INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
Accredited ‘A’ Grade by NAAC &Recognised U/s 2(f) of UGC act
Rated Category `A+’ by SFRC & `A’ by JAC Govt. of NCT of Delhi
Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi
Internet of Things (IoT)
BCA
Semester: VI
© Institute of Information Technology and Management, D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New
Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Sensors:
Sensors are devices that detect and measure physical properties
such as temperature, humidity, light, motion, and pressure.
In IoT applications, sensors play a crucial role in collecting real-
world data for analysis and decision-making.
Common types of sensors used in IoT include temperature
sensors (e.g., thermistors, thermocouples), humidity sensors,
motion sensors (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes), and
environmental sensors.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Sensor Classification
Based on Input Based on Output Based on Datatype
Passive Active Analog Digital Scalar Vector
Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
1. Passive Sensor
Can not independently sense the input.
Example- Accelerometer, soil moisture, water level and temperature
sensors.
2. Active Sensor
Independently sense the input.
Example- Radar, sounder and laser altimeter sensors.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
1. Analog Sensor –
The response or output of the sensor is some continuous function of its
input parameter.
Ex- Temperature sensor, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), analog pressure
sensor and analog hall effect.
2. Digital Sensor
Response in binary nature. Design to overcome the disadvantages of
analog sensors. Along with the analog sensor, it also comprises extra
electronics for bit conversion.
Example – Passive infrared (PIR) sensor and digital temperature
sensor(DS1620).
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
1. Scalar Sensor
Detects the input parameter only based on its magnitude. The answer
for the sensor is a function of magnitude of some input parameter. Not
affected by the direction of input parameters.
Example – temperature, gas, strain, color and smoke sensor.
2. Vector Sensor
The response of the sensor depends on the magnitude of the direction
and orientation of input parameter.
Example – Accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetic field and motion
detector sensors.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Digital Sensors:
Digital sensors produce output in digital format, simplifying
interfacing with microcontrollers and other digital systems.
Examples of digital sensors include digital temperature
sensors (e.g., DS18B20), digital light sensors (e.g.,
TSL2561), and digital motion sensors (e.g., MPU6050).
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Actuators:
Actuators are devices that convert electrical signals into
physical actions or movements.
In IoT systems, actuators are used to control and manipulate
physical objects or processes based on data collected from
sensors.
Common actuators include motors, servos, relays, solenoids,
and pneumatic actuators.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology:
RFID technology enables wireless identification and tracking of
objects using radio frequency signals.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) refers to a wireless system
comprised of two components: tags and readers.
In IoT applications, RFID tags attached to objects communicate
with RFID readers to transmit data such as unique identifiers and
sensor readings.
RFID technology finds applications in asset tracking, inventory
management, access control, and supply chain logistics.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Passive RFID –
Passive RFID tags does not have their own power source. It
uses power from the reader. In this device, RF tags are not
attached by a power supply and passive RF tag stored their
power. When it is emitted from active antennas and the RF
tag are used specific frequency like 125-134KHZ as low
frequency, 13.56MHZ as a high frequency and 856MHZ to
960MHZ as ultra-high frequency.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Active RFID –
In this device, RF tags are attached by a power supply that
emits a signal and there is an antenna which receives the data.
means, active tag uses a power source like battery. It has it’s
own power source, does not require power from
source/reader.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Active RFID –
In this device, RF tags are attached by a power supply that
emits a signal and there is an antenna which receives the data.
means, active tag uses a power source like battery. It has its
own power source, does not require power from
source/reader.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Working Principle of RFID :
Generally, RFID uses radio waves to perform AIDC () function.
AIDC stands for Automatic Identification and Data Capture
technology which performs object identification and collection
and mapping of the data.
An antenna is an device which converts power into radio waves
which are used for communication between reader and tag. RFID
readers retrieve the information from RFID tag which detects the
tag and reads or writes the data into the tag. It may include one
processor, package, storage and transmitter and receiver unit.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Wireless Sensor Networks:
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of spatially distributed
autonomous sensors that communicate wirelessly to monitor
physical or environmental conditions.
WSNs enable remote monitoring and control of distributed
systems, making them suitable for IoT applications in various
domains such as agriculture, healthcare, and smart cities.
Key components of WSNs include sensor nodes, wireless
communication protocols (e.g., Zigbee, Bluetooth Low Energy),
and network infrastructure for data aggregation and processing.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Hardware for IoT:
Participatory Sensing Technology:
Participatory sensing involves leveraging mobile devices and
crowdsourcing techniques to collect data from individuals or
communities.
In IoT applications, participatory sensing enables the collection of
real-time data from a large number of users, contributing to
environmental monitoring, urban planning, and social sensing
initiatives.
Participatory sensing platforms often integrate with smartphones,
wearable devices, and online platforms to facilitate data collection,
analysis, and visualization.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
IoT envisions a connected world where devices seamlessly
communicate, share data, and collaborate to enhance
efficiency, convenience, and overall human experience. It
represents a paradigm shift, enabling smart and automated
solutions in various domains.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
Embedded Computing Basics:
Embedded computing refers to the integration of computing
capabilities into non-computing devices or systems.
Embedded systems typically consist of microcontrollers or
microprocessors embedded within hardware to perform specific
tasks.
Characteristics of embedded systems include real-time operation,
low power consumption, and limited computational resources.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
Arduino:
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform widely
used for prototyping IoT devices.
It features a simple and beginner-friendly programming
environment based on the Arduino IDE.
Arduino boards are equipped with microcontrollers (e.g., AVR,
ARM) and offer a variety of input/output pins for interfacing with
sensors, actuators, and other peripherals.
Arduino shields and modules extend its capabilities for
connectivity (e.g., Wi-Fi, Ethernet) and sensor integration.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
Netduino:
Netduino is an open-source hardware platform based on the
.NET Micro Framework.
It provides a familiar development environment for C# and
.NET developers to create IoT applications.
Netduino boards feature ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers
and offer support for Ethernet and Wi-Fi connectivity.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
Raspberry Pi:
Raspberry Pi is a popular single-board computer (SBC) designed
for educational and prototyping purposes.
It runs on a Linux-based operating system (e.g., Raspbian) and
supports various programming languages (e.g., Python, C/C++)
for IoT development.
Raspberry Pi boards feature ARM-based processors, HDMI
output, USB ports, and GPIO pins for interfacing with external
devices.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
BeagleBone:
BeagleBone is another SBC platform suitable for IoT
development.
It features a more powerful processor compared to Raspberry Pi
and offers similar capabilities for interfacing with sensors,
actuators, and expansion modules.
BeagleBone boards run on Linux distributions such as Debian and
Ubuntu and support programming languages like Python,
C/C++, and JavaScript.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
Intel Galileo Boards:
Intel Galileo boards are part of the Intel IoT platform
designed for IoT prototyping and development.
They feature Intel Quark processors and are compatible with
Arduino shields and software libraries.
Galileo boards offer support for various communication
interfaces (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) and come with
integrated I/O capabilities.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Embedded Platforms for IoT:
ARM Cortex:
ARM Cortex processors are widely used in embedded
systems and IoT devices due to their low power consumption
and high performance.
ARM-based microcontrollers and SoCs (System on Chips)
power numerous IoT platforms and products, offering a
balance between computational power and energy efficiency.
© Institute of Information Technology and Management,
D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
