Mian Majid Ali

Conceptualising Tenses

Tense is derived from three words

 Latin = Tempus
 French = Tense
 Greek = Tenses
In short, tense means time or era
Definition:
A Tense is a form of the verb that allows you to express time. The Tense of the
verb tells us when an event or something existed or when a person did
something.
 Tense indicates the time of an action.

Diagram:
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According to the above chart, English has three Tenses

 Present
 Past
 Future
Each of the above Tenses is then sub divided into four. Thus we have twelve
Tenses in all.
Note:
Before starting Tenses understand the following terms.
Subject ___________‫فاعل‬
The subject of the sentence is the person, place, or thing
that is performing the action of the sentence.
Example: He,she,it , you, we,they and Ali etc.

Verb ______________ ‫فعل‬

Verbs are the action words in a sentence that describe what the subject. is
doing in a sentence.
Examples: Write, Sleep, go, drive etc.

Helping verb _____________ ‫امدادی فعل‬

Auxiliary (or Helping) verbs are used together with a main verb to
show the verb’s tense or to form a negative or question.
Examples: was, were, does, is, am, did, has, had etc.

Object _______________ ‫مفعول‬

The object of a sentence is the person or thing that receives the action of the
verb. It is the who or what that the subject does something to.
The object is usually the person, place or thing that’s being acted upon by
the subject’s verb.
Example: He was eating an apple. He eats what ?
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Sentence and Types of sentence

Sentence:
The word sentence is derived from Latin word ‘Sentence’ which means a
thought or an opinion.
Definition:
A sentence is a group of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a
subject and a predicate.
Parts of sentence:
Subject:
The does or performer of an action is called Subject.
The person, thing or place we are talking about is called Subject.
Predicate:
The part of sentence that tells about the subject is called predicate.
The predicate is the portion of the sentence that contains the verb.
Example:
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Types Of Sentence

There are two main types of sentence.

 On the basis of Function
 On the basis of Structure
We will discuss types of sentence on the basis of Function.

Affirmative or Assertive sentence:

Other names for affirmative sentence are Declarative sentence, Positive
sentence or assertive sentence.
A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called affirmative sentence.
Affirmative sentences end with a period or full stop.
Example:
He writes a letter.
Love is virtue.
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Interrogative Sentence:
A sentence that ask a question is called an Interrogative sentence.
It ends with a question mark ( ? )
Examples:
Where do you live ?
What are you writing ?

Exclamatory sentence:
A sentence that expresses suddenly feeling of mind or emotion.
Exclamatory sentence ends with a Exclamatory sign ( ! )
Examples:
Hurrah ! I top the board.
Alas! She is ill.

Imperative sentence:
A sentence that expresses an order, advise, warning, direction, instruction,
request etc.
Examples:
Shut the door.
Do not waste your time.

Optative sentence:
A sentence that expresses a wish or prayers is called operative sentence.
Examples:
May God bless you.
Would that I were rich.
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Tenses

Present Indefinite Sentence: ‫فعل حال مطلق۔‬

‫اردو فقروں ک پچان‬
‫ تی ہوں۔‬،‫ تا ہوں‬،)‫ تے ہیں(جمع‬،)‫ تی ہے(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے تاہے(مذکر‬
‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:
Affirmative sentence
Subject + Verb(1st form)(s/es) + Object.
Note: If the subject is He, She, It or singular name then we add s/es with verb
1st form.
• Add -es with verbs which end with the following words ss, she, ch, x or O.
Examples:
He wash the clothes. ‫وہ کپڑے دھوتے ہیں۔‬

Ali writes a letter. ‫علی خط لکھتا ہے۔‬

She teaches English. ‫وہ انگریزی پڑاتی ہے۔‬

Negative sentence:
Subject + does/do + not + Verb(1st) + Object
Note:
• Does not is used with Subject He, She, It or singular name.
• Do not is used with Subject They, You, we, I and plural.
Examples:
Ali does not write a letter. ‫علی خط نہیں لکھتا ہے‬
They do not play cricket. ‫وہ کرکٹ نہیں کھیلتے ہیں۔‬
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Interrogative Sentence:
Does/Do + Subject + verb(1st) + Object ?
Examples:
Does Ali take exercise? ‫کیا علی ورزش کرتا ہے؟‬
Do I take tea ? ‫کیا میں چائے پیتا ہوں؟‬

Uses of present Indefinite Tense:

Present tense is used in the following occasions.
1. To express a habitual action
I get up early in the morning.
I go to school on foot.

2. To depict a law of nature.

The sun rises in the east.
We see with our eyes.

3. To deduct a universal truth, a scientific facts or mathematical facts.

The earth is round
Two and two make four.

4. To give a dramatic effect to a past event. When describing the action of

the play. Also when broadcasting on sports events.
Afridi scores 88 runs in this match.
Brutish kills caesar.

5. To quote a quotation.
John Keats says, “ A thing of beauty is a joy forever”

6. It is also used instead of present Continuous with verbs which cannot

be used in Continuous forms.
See, love, like, hear, seem, want, hope etc.
He looks smart.
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Present Continuous/Progressive Tens ‫فعلحال جاری‬

‫ا ر د و ف ق ر و ں ک پے ہچ ا ن ۔‬
‫ رہی ہوں۔‬،‫ رہا ہوں‬،)‫ رہے ہیں(جمع‬،)‫ رہی ہے(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے رہا ہے(مذکر‬
‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:
Affirmative sentence
Subject + is/am/are + verb(ing) + Object.
Note:
• If subject is (I) use (am)
•If subject is (he) (she) (it) or singular name use (is).
•If subject is (they) (you) (we) or plural use (are).

Examples:
He is reading book. ‫وہ کتاب پڑھ رہا ہے۔‬
I am drinking water. ‫میں پانی پی رہا ہوں۔‬
They are waiting the bus. ‫وہ بس کا انتظار کر رہے ہیں۔‬
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Negative Sentences
• Put not after the helping verbs
Sub + is/am/are + not + verb(ing) + Obj.
Examples:
He is not reading a book. ‫وہ کتاب نہیں پڑھ رہا ہے۔‬
They are not waiting the bus. ‫وہ بس کا انتظار نہیں کر رہے ہیں۔‬

Interrogative Sentences:
• Put Auxiliary or Helping verb at the beginning of the sentence and the rest of
the sentence will be the same.
Is/Am/Are + Sub + verb(ing) + Obj ?
Examples:
Is he drinking water ? ‫کیا وہ پانی پی رہا ہے؟‬
Are they playing cricket? ‫کیا وہ کرکٹ کھیل رہے ہیں؟‬

Uses of present Continuous Tense:

This tense is used in the following occasions.
1. When the action is in progress.
It is raining.
They are making toys.

2. For an action that has already been arranged to take place in the near
future.
He is coming tomorrow morning.
We are going to the cinema tonight.

Present Perfect Tense ‫فعلحالمکملزمان‬

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‫ا ر د و ف ق ر و ں ک پے ہچ ا ن ۔‬
‫ چکی‬،‫ چکا ہوں‬،)‫ چکے ہیں(جمع‬،)‫ چکی ہے(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے چکا ہے(مذکر‬
‫ہوں۔‬
‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:
Affirmative sentence
Sub + has/have + verb(3rd) + obj.
• If the subject is He, she, it or singular then put “has” after the subject.

Examples:
The patient has died . ‫مریض مر چکا ہے۔‬
You have deceived me. ‫تم نے مجھے دھوکہ دیا ہے۔‬
We have finished our work. ‫ہم نے اپنا کام ختم کر لیا ہے۔‬
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Negative sentences:
• Put not after helping verbs .
Sub + has/have + not verb(3rd) + Object.
Examples:
We have not taken tea. ‫ہم چائے نہیں پی چکے ہیں۔‬
The girls has not sewn clothes . ‫لڑکی نے کپڑے نہیں سی چکی ہے۔‬

Interrogative Sentences:
• Put Auxiliary verb before the subject .
Has/Have + Sub + verb(3rd) + Obj ?
Examples:
Have you plucked the flowers ?‫کیا تم پھول توڑ چکے ہو ؟‬
Has he resigned ? ‫کیا اس نےاستعفی دیدیا ہے ؟‬

Uses of present perfect Tense:

1. This tense is used to indicate the recently completed action.
He has just reached.
We have finished the course.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

‫ا ر د و ف ق ر و ں ک پے ہچ ا ن ۔‬
‫ کام‬+‫ رہی ہوں‬،‫ رہا ہوں‬،)‫ رہے ہیں(جمع‬،)‫ رہی ہے(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے رہا ہے(مذکر‬
‫شروع ہونے کا وقت‬.

‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:

Affirmative sentence
Sub + has/have + been + Verb(ing) + Since/For + Obj.
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Examples:
It has been raining since morning. ‫صبح سے بارش ہو رہی ہے۔‬
I have been reading for two hours. ‫میں دو گھنٹوں سے پڑھ رہا ہوں۔‬
They have been playing cricket since 2010. ‫ سے کرکٹ کھیل رہے ہیں۔‬2010 ‫وہ‬

For & Since with Present Perfect Tense

[Since]
‫مقررہ وقت سےشروع والے کاموں کےلیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے‬.
[For]
‫مقررہ مدت سےشروع والے کاموں کےلیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔‬
We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
• We use for to talk about a period of time—5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
• We use since to talk about a point in past time—9 o’clock, 1st January,
Monday.

Negative sentences:
Sub + has/have + not + been + verb(ing) + Since/For + Obj.
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Examples:
He has not been reading newspaper for two hours.
‫وہ دو گھنٹوں سے اخبار نہیں پڑھ رہا ہے‬
I have not been eating meal since morning.
‫میں صبح سے کھانا نہیں کھا رہا ہوں۔‬
Interrogative Sentence:
Has/Have + Sub + been + Verb(ing) + Since/For + Obj ?
Examples:
‫کیا وہ دو گھنٹوں سے ورزش کر رہے ہیں؟‬
Have they been taking exercise for two hours?
‫ دن سےتقریر کر رہا ہے؟‬2 ‫کیا عمران خان‬
Has Imran khan been speeching for two days?

Use of Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

Present perfect Continuous Tense is used to express those actions which
began in the past but are continuing at the present moment.
• If we don’t suggest duration from the past, the present Continuous is used.
• The tense is also sometimes used for an action already finished.
Example. Why are you clothes so wet ? I have been watering the plants.

Past Tense
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Past Indefinite Tense:

‫اردو فقروں کے پہچان۔‬
‫ یا آخر میں یہ الفاظ‬،)‫ تےتھے(جمع‬،)‫ تی تھی(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے تا تھا(مذکر‬
‫ ے ۔‬،‫ ی‬،‫ہونگے ا‬

‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:

Affirmative sentence
Sub + verb(2nd) + Obj.
Examples:
Sobia plucked the flower. ‫ثوبیہ نے پھول توڑا۔‬
You wasted tour time . ‫تم نے اپنا وقت ضائع کیا‬
She told a lie. . ‫اس نے جھوٹ بولی‬

Negative sentences:
Sub + did + not + verb(1st) + obj.
Examples:
‫اس نے میری بے عزتی نہیں کی۔‬
He did not insult me.
‫ہم نے علی کو گالی نہیں دی ۔‬
We did not abuse Ali.

Interrogative Sentences:
Did + Sub + verb(1st) + obj ?
Examples:
Did he fail in the examination? ‫کیا وہ امتحان میں فیل ہوگیا؟‬
Did it rain yesterday ? ‫کیا کل بارش ہوئی؟‬
Did you help the beggar ? ‫کیا تم نے فقیر کی مدد کی؟‬
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Uses of Past Indefinite Tense:

• To indicate an action completed in the past.
I met him yesterday
• To indicate a past habit.
He always carried umbrella.

Past Continuous/Progressive Tense:

‫ا ر د و ف ق ر و ں ک پے ہچ ا ن ۔‬
)‫ رہے تھے(جمع‬،)‫ رہی تھی(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے رہا تھا(مذکر‬،

‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:

Affirmative sentence
Sub + was/were + verb(ing) + Obj.
Examples:
• Was” is used when the subject is He,she,it or singular.
• were” is used when subject is” I” , you, we, they etc.
He was flying kites. ‫وہ پتنگ اڑا رہا تھا۔‬
I was driving a car. ‫میں گاڑی چلا رہا تھا۔‬
They were cheating me. ‫وہ مجھے دھوکہ دے رہے تھے۔‬

Negative sentences:
Sub + was/were + not + verb(ing) + obj.
Examples:
He was not cheating me. ‫وہ مجھے دھوکہ نہیں دے رہا تھا۔‬
They were not painting the wall. ‫وہ دیوار کو رنگ نہیں کر رہے تھے۔‬
Interrogative Sentences:
Was/Were + Sub + Verb(ing) + Obj ?
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Examples:
Were they making the picture ? ‫کیا وہ تصویر بنا رہے تھے؟‬
Was the rich man giving alms? ‫کیا امیر آدمی خیرات دے رہا تھا؟‬
Was he living from hand to mouth? ‫کیا وہ بڑی مشکل سے گزارہ کر رہا تھا؟‬

Uses of Past Continuous Tense:

This tense is used:
• For an action in progress at a given time in the past.
Last week I was repairing my house.
• Usually this tense is used when two actions were simultaneously
continuous in the past and one of these actions was a background for the
other.
When we reached there, they were sleeping.

Past prefect Tense :

‫ا ر د و ف ق ر و ں ک پے ہچ ا ن ۔‬
)‫ چکے تھے(جمع‬،)‫ چکی تھی(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے چکا تھا(مذکر‬،

‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:

Affirmative sentence
Sub + had + verb(3rd) + Obj.
Examples :
• Use Had with all subjects.
He had offered the prayer. ‫وہ نماز پڑھ چکا تھا۔‬
Pakistan had won the match. ‫پاکستان میچ جیت چکا تھا۔‬
Negative sentences:
Sub + had + not + verb(3rd) + obj.
Examples:
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The Gardner had not watered the plants. ‫مالی پودوں کو پانی نہیں دے چکا تھا۔‬
The wounded patient had not died. ‫زخمی مریض نہیں مر چکا تھا۔‬

Interrogative Sentences:
Had + Sub + verb(3rd) + Obj ?
Examples:
Had he solved all the sums ? ‫کیا وہ تمام سوالات حل کر چکا تھا؟‬
Had they done their duty? ‫کیا انہوں نے اپنا فرض پورا کر دیا تھا؟‬

Uses of Past perfect Tense:

• The past tense describes an action completed before a certain moment in
the past.
The patient had died before the doctor came.

Be about to;
Be about to + base form can also be used for the immediate future.
Let’s get into the train. Its about to leave.
Don’t go out now. We are about to have lunch.

Past perfect Continuous Tense:

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‫ا ر د و ف ق ر و ں ک پے ہچ ا ن ۔‬
‫ کام شروع ہونے کا‬+)‫ رہے تھے(جمع‬،)‫ رہی تھی(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے رہا تھا(مذکر‬
‫وقت‬.

‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:

Affirmative sentence
Sub + had + been + verb(ing) + Since/For + Obj.
Examples:
He had been playing since morning. ‫وہ صبح سے کھیل رہا تھا۔‬
We had been catching fish for two hours. ‫ہم دو گھنٹوں سے مچھلیاں پکڑرہے تھے‬

Negative sentences:
Sub +had +not + been + verb(ing) + Since/for + Obj.
Examples:
The birds had not been flying since morning. ‫پرندے صبح سے اڑ نہیں رہے تھے۔‬
The dog had not been barking since midnight‫۔ کتا آدھی رات سے نہیں بھونک رہا تھا۔‬

Interrogative Sentences :
Had + Sub + been + verb(ing) + since/For + Obj ?
Examples:
Had you been waiting for us since morning ‫کیا تم صبح سے ہمارے انتظار کر رہے تھے‬
Had it been hailing for two hours? ‫کیا دو گھنٹوں سے اولے پڑھ رہے تھے۔‬

Future Tense
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‫ا ر د و ف ق ر و ں ک پے ہچ ا ن ۔‬
)‫ گے(جمع‬،)‫ گی(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے گا(مذکر‬،

‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:

Affirmative sentence
Sub + will/Shall + Verb(1st) + Obj.
Examples:
Technically, the traditional rule of future tense says that shall is used in the first
person (I, we) and will is used in all other persons (you, he/she, they). In
practice, most English speakers do not follow this rule and the two words are
often considered to be interchangeable when forming the future tense.

Examples:
I shall go to School. ‫میں سکول جاؤنگا۔‬
They will clean the rooms. ‫وہ کمرے صاف کریگے۔‬
Ali will take exercise. ‫علی ورزش کریگا۔‬

Negative sentences:
Sub + will/Shall + not + verb(1st) + Obj.
Examples:
I shall not got to school. ‫میں سکول نہیں جاؤنگا۔‬
She will not wash the clothes. ‫وہ کپڑے‬ ‫نہیں دھوینگی‬

Interrogative Sentences :
Shall/will + Sub + verb(1st) + Obj ?
Examples:
Will he fulfil his promise ? ‫کیا وہ اپنا وعدہ پورا کریگا؟‬
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Shall we respect the elders? ‫کیا ہم بڑوں کی عزت کرینگے؟‬

Uses of Future Indefinite Tense:

• This Tense is used when we talk about what we think or believe will happen
in the future.
I think Pakistan will win the match.
• This tense is also used to talk about things which we cannot control..
I shall be 25 next Monday.

•Going to
Going to form is used to show intention.
He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.
He is going to give up smoking.

Future continues Tense:

‫ا ر د و ف ق ر و ں ک پے ہچ ا ن ۔‬
)‫ رہے ہوگے(جمع‬،)‫رہی ہوگی(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے رہا ہوگا(مذکر‬،

‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:

Affirmative sentence
Sub + Will/Shall + be + verb(ing) + Obj.
Examples:
The boy will be flying kites. ‫لڑکا پتنگ اڑا رہا ہوگا۔‬
We shall be fighting for our freedom. ‫ہم اپنے آزادی کے لیے لڑ رہے ہونگے۔‬

Negative sentences:
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Sub + Will/Shall + not + be + verb(ing) + obj.

Examples:
Ali will not be smelling the flower. ‫عالیہ پھول نہیں سونگ رہی ہوگی۔‬
We shall not be taking rest. ‫ہم آرام نہیں کر رہے ہونگے۔‬

Uses of Future Continuous Tense:

• We use the future Continuous Tense to talk about actions which will be in
progress at a time in the future.
We will be making map of our village.

Interrogative Sentences:
Will/Shall + Sub + be + verb(ing) + Obj?
Examples:
Will Alia be smelling the flower? ‫کیا عالیہ پھول سونگ رہی ہوگی؟‬
Shall we be fighting for freedom? ‫کیا ہم آزادی کے لیے لڑ رہے ہونگے؟‬

Present perfect tense:

‫ا ر د و ف ق ر و ں ک پے ہچ ا ن ۔‬
‫ لی ہوگی۔‬،‫لیا ہوگا‬ ،)‫ چکے ہوگے(جمع‬،)‫چکی ہوگی(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے چکا ہوگا(مذکر‬

‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:

Affirmative sentence
Sub + will/Shall + have + verb(3rd ) + obj.
Examples:
Mian Majid Ali

He will have taken breakfast. ‫وہ ناشتہ کر چکا ہوگا۔‬

We shall caught the birds. ‫ہم پرندے پکڑ چکے ہوگے۔‬

Negative sentence:
Sub + will/Shall + not + have + verb(3rd ) + obj.
Examples:
He will not have taken breakfast. ‫وہ ناشتہ نہیں کر چکا ہوگا۔‬
We shall not have caught the birds. ‫ہم پرندے نہیں پکڑچکے ہوگے۔‬

Interrogative Sentences:
Will/shall +Sub + have + verb(3rd ) + Obj ?
Examples:
Will the peon have rung the bell ? ‫کیا چپڑاسی گھنٹی بجا چکا ہوگا؟‬
Will it have stopped raining by evening? ‫کیا شام تک بارش تھم چکی ہوگی؟‬

Uses of Future Perfect Tense:

• The Future Perfect Tense is used to talk about actions that will be
completed by a certain future time.
He will have left before toy go to see him.
I shall have written my exercise by then.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

‫ا ر د و ف ق ر و ں ک پے ہچ ا ن ۔‬
‫ رہے ہوگے(جمع) لیکنشرط یہ ہے کہ ان فقروں‬،)‫رہی ہوگی(مونث‬،)‫اردو فقروں کے آخر میں یہ الفاظ ہونگے رہا ہوگا(مذکر‬
‫میں وقت کا ذکر بھی موجود ہو۔‬

‫انگریزی میں بنانے کا طریقہ‬:

Affirmative sentence
Mian Majid Ali

Sub + will/Shall + have + been + verb(ing) + Since/for + Obj.

Examples:
The child will have been sleeping since evening. ‫بچہ شام سے سو رہا ہوگا۔‬
It will have been raining since morning. ‫صبح سے بارش ہو رہی ہوگی۔‬
Negative sentences:
Sub + will/Shall +not + have + been + verb(ing) + Since/for + Obj.
Examples:
The child will not have been sleeping since evening. ‫بچہ شام سے نہیں سورہا ہوگا۔‬
The boys will not have been playing cricket since noon. ‫لڑکے دوپہر سے کرکٹ نہیں‬
‫کھیل رہے ہونگے۔‬
Interrogative Sentences:
Shall/will + Sub + have + been + verb(ing) + Since/for + Obj ?
Examples:
Will It have been raining since morning. ‫کیا صبح سے بارش ہو رہی ہوگی؟‬
Will they have been making speech for two hours?
‫کیا وہ دو گھنٹوں سے تقریر کر رہا ہوگا ؟‬
Uses of Future Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used for an action which will be in
progress over a period of time that will end in the future.

By next month we shall have been living here for two years.