to stress the primary human activity contributing to climate change. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

CHOICES
A
Climate change, characterized by long-term shifts in weather patterns, is primarily driven by
human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, which leads to greenhouse gas
emissions.
B
The consequences of climate change, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events,
and species extinction, are closely tied to human activities, especially the burning of fossil
fuels.
C
Mitigation strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions are necessary to address
the primary human activity contributing to climate change: the burning of fossil fuels.
D
International agreements like the Paris Agreement seek to combat climate change by
addressing its primary cause: human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels that lead to
greenhouse gas emissions.