WORLD
WAR
ONE
HISTORY PROJECT BY-
MOHAMMAD AKIF
X-I
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my History/Civics teacher, Mrs. Ripa
Khera as well as our coordinator Mrs. Jayanti Mehra who
gave my the golden opportunity to do this project on
World War One, which was such an interesting topic. I did
a lot of research and came to know about so many new
things about our world history. I am thankful to them.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents, who helped
me in finalizing the project within the limited time frame.
Thanks again to everyone who had a hand in making this
project.
- Mohammad Akif
X–I
Europe in 1914 during the War
A scene of destruction during the War
Introduction to World War One
World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First
World War or the Great War, was a global war originating
in Europe that lasted from July 1914 to November 1918.
Often described as "the war to end all wars", it led to the
mobilization of more than 70 million military personnel,
including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the
largest and deadliest conflicts in history, with an
estimated nine million combatant and seven million
civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting
genocides and the related 1918 influenza pandemic
caused another 17–50 million deaths worldwide.
World War I was a significant turning point in the political,
cultural, economic, and social climate of the world. The
war and its immediate aftermath sparked numerous
revolutions and uprisings. Ultimately, as a result of the
war the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian
Empires ceased to exist, with numerous new states
created from their remains. However, despite the
conclusive Allied victory (and the creation of the League of
Nations during the Peace Conference, intended to prevent
future wars), a second world war would follow just over
twenty years later.
The British Empire in 1914
The French Empire in 1914
Causes of the First World War
Nationalism and Imperialism
In the latter half of the 19th century, a development of
aggressive nationalism in Europe surged. People started
loving their own country and hating other countries which
developed expansionist policies in the name of
nationalism. Military strength became synonymous with
national prestige and every country began to increase her
military power.
England and France had built up a huge colonial empire in
Asia and Africa. Some other countries like Germany, Italy,
Russia and Japan also wanted to increase their sphere of
influence and create their colonies in Asia and Africa. This
led to a clash of interest among these countries. Thus,
aggressive nationalism filled the atmosphere with fear,
apprehension, mutual hatred and international tension.
People felt convinced that international problems could
only be solved through militarism.
A German Mark IV Heavy-Duty Tank
The Imperator, largest in the world at that time
Arms Race
The mad race for armaments which began soon after the
Franco-Prussian War was one of the reasons which led to
the First World War. Every major power begun stockpiling
armaments in the name of self-defense and preservation
of peace. As a result, if one country increased its
armaments, other countries were compelled to do the
same. It filled the atmosphere with fear, apprehension
and mutual hatred.
In order to protect her colonies, Germany began to build a
powerful navy with a view to achieving parity with Britain.
By 1914, Germany had left France and Britain far behind
in manufacturing and production. One of its ships, the
Imperator, built in 1912 was the largest in the world. The
Germans dug the Kiel Canal deeper so that battleships
could enter its waters. Britain and France were concerned
with Germany’s growing military strength. This led to a
fierce competition among the European countries and
gave rise to the race for armaments.
The Allied Powers vs
The Central Powers
Division of Europe into Two Hostile Groups
On one hand, there were single Nation-States like France,
Holland and Germany. On the other, there were imperial
States like the Austria-Hungarian Empire and the Russian
Empire. Germany entered into an alliance with Austria-
Hungary. In 1882, Italy joined the alliance and it came to
be known as the Triple Alliance.
After the death of Bismarck, France was able to establish
friendly relations with Russia and England. The three
countries entered into the Triple Entente in 1907 to
counter the Triple Alliance. Later, Japan joined the Triple
Entente.
Britain had created a vast British Empire by acquiring
colonies in Asia and Africa. It grew rich from its success in
trade in foreign resources, markets, territories and
people. Other countries of the world like Germany, the
Netherlands, Italy and the USA too wanted to acquire
colonies in Asia and Africa. This led to a scramble for
colonies and therefore, rivalries and wars.
These rivalries created suspicion, tension and wars, which
finally culminated in the First World War.
The Black Hand Society Symbol
The Sarajevo Assassination which
triggered the World War
Sarajevo Assassination (Immediate Cause)
Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-
Hungary was assassinated at Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia on June
28, 1914. The assassination was organized by a secret society
called ‘Black Hand’ or ‘Union of Death’ formed by extremist
Serbian nationalists. Austria served an ultimatum on Serbia on
July 23 making eleven demands. Serbia accepted most except
those which led to the loss of sovereignty.
Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. Russia started
preparation for the war to support Serbia. On August 1, 1914
Germany declared war on Russia; and on August 3, on France.
German troops marched into Belgium to press on France on
August 4 and on the same day Britain declared war on
Germany.
Japan declared war on Germany to capture German colonies in
the Far East. Turkey and Bulgaria joined Germany. Italy
remained neutral for some time but joined the war against
Germany in 1915 breaking the Triple Alliance.
Britain, France, Russia and their allies were called the Allied
Powers; while Germany, Austria and their allies were called the
Central Powers. The War was fought on many different areas
called fronts. There was a Western Front between Germany and
Northern France, and an Eastern Front between Germany and
the Russian forces. There was fighting at sea and in the Middle
East, where the Allied Powers attacked the Ottoman Empire.
Map of The Western Front
Aeroplanes of World War One
Events of The World War
War on the Western Front
The opening engagement on the Western Front was the Battle of Mons on 23rd August
1914. However after early battles of movement, the Western Front stagnated into trench
warfare. In 1915, efforts were made to break the deadlock with costly Allied offenses at
Neuve Chappelle and later in September at the Battle of Loos. However the German
defensive system, protected by machine guns and barbed wire, was too strong. Around
Ypres (pronounced ‘Wipers’ by British soldiers) the water table was too high to dig
trenches. Instead, defenses were constructed using sandbags and wood (called
‘breastworks’) and were heavily protected by barbed wire, the defining feature of the
Western Front. The waterlogged conditions led to many soldiers developing trench foot, a
fungal infection of the feet.
Animals played an important role on the Western Front in World War One. Dogs were used
to send messages quickly from one base to another across the front line, as were homing
pigeons. Around 20,000 dogs and over 100,000 pigeons served with British forces in the
Great War. On the Western Front, the birds were kept in mobile pigeon lofts. These lofts
were either horse drawn or mounted on lorries (or even on London buses) and kept behind
the front line. When needed, pigeons were taken from the lofts to the trenches in wicker
baskets. Their homing instincts meant they could return to their loft even if it had been
moved.
It was becoming obvious that the deadlock of trench warfare would require something
radical to break it. The British Army began to look at a new secret weapon being developed
from agricultural tractors. These top secret vehicles were code named ‘tanks’ and the Tank
Corps was formed.
1916 saw a new major offensive, the Battle of the Somme, fought with new weapons.
Aeroplanes had become a force to be reckoned with and dogfights were common as the
two sides fought for aerial supremacy. On the ground, tanks were used for the first time in
September 1916. The following year 1917 was also dominated by trench warfare as the
Allies tried to break the deadlock, with battles at Arras, Ypres (Passchendaele) and at
Cambrai, where the Tank Corps made its name. Only in 1918 did movement return to the
battlefield. In the spring the Germans launched an all-out offensive before the Americans
could arrive in large numbers. Later that year the Allies drove them back, using coordinated
air-power, artillery and tanks.
A Modern Day Trench
A Scene of Trench Warfare during WWI
Trench Warfare
During World War I, the western front in France was fought using trench warfare.
By the end of 1914, both sides had built a series of trenches that went from the
North Sea and through Belgium and France. As a result, neither side gained much
ground for three and a half years from October 1914 to March of 1918.
The trenches were dug by soldiers. Sometimes the soldiers just dug the trenches
straight into the ground. This method was called entrenching. It was fast, but left
the soldiers open to enemy fire while they were digging. Sometimes they would
build the trenches by extending a trench on one end. This method was called
sapping. It was safer, but took longer. The most secret way to build a trench was to
make a tunnel and then remove the roof when the tunnel was complete.
Tunneling was the safest method, but also the most difficult. The land between
the two enemy trench lines was called "No Man's Land." This land was sometimes
covered with barbed wire and land mines. The enemy trenches were generally
around 50 to 250 yards apart.
The typical trench was dug around twelve feet deep into the ground. There was
often an embankment at the top of the trench and a barbed wire fence. Some
trenches were reinforced with wood beams or sandbags. The bottom of the trench
was usually covered with wooden boards called duckboards. The duckboards were
meant to keep the soldiers' feet above the water that would collect at the bottom
of the trench.
The trenches were not nice, clean places. They were actually quite disgusting.
There were all sorts of pests living in the trenches including rats, lice, and frogs.
The rats were everywhere and got into the soldiers' food and ate just about
everything, including sleeping soldiers. The lice were also a major problem. They
made the soldiers' itch horribly and caused a disease called Trench Fever.
The weather also contributed to rough conditions in the trenches. Rain caused the
trenches to flood and get muddy. Mud could clog up weapons and make it hard to
move in battle. Also, the constant moisture could cause an infection called Trench
Foot that, if untreated, could become so bad that a soldier's feet would have to be
amputated. Cold weather was dangerous, too. Soldiers often lost fingers or toes to
frostbite and some died from exposure in the cold.
A Map of the Eastern Front in WWI showing the
Russian Advance, Gallipoli Campaign and the
Austria-German Advance from 1914 - 1918
War on the Eastern Front
The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I was a theater of operations that
encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and
Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and
the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black
Sea in the south, involved most of Eastern Europe, and stretched deep into Central Europe
as well.
During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed "Plan 19" under which four armies
would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticized as Austria-Hungary could be a greater
threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the
Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two armies to defend against
Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the
Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern
theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same
time, But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing
the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke
Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar
himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch
Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a
highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov
Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains.
The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region
of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The
Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and
was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in
the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several
causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a
Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was
eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky.
The newly formed Russian Republic continued to fight the war alongside Romania and the
rest of the Entente until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October 1917. Kerensky
oversaw the July Offensive, which was largely a failure and caused a collapse in the Russian
Army. The new government established by the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
with the Central Powers, taking it out of the war and making large territorial concessions.
Romania was also forced to surrender and signed a similar treaty, though both of the
treaties were nullified with the surrender of the Central Powers in November 1918.
The British Naval Blockade
The Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)
Policy of Blockade
The War involved total mobilization of all the resources of the warring
parties with all economic activities subordinated to the needs of the War. It
also required that no goods including food, raw materials should be
allowed to enter the enemy territory from anywhere.
The Blockade of Germany, or the Blockade of Europe, occurred from 1914
to 1919. It was a prolonged naval operation conducted by the Triple-
Entente powers during and after World War I in an effort to restrict the
maritime supply of goods to the Central Powers, which included Germany,
Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. It is considered one of the key
elements in the eventual Allied victory in the war. The German Board of
Public Health in December 1918 claimed that 763,000 German civilians died
from starvation and disease caused by the blockade up until the end of
December 1918. An academic study done in 1928 put the death toll at
424,000. An additional 100,000 people may have died during the
continuation blockade in 1919.
Both Germany and the United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed
their population and supply their war industry. Imports of foodstuffs and
war materiel of European belligerents came primarily from the Americas
and had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, thus Britain and Germany
both aimed to blockade each other. The British had the Royal Navy which
was superior in numbers and could operate throughout the British Empire,
while the German Kaiserliche Marine surface fleet was mainly restricted to
the German Bight, and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine
warfare elsewhere.
The English tightened the blockade of the German Coast to meet the
German submarine warfare. Germany was defeated in the Battle of Dogger
Bank.
Ottoman Empire Entry into the War
The British-Indian Army who defeated the Turks
War Against Turkey
The Young Turks entered World War I on the side of the Central
Powers, the secret Ottoman-German Alliance having been
signed in August 1914. In fact, the backward semi-feudal
Ottoman Empire was in no shape to wage war. After several
crushing defeats, it had lost territories and its economy was in a
state of collapse, its people and army demoralized and
exhausted. But the outbreak of world war made it impossible
for the Ottoman Empire to stand aside. The Italo-Turkish War
and Balkan Wars had exhausted the Empire’s resources in both
weaponry and financial reserves. Its only option was to enter
into an alliance with a European power; and it did not really
matter which one.
An alliance with Russia was ruled out in advance, since Russia
was its main adversary and aimed to exercise domination over
the disintegrating Ottoman Empire. And since France was allied
to Russia there could be no question of entering an alliance with
it. London showed no interest in coming to the help of
Constantinople. But Berlin was very interested indeed.
Turkey joined the war on the side of Germany. The German
fleet controlled the Baltic Sea, Turkey held Dardanelles which
led to the Black Sea. Thus Russia was cut off as it could not get
any help from the Entente Powers.
The British Indian Army attacked Turkey and the Turks
surrendered in October 1918.
Sinking of the R.M.S. Lusitania in 1915
WHICH ULTIMATELY LED THE NEUTRAL USA ENTER THE WAR
Entry of the United States of America in the War
On August 4, as World War I erupted across Europe, President Woodrow
Wilson proclaimed America’s neutrality, stating the nation “must be neutral
in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men’s souls.” With
no vital interests at stake, many Americans supported this position.
Additionally, the U.S. was home to a number of immigrants from countries at
war with each other and Wilson wanted to avoid this becoming a divisive
issue.
On May 7, 1915, a German submarine sank the British ocean liner Lusitania,
resulting in the deaths of nearly 1,200 people, including 128 Americans. The
incident strained diplomatic relations between Washington and Berlin and
helped turn public opinion against Germany. President Wilson demanded
that the Germans stop unannounced submarine warfare; however, he didn’t
believe the U.S. should take military action against Germany. Some Americans
disagreed with this nonintervention policy, including former president
Theodore Roosevelt, who criticized Wilson and advocated for going to war.
Roosevelt promoted the Preparedness Movement, whose aim was to
persuade the nation it must get ready for war.
The Allied Powers had raised vast amounts of loans in the USA to pay for the
arms and other goods bought by them. Therefore, USA feared that if
Germany won the War, she would become a serious rival to the USA. On April
2, 1917, Wilson went before a special joint session of Congress and asked for
a declaration of war against Germany, stating: “The world must be made safe
for democracy.”
The first U.S. infantry troops arrived on the European continent in June 1917;
in October, the first American soldiers entered combat, in France. That
December, the U.S. declared war against Austria-Hungary (America never was
formally at war with the Ottoman Empire or Bulgaria). When the war
concluded in November 1918, with a victory for the Allies, more than 2
million U.S. troops had served at the Western Front in Europe, and more than
50,000 of them died.
Russia exits under the leadership of Lenin
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
Exit of Russia from the War
Over the first two and a half years of the war, Russia had experienced heavy
defeats against Germany but at the same time had significant successes against
Austria-Hungary. In any case, however, the war had become hugely unpopular
at home. The Russian death toll was enormous, Russia was continuously losing
territory, and the war had sparked food shortages throughout the country.
Although there was a certain level of popular sympathy for Serbia, most
Russians felt that the country had little to gain in the war and much to lose. In
1917, the October Revolution broke out which forced Russia to withdraw from
the war. The Russian Empire had suffered serious reverses in the war. Over
6,00,000 Russian soldiers were killed. The day after the Bolshevik Government
came to power under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, it issued the Decree on
Peace with proposals to end the War without any annexations and indemnities.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918,
between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers, that
ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at German-
controlled Brest-Litovsk, after two months of negotiations. In the treaty, Russia
ceded hegemony over the Baltic states to Germany; they were meant to
become German vassal states under German princelings.[3] Russia also ceded
its province of Kars Oblast in the South Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire and
recognized the independence of Ukraine.
The treaty was annulled by the Armistice of 11 November 1918,[7] when
Germany surrendered to the western Allies. However, in the meantime it did
provide some relief to the Bolsheviks, already fighting the Russian Civil War
(1917–1922) following the Russian Revolutions of 1917, by the renunciation of
Russia's claims on modern-day Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Ukraine and
Lithuania.
The War ended in November 1918
The Great Depression
rendering millions jobless.
End Of The War
Britain, France and the USA launched a military offensive in July 1918
on Germany through Hundred Days Offensive, Battle of Albert and a
final assault on the Hindenburg Line. News of Germany's impending
military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces. The
threat of mutiny was rife. Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff
decided to launch a last attempt to restore the "valor" of the German
Navy.
In northern Germany, the German Revolution of 1918–1919 began at
the end of October 1918. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail
for a last, large-scale operation in a war they believed to be as good as
lost, initiating the uprising. The sailors' revolt, which then ensued in the
naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel, spread across the whole
country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9
November 1918, shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm
II, and to German surrender. The new German government signed an
armistice on November 11, 1918.
The total number of persons who fought in the War vary between 53
and 70 million people, about nine million killed and dead, that is, about
one-seventh of those who participated in it. Besides these terrible
human losses, the economy of many countries was shattered. The
global economic depression of 1929-30 is attributed to this war. It gave
rise to many new problems.
According to some estimates, the expenditure on the Allied side was
nearly forty-one thousand million pounds and that on the German side
over fifteen thousand million pounds.
Wilson , Lloyd George and Clemenceau (left to right)
The
Treaty
Of
Versailles
June 28, 1919
The Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)
The victorious powers – the Allies, met in a conference first in Versailles then in
Paris between January and June 1919. The term of the peace treaties were
decided by Woodrow Wilson (President of USA), Lloyd George (PM of UK) and
George Clemenceau (PM of France)
The defeated countries were not represented including Russia. On June 28,
1919 The Treaty of Versailles was signed. It ended the War. The treaty was
designed to prevent Germany from going to War again.
i) The Treaty declared Germany guilty of aggression.
ii) Germany was required to pay for the loss and damages suffered by the
Allies during the War. She had to cede her merchant ships to the Allies
as compensation and had to supply huge quantities of coal to Italy,
France and Belgium for ten years.
iii) The area of Rhine Valley was to be demilitarized and the German
territory west of Rhine was to be occupies by the Allies Troops for 15
years.
iv) Germany ceded Alsace Lorraine to France, Eupen-et-Malmedy to
Belgium, Schleswig to Denmark, Danzig to Poland and parts of her pre-
War territory to Denmark, Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia and France.
v) The coal mines in the German area called Saar were ceded to France for
15 years and the area was to be governed by the League of Nations.
vi) Germany lost all her colonies to the victorious Allies – Britain, Belgium,
South Africa and Portugal.
vii) German colonies in the Pacific and the areas under her control in China
were given to Japan. China was aligned with the Allies during the War
but her areas under German control were given away to Japan.
viii) The German Army was restricted to a force of 100,000 soldiers and the
Navy was limited to 15,000 men and 24 ships. The Air Force and
submarines were banned.
ix) The Treaty affirmed the complete independence of Belgium, Poland,
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
x) The Covenant of the League of Nations was added to the Treaty of
Versailles.
A map of Europe after the World War One
showing new countries, new borders, key
country winners, former Russian Empire,
defeated former Empires, free cities, areas
restricted to referendum and contested areas.
Territorial Rearrangements
The period after the War saw the beginning of the end of
European supremacy in the world. Economically and
militarily, The United States surpassed Europe to emerge
as a world power. The peace treaties signed after the War
transformed the political map of the world, particularly of
Europe.
Three ruling dynasties were destroyed – the Romanov in
Russia during the War itself, the Hohenzollern in Germany
and the Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary. Soon after the War,
the rule of Ottomans came to an end in Turkey. Austria
and Hungary became separate independent States.
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as independent.
The War gave a serious blow to the autocratic monarchial
system and led to the development of democracy in
Europe. Empires having different cultures were dissolved
and independent states having distinct cultures emerged
after the War including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
and Yugoslavia. Under the impulse of nationalism, Alsace-
Lorraine was restored to France and Schleswig-Holstein
was restored to Denmark.
A Session of The League Of Nations
A Map of The LON Members
Formation of the League of Nations
One of the most significant consequences of the War was
the creation of the League of Nations. The horrors of War
convinced the leaders of the world that there must be a
mechanism to prevent War and promote international
cooperation. This culminated in the setting up of the
League of Nations.
An important part of the peace treaties was the Covenant
of the League of Nations. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
included the creation of an international organization to
for the preservation of peace and to guarantee the
independence of all states. Thus, the League of Nations
was created as a world organization of all independent
States in 1920.
The hopes of having a truly world organization devoted to
the preservation of peace and independence of nations
were, however, not realized with the formation of the
League of Nations. Two major countries – Germany and
the Soviet Union were not allowed to become its
members for many years; while India, which was not
independent, was made a member. The United States
which had played an important part in the setting up of
the League ultimately decided not to join it.
Organization of the
League of Nations
Aims and Objectives of The League of
Nations
1.All the States of the world were prohibited from
entering into any secret treaties and alliances.
2.The member-States were not supposed to maintain
huge armies, warships and destructive armaments.
3.All States were to respect each other’s
independence.
4.All States were to refer their mutual disputes, if
any, to the League of Nations for a peaceful
settlement.
5.The member-States were to take necessary action
as directed by the League against any State which
tried to disturb world peace and order.
6.Apart from political functions, the League of
Nations was supposed to promote cultural, social,
and economic cooperation among the member-
States.
Conclusion
The War was an unprecedented triumph for natural science.
Francis Bacon had promised that knowledge would be power,
and power it was: power to destroy the bodies and souls of men
more rapidly than had ever been done by human agency
before. This triumph paved the way to other triumphs:
improvements in transport, in sanitation, in surgery, medicine,
and psychiatry, in commerce and industry, and, above all, in
preparations for the next war.
Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns.
Close to battlefields, those buried in improvised burial grounds
were gradually moved to formal graveyards. World War I had a
lasting impact on social memory. It was seen by many in Britain
as signaling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the
Victorian period, and across Europe many regarded it as a
watershed. The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of
casualties manifested itself in different ways, which have been
the subject of subsequent historical debate.
The rise of dictatorships in Italy and Germany led to the
weakening of the League of Nations and it failed in its basic
object of maintaining peace in the world. Unfortunately, the
League came to an end as Hitler committed aggression on
Poland which began the World War II (1939 – 1945).
Bibliography
Websites:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I
https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/World-War-One-The-Western-
Front/
https://www.ducksters.com/history/world_war_i/trench_warfare.php
https://www.historycrunch.com/eastern-front-of-world-war-i.html#/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany
https://www.marxist.com/first-world-war-a-marxist-analysis-of-the-great-slaughter/8.-
turkey-joins-the-war.htm
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/u-s-entry-into-world-war-i-1
https://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/ww1/section9/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk
Books:
Morning Star Total History & Civics ISCE Class X by Dolly Ellen Sequeira
