Architecture: Definition

• The art and science of designing and constructing buildings, bridges,

and other structures to satisfy individual and communal needs.
• It is a complex art inasmuch as the task of the architect is not only to
create the design of the exterior of the building or similar structure, but
also to do the design of its interior.

With the Industrial Revolution and the introduction of steel

and other construction materials, the mushrooming of high-
rise buildings is inevitable.
 Kinds of Architectural Construction
• Post and Lintel. This kind consists of a
horizontal beam called lintel and two
vertical posts to support it. It is usually
found in doors and entrances. The
prehistoric “Stonehenge” illustrates this type
of architectural construction. Stonehenge
• Cantilever. This also has two vertical posts
for support and a horizontal beam with one
end more extended than the other.
Oftentimes, steel is used for this type
because of its tensile strength. At times,
wood is also used because of its tendency to
warp, sag, and rot.
 Kinds of Architectural Construction
• Arch. The arch consists of several wedge-
shaped blocks of stone called “voussoirs”
held together by a key stone. It serves to
support other structures such as roofs and to
be a symbolic gateway. The Arch of
Triumph in Paris, France, illustrates this
Arch of Triumph in
type of architectural construction introduced Paris
by the Romans and dominant in Roman
architecture.
• Dome. The dome is a large hemispherical
roof or ceiling that looks like an inverted
cup. It is an extension of the principle of the
arch capable of enclosing a wide area.
The Dome of the Rock
 Kinds of Architectural Construction
• Vault. The vault is an arched structure of
masonry usually forming a roof or ceiling.
Similar to the dome, it is an extension of
the principle of the arch capable of
enclosing a vast expanse of space. It has
several types: barrel vault, groined vault,
cross vault, Welsh vault, and cloister vault. Kinds of
Vault
• Truss. The truss consists of a braced
framework of beams or bars forming one
or more triangles. An assemblage of beams
forming a rigid framework is usually used
to support the roof.
Kinds of
Truss
 Mediums
The mediums used in architecture are classified into:
•Light materials - include paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light
wood. All, except paper, form part of nipa huts and similar dwellings in
tropical countries. The advantage of these materials is that they allow
for good ventilation, but their disadvantage is that they are not
resistant to fire and other natural elements.
•Heavy materials - include hardwood, stone, concrete (combination
of cement, gravel, and sand), brick, steel, and cast iron. They always
form part of high-rise buildings, for example, condominiums. The trend
now is towards the use of heavy materials which are not only fire-
resistant but also durable and able to withstand natural forces such as
earthquakes, landslides, storms and floods.
 Cave of Stone Age men

History
• Prehistoric Period. The caves used to be the
first dwellings of the Stone Age men. They
constructed their tree houses with the use of
materials indigenous in their surroundings. The
Egyptians were among the ancient civilizations
Pyramid of Egypt who came up with enormous architectural works.
Their pyramids built to entomb their leaders, the
pharaohs, are one of the wonders of the world.
The Babylonians also constructed their own
structures, the famous of which are the Hanging
Garden of Babylon (another ancient wonder) and
the Tower of Babel, a ziggurat.
Hanging Garden of Babylon
 History Temple of Diana Erechteum Temple of Winged Victory
• Greek Period. The Parthenon
typifies the architecture of this
period. Adorned with relief sculpture
by Phidias and his assistants, it
exemplifies the post-and-lintel
system of architecture. Other well-
known buildings are the Temple of
Diana (another ancient wonder),
Erechteum, and the Temple of
Winged Victory. The Greeks are
famous for their architectural orders:
the Ionic, the Doric, and the
Corinthian.
The Architectural Orders
 The Classical Orders of Architecture

History
• Roman Period. The greatest
contributions of the Romans to
Western civilization are in the field
of architecture. While they adopted Baths of Caracalla
the classical orders of Greek
architecture, they added the Tuscan
order and the composite order.
Unlike the Greeks, the Romans Arch of Triumph

combined the orders in one building.

They also introduced the dome, a
structure exemplified by the
Colosseum.
Pantheon
 History
•Medieval Period. The architecture of the Middle Ages is divided into four
artistic styles:

 Early Christian – typified by the old Basilica of St. Peter

in Rome (326 A.D.), dedicated by Emperor Constantine
and known to be the first Christian church.
 Byzantine – exemplified by the 6th century Hagia Sophia,
built in Constantinople.
 Romanesque – has a massive, horizontal emphasis, an east
west orientation of the basilica, and a cruciform shape, with
a long central aisle, the nave, traversed by the transept at
right angles.
 Gothic – has a vertical emphasis, with its high, pointed
spires.
 History
• Renaissance Period – involved the
construction of aristocratic residences called
palazzos and churches.
• Mannerist Period – exemplified by the
works of Giorgio Vesari, Bartolommeo
Ammarati, and Andrea Palladio.
• Baroque Period – exemplified by the
Church of San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane
designed by Francesco Borromini. Baroque
architecture is characterized by a highly
ornamented façade, giant and twisted
columns, broken pediments, and common
decorative motifs.
 History
• Classic Period – The classical style found its full
expression in 17th century architecture in the Palace of
Versailles, built for the court of King Louis XIV by
Mansart and Le Vau.
• Modern Period – The Bauhaus, a school of design
founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany in 1919,
was responsible for the development of an International
Style of architecture and design, which gradually spread
throughout the industrial world. Frank Lloyd Wright, an
American pioneer in early 20th century architecture affected
the International Style, but he developed his own style that
never fit into any category. Most of the skyscrapers built
during the 20th century and the early years of the 21st
century are applications of the modern style.
 Notable Artists: Local Architects
•Carlos D. Arguelles – contemporary of Juan Nakpil; he
designed the Philamlife Bldg. in United Nations Ave. He
also designed the Development Bank of the Philippines and
the Philippine National Bank in Escolta.
•Armando Dominador Alli Jr. – an architect, planner,
environment consultant; he has been a practitioner in
technological professions, preparing comprehensive land use
plans, development master plans, site master plans, etc.
•Pablo S. Antonio – named as the National Artist of the
Philippines for Architecture in 1976 by Pres. Marcos; he is
a pioneer of modern Philippine architecture. He designed
the Ideal Theater, Life Theater, Manila Polo Club and the
FEU Campus.
 Notable Artists: Local Architects
•Cesar H. Concio – designed the
Redemptorist Church in Baclaran and the UP
Protestant Chapel.

•Juan M. De Guzman Arellano – best known

for his design of Manila’s Metropolitan Theater,
the Manila Post Office Building, the Jones Bridge,
and the Executive House (1926), which now houses
the National Museum.

•Gregorio Gutierrez – designed the Sta. Cruz

Church.
 Notable Artists: Local Architects
•Leandro Locsin – named as the National Artist of the Philippines
for Architecture in 1990 by Pres. Corazon Aquino; he is best known for
the Cultural Center of the Philippines. His other works are the Church
of the Holy Sacrifice in UP Diliman, Antipolo Church, and the
Philippine International Convention Center.
 Notable Artists: Local Architects
•Lira Luis – the first Filipino Architect
conferred with a Master of Architecture degree at
the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture; an
award-winning architect; she completed her first
audio-book entitled “FRANKly Speaking: It’s the
wRIGHT Way.”
•Nestor S. Mangio – an internationally famous
architect; he is an environment planner, a successful real
estate and community developer. He was appointed by
Pres. Fidel Ramos as a director of the Bases Conversion
Development Authority, Clark Development
Corporation, and Fort Bonifacio Development
Corporation.
 Notable Artists: Local Architects
•Francisco Manosa – famous
for his design of the Coconut
Palace in Tagaytay. He is the most
outspoken champion of an
indigenous Filipino architecture.

•Jose Manosa – known for designing

the San Miguel Corporation Building.
He believes that not only the prominent
and well-to-do families deserve the
services of an architect.
 Notable Artists: Local Architects
•Tomas Mapua – one of the founders of the
Mapua Institute of Technology and the first
registered Filipino architect; he also supervised the
designing of the Philippine General Hospital.

•Juan F. Nakpil – a teacher and a civic

leader; he is a pioneer and innovator in
Philippine architecture; he designed the
1937 International Eucharistic Congress.
He rebuilt and enlarged the Quiapo Church
in 1930, and added a dome and a second
belfry to the original design.
 Notable Artists: Local Architects
•Fernando Ocampo – designed the Manila
Cathedral, the Antipolo Cathedral, and the UST
Chapel.

•Genaro O. Palacio – designed the San Sebastian Church.

•Ildefonso P. Santos Jr. – known as the “Father of

Landscape Architecture”; a recipient of the National Artist of
the Philippines award; he designed the Loyola Memorial Park
in Marikina City, and the Paco Park and the Rizal Park in
Manila, as well as the Tagaytay Highlands in Cavite, and the
Crystal Springs in Los Baños, Laguna.
 Notable Artists: Local Architects
•Carlos A. Santos-Viola – a well-known “kapilya”
designer. A devout Catholic, he designed the first
chapel of the Christian evangelical group Iglesia ni
Cristo in Cubao, which marked the start of his long-
lasting work relationship with the INC.

•Antonio Toledo – designed the

Legislative Building, Manila City Hall,
and Agriculture and Finance Building.
 Notable Artists: Foreign Architects
•Alvar Aalto – a Finnish modern architect; he
displayed in his works a carefully crafted balance
of intricate and complex forms, spaces, and
elements. Among his works are Bell Tower,
Vlipuri Library, and the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
•Gottfried Boehm – a German architect; he
worked for Rudolf Schwarz, another prominent
German church architect. Among his major works
are Zublin Office Building, Town Hall, Deutsche
Bank, and Public Library, all in Germany.
•Walter Gropius – a German architect; he
designed the Bauhaus in Dessau, Germany, and
Harvard Graduate Center in Cambridge.
 Notable Artists: Foreign Architects
•Adolf Loos – an Austrian architect; he was one of
the most important pioneers of the modern movement in
architecture. Among his major works are Cafe Museum,
Wohnung Leopold Langer, Steiner House, Scheu House,
all in Vienna, Austria.
•Fumihiko Maki – a Japanese architect; he is a
major figure in Japanese architecture because of his
architectural and urban design and his contributions to
architectural theory. Some of his major works are
Hillside Apartment Complex, National Museum of
Modern Art, and Tokyo Church of Christ, all in Japan.
•Kevin Roche – one of the founders of the firm
Kevin Roche, John Dinkeloo, and Associates. Most of
his major works are in New York.
 Notable Artists: Foreign Architects
•Aldo Rossi – one of the most influential
architects during the period 1972-1988; he is
recognized internationally in the areas of theory,
drawing, and architecture. His major works include
the Asaba Design Studio in Tokyo, and the
Disneyland Office in Orlando.
•Eliel Saarinen – a Finnish architect; he has a
career spanning for 50 years. Some of his major
works include the Finnish Pavilion in Paris, and
Christ Church Lutheran in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
•Carlo Scarpa – an enigmatic character in the
history of modern architecture and design. His
major works include Palazzo Chiaramonte in
Palermo, Palazzo CaiForcari in Venice, Galleria
degli Uffizi in Florence, all in Italy.
 Notable Artists: Foreign Architects
•Alvaro Siza – a Portuguese architect; he is one of the best-known
architects in Portugal of the 20th century. He designed the Residential
Complex Schilderswijk West in The Hague, Netherlands, and Centro
Galiziano (Museum of Modern Art) in Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
•Kenzo Tange – a world-renowned Japanese architect of the second half
of the 20th century. His major works include Peace Memorial Park of
Hiroshima, St. Mary’s Cathedral in Tokyo, Nanyang Technological
University in Singapore, and Tokyo Dome Hotel.

•Frank Lloyd Wright – a world-renowned American

architect; he is one of the architects in the world whose
designs are studied by students and professionals in the
field. One of his major works is the Guggenheim Museum
in New York.
Guggenheim Museum