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ICSE Climate Notes Short

India's climate is diverse, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate in the north, influenced by geographical factors such as altitude, water bodies, and wind patterns. The monsoon plays a crucial role in unifying the climate, with significant contrasts in temperature and rainfall across different regions. Key climatic influences include the Himalayas, the Tropic of Cancer, and various pressure systems that affect seasonal weather patterns.

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18 views3 pages

ICSE Climate Notes Short

India's climate is diverse, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate in the north, influenced by geographical factors such as altitude, water bodies, and wind patterns. The monsoon plays a crucial role in unifying the climate, with significant contrasts in temperature and rainfall across different regions. Key climatic influences include the Himalayas, the Tropic of Cancer, and various pressure systems that affect seasonal weather patterns.

Uploaded by

fnousheen12
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Introduction
- India’s climate influenced by: Vast size, Varied topography, Geographical location
- Results in climatic diversity.
- Climate: Tropical (South) to Temperate (North)
- Factors: Altitude, Water bodies, Wind patterns

2. North–South Extent
- India: 8°N to 37°6'N (~3200 km)
- North-South = climatic contrasts
- Unifying factor = Monsoon (seasonal wind reversal)

3. Tropic of Cancer
- Passes through: Gujarat, MP, Bihar, WB
- Divides India into: Northern Temperate Zone, Southern Tropical Zone

4. Role of Himalayas & Tropic of Cancer


- Himalayas: Block cold winds from Central Asia
- Tropic of Cancer: Affects temp & seasons
- Overall Climate: Tropical Monsoon

5. Key Climate Factors


- Tropic of Cancer (23½°N)
- Himalayas

6. Summer Climate
- Land = very hot → low pressure
- Sea = high pressure → wind moves landward
- Causes South-West Monsoon

7. Winter Climate
- Land = very cold → high pressure
- Sea = low pressure → wind moves seaward
- Causes North-East Monsoon

8. Climatic Contrasts
- Due to: Location, Topography, Monsoons
- Affects: Agriculture, Water resources, Daily life

(a) Temperature – Summer


North of Tropic of Cancer:
- Continental climate
- Very hot summers, very cold winters
- Eg: Rajasthan (50°C), Dras (–40°C)

South of Tropic of Cancer:


- Near Equator = Hot all year
- No real winter
- Avg: 25°C – 27°C
- Eg: Bengaluru

Coastal Areas:
- Equable climate
- Eg: Mumbai, Goa, Chennai
- Temp range: Inland = up to 20°C, Coasts = 3°C – 5°C
(b) Rainfall
- Highest: Mawsynram (1187 cm/year)
- Lowest: Thar Desert (<25 cm/year)
- Monsoon = erratic (Floods & droughts)
- Two Coasts: West = rainy (SW Monsoon), East = rain in winter
- Himalayas: Snowfall in winter
- South India: No snowfall (near Equator)

(c) Factors Affecting Temperature


(i) Location
- Tropic divides: North = Subtropical, South = Tropical
- North: High mountains = extreme climate
- South: Surrounded by sea = moderate
- Temp rises north to south

(ii) Himalayas
- Block cold Siberian winds
- Force SW Monsoon to give rain → NE & Plains

(iii) Altitude
- Temp ↓ 1°C every 166 m
- Higher = cooler

(iv) Distance from Sea


- Interior = extreme
- Coast = equable (land/sea breeze)

(v) Western Disturbances


- Winter low-pressure
- From Mediterranean → Iraq → Afghanistan → Pakistan → NW India
- Cause rain/snow in Punjab, Haryana
- Called temperate cyclones

Tropical Cyclones
- Summer = East coast hit
- Originate: Bay of Bengal
- Heavy destruction

Jet Streams
- Upper air
- Control monsoon onset & withdrawal

El Niño / La Niña
- Pacific Ocean events
- El Niño: Warm sea → weak monsoon → drought
- La Niña: Cold sea → strong monsoon → heavy rain

Local Winds & Cyclones


- Loo: Hot dry wind (North India, summer)
- Cyclones from Bay/Arabian Sea
- Eg: Asna Cyclone (Aug 31, 2024) – land depression entered Arabian Sea

Pressure Systems
- Summer: Low pressure over land
- Moist winds from sea
- ITCZ shifts north → pulls monsoon winds
3. Climate of India
- Despite differences, Monsoon unifies Indian climate

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