ARCHITECTURE

WEEK 10
FINAL TERM
 ARCHITECTURE

PLANNING CONSTRUCTING
DESIGNING
 ARCHITECTURE
• The art and technique of designing and building.
• Skills associated with construction.
• Latin word “architectura”.
• Process and product of sketching, conceiving, planning,
designing, and constructing buildings or other
structures.
 Architect vs. Engineer

Artistry and Technical and

design of the structural
building. side.
Architect vs. Interior Design

Creates the Designs the

external interiors of
structure. home.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCHITECTURE
FROM OTHER BUILT STRUCTURES
▪ the suitability of the work to be used by human beings in
general and the adaptability of it to particular human
activities;
▪ the stability and permanence of the work’s construction,
and;
▪ the communication of experience and ideas through its
form. All these conditions must be met in architecture.
 ▪ produced for the social unit: the
individual, family, or clan and
their dependents, human and
animal
▪ provides shelter and security for
the basic physical functions of life.
▪ The basic requirements of
domestic architecture are simple:
a place to sleep, prepare food, eat,
and perhaps work; a place that
has some light and is protected
from the weather.
▪ A single room with sturdy walls
and roof, a door, a window, and a
hearth are the necessities; all else
can be considered luxury.

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE
 ▪ A type of local or regional
construction, using traditional
materials and resources from the
area where the building is located.
▪ Related to its context and cultural
aspects of its surroundings, being
strongly influenced by the people
around them.
▪ An architecture that encompasses
the people’s dwelling and other
constructions that are built to meet
specific needs, and accommodate
values, economy, and lifestyles of a
specific culture.

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
 ▪ A special type of
domestic building
▪ It gives the power to
utilize the resources of
the community in the
construction of their
homes, palaces, villas,
gardens, and places of
recreation.

POWER ARCHITECTURE
 ▪ Accommodates the
group rather than the
unit.
▪ Produced by multiple
types of culture
▪ Developed by imperial
Romans

GROUP HOUSING
 ▪ Also known as “Sacral
Architecture”;
▪ Concerned with the
design and construction
of places of worship or
sacred or intentional
space;
▪ Churches, mosques,
stupas, synagogues and
temples.

RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
SULTAN AHMED’S MOSQUE, ISTANBUL TURKEY
TAJ MAHAL, AGRA, INDIA
MOST BEAUTIFUL TEMPLES,
CHURCHES AND MOSQUES
TEMPLE OF HEAVEN, BEIJING CHINA
LOTUS TEMPLE, DELHI, INDIA
WAT RONG KHUN, CHIANG RAI, THAILAND
THE MILAN CATHEDRAL, MILAN, ITALY
DOHANY STREET SYNAGOGUE, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY
MEENAKSHI TEMPLE, MADURAI, INDIA
BIBI-KHANYM MOSQUE, SAMARKAND, UZBEKISTAN
SAINT STEPHEN’S CATHEDRAL, VIENNA, AUSTRIA
ANGKOR WAT, SIAM REAP, CAMBODIA
 SHRINES

(SHINTO, JAPAN)
 FUNERARY ART

▪ Produced by
societies whose
belief in the afterlife
is materialistic and
by individuals who
want to perpetuate
and symbolize their
temporal
importance.

THE TOMB OF PHILIPPE ART

 GOVERNMENTAL ARCHITECTURE

▪ Modern government
buildings are
designed to be more
than just functional
spaces; they are
potent symbols of
government
presence and
power.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CAPITOL BUILDING

RECREATIONAL
ARCHITECTURE
OPERA GARNIER (PALAIS GARNIER)
AUDITORIUM BUILDING OF ROOSEVELT
 ATHLETIC FACILITIES

GUIYANG SPORTS CENTER

 MUNCH MUSEUM

ESTUDIO HERREROS- OSLO, NORWAY

INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE
 According to Vitruvius,
Roman Architecture of 1st Century A.D.

• A good building should satisfy the three

principles of firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis
▪ Stability – a building should stand up robustly
and remain in good condition.
▪ Utility – it should be suitable for the purpose for
which it is used.
▪ Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing

THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL
CONSTRUCTION
One of the early architectural developments was
the use of the “post-and-lintel” method
A beam is placed horizontally across upright
posts.
 Ancient Greek “Orders” (styles):
composed of a shaft, capital, and
base.
 Entablature: the top of an
order; including the
architrave, frieze, and cornice.
ARCH- a vertical curved structure that
spans through an elevated space that
may or may not support the weight
above it.
 VAULT- is a self-supporting
arched form, usually of stone or
brick, serving to cover a space
with a ceiling or roof.
 DOME- A hemispherical
structure evolved from the arch,
usually forming a ceiling or roof.
 The arch was a purely
Roman invention. An arch is
often made up of small
stones called voussoir and
a large central stone called
a keystone.
 COLLONADE- Used to add
grandeur to Roman architecture.

▪ Row of columns to
support entablature
A series of arches is called an
arcade.
 The arch, vault,
and dome are
variations of the
same concept that
allow for greater
height and more
space inside a
building.
 The Romans were
great engineers.
They developed
concrete as a
building material,
which was used in
building aqueducts,
baths, and other
public works
projects.
 FLYING BUTTRESS:
external arch that counter-
balanced the outward
thrust of the high, vaulted
ceilings.
During the Industrial Revolution, many new
materials were developed: glass-- Crystal
Palace (1851)
IRON ARCHITECTURE-
one of the most
important innovations in
architecture since
ancient times.
 MEDIUMS IN
ARCHITECTURE
NATURAL MATERIALS
unprocessed or minimal
processed by industry.

SYNTHETIC MATERIALS
are made in industrial
settings after much human
manipulation.
 WOOD
- is the most common building
material. Its advantages are its
abundance, relative durability,
and high tensile and
compression strength. However,
it is easily destroyed by
moisture, insects, and fire.
 STONE
- is the material used in
most of the great
architecture of the
world permanence is
desired
CONCRETE
is a building material
made of sand and
gravel mixed with
cement.
FERRO- CEMENT
for stronger structure. It is
concrete reinforced with
steel.
 STEEL
it is a tough alloy of
iron in variable
amounts. It is
malleable under
proper conditions and
greatly hardened by
sudden cooling. It has
tensile strength.
 FABRIC
It has been revived as a
major construction
technique with the
development of tensile
architecture and
synthetic fabrics.
 MUD AND
CLAY
It is a good option in
buildings for warm
places as it keeps the
building cool in
scorching heat.
 ROCK
Rock structures have
existed for as long as
history can recall. It is
the longest-lasting
building material and
is usually readily
available.
DRY STONES
Dry-stone walls have
been built for as long
as humans have put
one stone on top of
another
 THATCH
Thatch is one of the
oldest of building
materials known; grass is
a good insulator and
easily harvested.
 ICE
Ice was used by the
Inuit for igloos, but has
also been used for ice
hotels as a tourist
attraction in northern
areas that might not
otherwise see many
winter tourist
BRICK AND
BLOCK
Used in masonry
construction,
which also
includes concrete,
stone, and glass.
 REFERENCES
• https://www.novatr.com/blog/art-and-architecture#0
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture
• https://www.ba-bamail.com/travel/10-of-the-most-beautiful-temples-
churches-and-mosques/
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture/Techniques
• https://layakarchitect.com/architecture-different-types-of-arches-in-
architecture/#google_vignette