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Shoulder flexion
Shoulder extension
Motion: Move your arm forward and point to the ceiling
*Pretend you are reaching something on a high shelf
Axis: head of humerus – 2 fingers below the acromion
Stationary bar: parallel to humerus trunk
Movable bar: moves with arm upwards (flexes)paratorums
Norm: 0 – 170
End-feel: firm
 ex

Move your arm backwards as far as you can go

*Reaching behind you
Axis: head of humerus – 2 fingers below the acromion
Stationary bar: parallel to humerus & trunk
Movable bar: moves with arm backwards (extends)
Norm: 0 – 60
End-feel: Firm
Shoulder abduction
Shoulder horizontal
abduction
Motion: Move your arm from your side up to sky
*Like star jump arms
Axis: Posterior to acromion process (on patient’s back)
Stationary bar: parallel to trunk
Movable bar: moves as the arm abducts outwards
Norm: 0 -170
End-feel: Firm
Motion: Lift your arm out to the side and move it
backwards
(start with arm out to the side; elbow flexed at 90°)
*Elbow someone behind you
Axis: over the acromion process (shoulder pads)
Stationary bar: pointed away from neck
→ goes along with the shoulder (parallel to ground)
Movable bar: moves with horizontally abducted arm
• Goniometer is straight
Norm: 0 – 40
Shoulder horizontal
adduction
Shoulder internal
rotation
Motion: Lift your arm out to the side and move it across
your body
(start with arm out to the side; elbow flexed at 90°)
*Wiping a table
Axis: over the acromion process (shoulder pads)
Stationary bar: pointed away from neck
→ goes along with the shoulder (parallel to ground)
Movable bar: moves with horizontally adducted arm
• Goniometer is straight
Norm: 0 – 130
End-feel: firm or soft
Motion: Begin with shoulder and elbow at 90°; move palm
of hand upwards behind you (forearm towards floor)
*Reaching into your back pocket
Axis: olecranon (elbow)
Stationary bar: In line with forearm
Movable arm: moves with forearm arm as it rotates
internally (downwards)
Norm: 0 – 70
Shoulder external
rotation
Elbow flexion
Motion: Begin with shoulder and elbow at 90°;
move back of hand upwards in front of you
(forearm towards roof)
*Like a lollipop man at the airport / car guard
Axis: olecranon (elbow)
Stationary bar: forearm
Movable arm: moves with the arm as it rotates
externally upwards
Norm: 0 – 90
Position: Seated → arm is straight at side, thumb pointing out
Motion: Bring your palm towards your shoulder
Axis: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Stationary bar: parallel to the humerus
Moveable bar: parallel to the radius
Norm: 0-150
End-feel: soft / hard / firm

Full ROM for Elbow = Flexion + Extension

Elbow extension
Forearm supination
Position: Seated → arm is straight at side, thumb pointing out
Motion: Start at 0° (arm straight); ask if can straighten it more
Axis: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Stationary bar: parallel to the humerus
Moveable bar: parallel to the radius
Norm: 0° (measure both arms to check individual norm)
• Hyperextension = +x°
• Extension lag = -x°
End-feel: hard / firm

Full ROM for Elbow = Flexion + Extension

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Position: Hold pencil in fist (use to measure); arm in air on

ulnar boarder; elbow flexed 90°
Motion: supinate arm *Show me your fingers
Axis: Middle of fist; in line with pencil inlinewithsa
metacarpal

• start with the goniometer opened out to 180° &

stabilize by resting on surface / patient
Stationary arm: perpendicular to ground
Movable arm: moves with supination
Norm: 0 – 80/90
Forearm pronation
ROM wristlet
Flex unararadialdeviation

Wrist flexion
Position: Hold pencil in fist (use to measure); arm in air
on ulnar boarder; elbow flexed 90°
Motion: pronate arm *Show me your knuckles
Axis: Middle of fist; in line with pencil
• start with the goniometer opened out to 180° &
stabilize by resting on surface / patient
Stationary arm: perpendicular to ground
Movable arm: moves with pronation
Norm: 0-80/90
 alignsinmetacarpal
Position: forearm straight on table on ulnar border am
onsane
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Motion: bend wrist inwards *bounce a ball

Axis: anatomical snuffbox
Stationary bar: in line with the forearm baseof5h
me
Movable bar: in line with index finger
metacarpal

Norm: 0 – 80

Full ROM for wrist = Flexion + Extension

Wrist extension
Radial deviation
Position: forearm straight on table on ulnar border
Motion: bend wrist backwards *stop the bus!
Axis: anatomical snuffbox
Stationary bar: in line with forearm
Movable bar: in line with index finger
Norm: 0 – 70

Full ROM for wrist = Flexion + Extension

Position: Hand flat on the table
Motion: Move fingers towards thumb *DJ
Axis: capitate bone at third metacarpal (aligned with middle finger)
• palpate at capitate bone (hollow thing on dorsum of hand)
• Goniometer opened straight to 180°
Stationary bar: in line with dorsal forearm
Movable bar: in line with 3rd metacarpal
Norm: 0 – 20
Ulnar deviation
Knee flexion
Position: Hand flat on the table
Motion: Move fingers towards pinkie *DJ
Axis: capitate bone at third metacarpal (aligned with middle finger)
• palpate at capitate bone (hollow thing on dorsum of hand)
• Goniometer opened straight to 180°
Stationary bar: in line with dorsal forearm
Movable bar: in line with 3rd metacarpal
Norm: 0 – 30
Position: Prone; feet off bed
Motion: Bend knee up as much as possible
*Kick your bum
Axis: lateral epicondyle of the femur
• Goniometer opened straight to 180°
Stationary bar: parallel to femur
Movable arm: moves with lower leg upwards (flexes)
Norm: 0 – 135

Calculate: Norm = 180 - angle

Knee extension
Hip flexion
Position: Prone; knees off bed
Motion: Straighten knee as much as possible
*Kick a soccer ball
Axis: lateral epicondyle of the femur
• Goniometer opened straight to 180°
Stationary bar: parallel to femur
Movable arm: moves with lower leg downwards
Norm: 0° (measure both legs to check individual norm)
• Hyperextension = +x°
• Extension lag = -x°

Full ROM for Knee = Flexion + Extension

Position: Supine
Motion: Bend knee towards chest as much as possible
*Hug your knee
Axis: greater trochanter
• Goniometer opened straight to 180°
Stationary bar: parallel to trunk
Movable arm: moves with leg upwards
Norm: 0-120

Full ROM of Hip = Flexion + Extension

Hip extension
Hip external rotation
Position: Prone
Motion: lift leg up to the roof
*walk backwards
Axis: greater trochanter
• Goniometer opened straight to 180°
Stationary bar: parallel to trunk
Movable arm: moves with leg upwards
Norm: 0-30

Full ROM of Hip = Flexion + extension

Position: Seated; other leg is out the way – under table or lifted
Motion: Rotate lower leg in & upwards *examine under your shoe
Axis: center of patella
Stationary bar: in line with lower leg
Movable bar: moves inwards with lower leg
Norm: 0 – 45
Hip external rotation
Hip abduction
Position: Seated; other leg is out the way – under table or lifted
Motion: Rotate lower leg in & upwards *knuip
Axis: center of patella
Stationary bar: in line with lower leg
Movable bar: moves outwards with lower leg
Norm: 0 – 45
Position: Prone with feet together
Motion: Move your leg outwards *side-step
Axis: anterior iliac spine
Stationary bar: across both anterior superior iliac spines
Movable bar: At 90° to leg being moved
Norm: 0 – 40

Calculate: Norm = angle - 90

Hip adduction
Foot inversion
Position: Prone with feet together
Motion: Move your other leg outwards; move testing leg
towards the other one *kick a ball
Axis: anterior iliac spine
Stationary bar: across both anterior superior iliac spines
Movable bar: At 90° to leg being moved
Norm: 0 – 35

Calculate: Norm = angle - 90

Position: Seated; feet hanging
Motion: roll your foot inwards *twist your ankle
Axis: heel
• Goniometer is at 90°(on lateral side)
Stationary bar: in line with ankle
Movable bar: moves under foot as client rolls foot
Norm: 0 – 35

Calculate Norm = 90 – angle

Foot eversion
Foot dorsiflexion
Position: Seated; feet hanging
Motion: roll your foot outwards *knuip
Axis: heel
• Goniometer is at 90°(on medial side)
Stationary bar: in line with ankle
Movable bar: moves under foot as client rolls foot
Norm: 0 – 35

Calculate Norm = 90 – angle

Position: Seated; legs out in front; feet at 90°
Motion: move toes up to knee
Axis: heel
• Goniometer is at 90°(on lateral side)
Stationary bar: in line with lateral malleolus
Movable bar: moves with side of foot as it flexes
Norm: 0 – 15

Calculate Norm = 90 – angle

Plantar flexion
Metacarop-phalangeal
(MCP) Flexion
Position: Seated; legs out in front; feet at 90°
Motion: pointe your toes
Axis: heel
• Goniometer is at 90°(on lateral side)
Stationary bar: in line with lateral malleolus
Movable bar: moves with side of foot as it flexes
Norm: 0 – 50

Calculate Norm = angle – 90

Position: Seated; forearm on table on ulnar border, finger
joints relaxed
Motion: Flex MP joint *Make a L-shaped cup / “come to
me”
Axis: dorsal aspect of MP joint.
Stationary bar: dorsal surface of the hand; in line with
wrist
Movable arm: dorsal surface of proximal phalanx (flexes)
Norm: 0 – 90
End-feel: Hard / Firm
Metacarop-phalangeal
(MCP) Extension
Metacarop-phalangeal
(MCP) Abduction
Position: Seated; forearm on table on ulnar border, finger
joints relaxed
Motion: Extend MP joint *bend knuckles back
Axis: dorsal aspect of MP joint.
Stationary bar: dorsal surface of the hand; in line with
wrist
Movable arm: dorsal surface of proximal phalanx
(extends)
Norm: 0 – 45
End-feel: Firm
Position: Seated; forearm pronated on table
Motion: Abduct finger *spread fingers open
Axis: dorsal aspect of MP joint.
Stationary bar: metacarpal aligned with testing finger
Movable arm: dorsal surface of proximal phalanx
(abducts)
Norm: 0 – 25
End-feel: Firm
Proximal Interphalangeal
(PIP) Flexion
Distal Interphalangeal
(DIP) Flexion
Position: Seated; forearm on table on ulnar border, finger
joints relaxed
Motion: Extend PIP joint *play the piano
Axis: dorsal aspect of PIP joint.
Stationary bar: dorsal surface of proximal phalanx; in line
with wrist
Movable arm: dorsal surface of middle phalanx (flexes)
Norm: 0 – 110
End-feel: Usually hard
Position: Seated; forearm on table on ulnar border, finger
joints relaxed
Motion: Flex DIP joint *bend knuckles back
Axis: dorsal aspect of DIP joint.
Stationary bar: dorsal surface of middle phalanx; in line
with wrist
Movable arm: dorsal surface of distal phalanx (flexes)
Norm: 0 – 80
End-feel: Firm
 Thumb Metacarop-
phalangeal (MCP) Flexion
Thumb Interphalangeal
(IP) Flexion
Position: Seated; forearm 45° of supination on table,
finger joints relaxed
Motion: Flex MP joint *reach thumb across palm
Axis: dorsal aspect of MP joint.
Stationary bar: dorsal surface in line with thumb
metacarpal
Movable arm: dorsal surface of proximal phalanx (flexes)
Norm: 0 – 50
End-feel: Hard / Firm
Position: Seated; forearm 45° of supination on table,
finger joints relaxed
Motion: Flex IP joint *text someone
Axis: dorsal aspect of IP joint.
Stationary bar: dorsal surface of proximal phalanx
Movable arm: dorsal surface of distal phalanx (flexes)
Norm: 0 – 90
Thumb Metacarop-
phalangeal (MCP)
Abduction
Position: Seated; forearm on table on ulnar border, finger
joints relaxed
Motion: Abduct thumb away from hand *Make a L-shape
Axis: anatomical snuffbox
Stationary bar: parallel to index metacarpal
Movable arm: parallel to thumb
Norm: 0 – 50