6.
6 Optimisation of Energy Cost by Optimization of LSL of MBR 59
6.7 Optimisation of Energy Cost by Inlet-Outlet at Bottom of MBR 61
6.7.1 Level of Bottom of MBR For Optimization 61
of Energy Cost
6.8 Equalisation of Residual Heads at FSL of All ESRs 62
6.8.1 Moving Node Method 62
6.8.2 Design of Branched Pumping Main – Optimization 64
of Diameters
6.9 Surge Protection for Transmission Mains 65
Chapter 7: Reduction of NRW 66-73
7.1 Reducing Non-Revenue Water 66
7.2 Impacts of NRW 66
7.3 Water Audit 67
7.4 Water Balance 67
7.4.1 Components of Water Balance 68
7.5 Computation of NRW by STEP Test 69
7.6 Methods for Reducing Unaccounted for Water (UfW) 69
7.6.1 By 100% Consumer Metering and Telescopic 69
Tariff
7.6.2 Leak Detection 69
7.6.2.1 Methods of Leak Detection 69
7.7 Leakage Reduction Measures 70
7.8 Response Time 71
7.9 Estimating Losses 71
7.9.1 Estimating Physical Losses 71
7.9.2 Estimating Commercial Loss 72
7.10 Leak Repair Program 72
7.11 SCADA Attached to DMA 73
7.12 DMA management 73
Appendix A: Break Pressure Tank (BPT) 74
Appendix B: Case Study of Pune 24x7 Water Supply 78
Appendix C: Case Study of Coimbatore 24x7 Water Supply 81
Appendix D: Case Study of Puri 24x7 Water Supply 84
Appendix E: Measures to Increase Residual Nodal Pressure 100
Appendix F: Information of Pressure in Other Countries 103
Bibliography 104
iii