9AR01

URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING

MODULE-5
NOTES – P1

KEY TOPICS

GIS & Urban Planning

Urban Surveys Tools & Techniques
 MODULE-5
SYLLABUS

• Urban Regional Planning Techniques - Study and analysis of existing settlements,

methodology of conducting diagnostic surveys and studies, land use survey, density survey,
FSI survey, traffic surveys and presentation of data.
• Environmental and management issues.
• GIS - Introduction to GIS analysis methods in urban planning.
• Regional Planning - Relation among various settlements of a region, pattern of settlements in
a region.
• Definition of a region, various types of regions, basic principles of regional planning.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Urban Planning Surveys

• Urban planning surveys are essential for

assessing and understanding existing
conditions in a settlement. These surveys
help planners collect data for effective
decision-making.
• Let’s overview the different types of surveys,
their purpose, tools, & outcomes.

1.2 Types of Surveys In Urban Planning

1.3 Study & Analysis of Existing Settlements
To understand the structure, functioning, and dynamics of a settlement, the focus lies on
unraveling the complexities of its spatial, historical, and socio-economic components. This holistic
understanding aids in diagnosing issues, planning interventions, and forecasting future growth.

A "Study & Analysis of Existing

Settlements" refers to the examination
and evaluation of current human
settlements, investigating their spatial
patterns, characteristics, and
interactions with the surrounding
environment, including factors like
population density, land use,
infrastructure, social dynamics, and the
historical context that shaped their
development, often using geographical
information systems (GIS) to analyze
data and visualize patterns for planning
and development purposes.

1.3.2 Key aspects of studying existing settlements:

• Settlement types:
Identifying different types of settlements like urban, rural, dispersed, or nucleated based on
population density and land use patterns.
• Site analysis:
Examining the physical characteristics of the settlement location, including topography, water
bodies, climate, and natural resources.
• Spatial pattern analysis:
Analyzing the arrangement of buildings and streets within a settlement, using techniques like
nearest neighbor analysis to identify patterns of clustering or dispersion.
• Functional analysis:
Studying the distribution and accessibility of key services like schools, hospitals, markets, and
transportation within the settlement.
• Socioeconomic analysis:
Assessing the demographics and socioeconomic conditions of the residents, including income
levels, occupation, and social structures.
• Historical analysis:
Investigating the historical development of the settlement, including migration patterns, major
events, and changes in land use over time.

1.3.3 Methods used in settlement analysis:

• Field surveys:
Conducting on-ground observations, interviews, and data collection using surveys and
questionnaires.
• Aerial photography and satellite imagery:
Utilizing high-resolution imagery to analyze settlement patterns, land cover, and urban
morphology.
• GIS analysis:
Employing GIS software to overlay various data layers like population density, land use, and
infrastructure to identify relationships and patterns.

1.3.4 Applications of settlement analysis:

• Urban planning:
Identifying areas for development, improving infrastructure, and managing urban growth.
• Disaster management:
Assessing vulnerability and risk in settlements prone to natural hazards.
• Conservation planning:
Identifying important cultural heritage sites and areas requiring protection.
• Community development:
Understanding the needs of local communities to design targeted interventions.

1.3.5 Method of Conducting Study & Analysis of Existing Settlements

A "Study & Analysis of Existing Settlements" refers to the examination and evaluation of current
human settlements, including their spatial patterns, population density, infrastructure, socio-
economic conditions, and environmental interactions, to understand how they are structured and
function within a given area, often with the goal of informing future planning and development
decisions.
Method of Conducting Study & Analysis of Existing Settlements

Techniques
1. Historical Analysis to Assess Growth
Patterns
• Purpose: To understand how a
settlement has evolved over time,
identifying the influences of cultural,
political, economic, and environmental
factors.
• Steps:
o Chronological Mapping: Use
historical maps, archival records, and
satellite imagery to trace expansion
trends.
o Major Milestones: Document key
events such as industrialization, the
advent of transport networks, or policy
changes (e.g., zoning laws).
o Landmark Studies: Analyze iconic
structures or neighborhoods to
understand architectural and cultural
influences.
o Changes in Land Use: Examine shifts
in predominant land use, such as urban
sprawl, conversion of agricultural land, or
redevelopment initiatives.
• Outcome: Insights into the
settlement’s growth trajectory, significant
transitions, and drivers of change.

2. Spatial Analysis to Study Land Use, Density, and Built Form

• Purpose: To evaluate the physical layout and functionality of the settlement.

• Steps:
o Land Use Mapping: Identify different zones (residential, commercial, industrial,
green spaces) using GIS tools and field surveys.
o Density Studies: Analyze population distribution and building densities to identify
overcrowded or underutilized areas.
o Connectivity and Accessibility: Study the road network, public transport
availability, and pedestrian pathways to assess ease of movement.
o Built Form Analysis: Examine the height, scale, architectural style, and typology of
buildings to identify urban character.
o Open Spaces: Evaluate the distribution and accessibility of parks, public spaces,
and recreational areas.

• Outcome: A comprehensive understanding of spatial organization, inefficiencies, and

opportunities for optimization.
 3. Socio-Economic Profiling to Evaluate Demographics, Livelihoods, and Community Needs

Purpose: To assess the socio-economic fabric of the settlement, identifying key issues and
potentials for growth.

➢ Steps:

1. Demographic Analysis:

• Study population composition based on age, gender, religion, literacy, and migration
trends.
• Identify vulnerable groups and growth trends influencing settlement dynamics.

2. Economic Assessment:

• Map livelihood patterns (primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors).

• Identify employment hubs, household income levels, and economic disparities.
• Study informal economies such as street vendors or small-scale industries.

3. Community Needs Assessment:

• Analyze access to basic services like education, healthcare, and sanitation.

• Examine housing quality, affordability, and access to utilities like water and electricity.
• Document social infrastructure such as community centers, schools, and religious
institutions.

Application of Findings

• Urban Planning: Formulate zoning, density regulations, and land-use strategies.

• Infrastructure Development: Improve access to services, housing, and transportation.
• Cultural Preservation: Protect historically significant areas while planning modern
interventions.
• Community-Centric Policies: Design programs that address specific needs, such as poverty
alleviation or skill development.

1.4 Methodology of Conducting Diagnostic Surveys And Studies

A diagnostic survey methodology involves a structured approach to gather comprehensive data

through various methods like surveys, interviews, focus groups, and observations, aiming to identify
the root causes and underlying factors contributing to a specific problem or issue, allowing for
targeted interventions and solutions to be developed; key steps include defining the problem,
selecting appropriate data collection techniques, sampling, data analysis, and interpretation to
pinpoint critical areas for improvement.

1.4.1 Key components of a diagnostic survey methodology

1. Problem Definition:
• Clearly articulate the issue or problem you want to diagnose, outlining its scope and
potential contributing factors.
• Identify the target population affected by the problem.
2. Literature Review:
• Analyze existing research and relevant literature to understand the problem's context,
potential causes, and existing solutions.

3. Research Design:
Choose appropriate data collection methods based on the research objectives:

• Surveys: Structured questionnaires for quantitative data on demographics, opinions, and

behaviors.
• Interviews: In-depth conversations for qualitative data on experiences and perspectives.
• Focus Groups: Group discussions to explore themes and dynamics.
• Observational Studies: Observing behaviors and interactions in a natural setting.

4. Sampling Strategy:
• Select a representative sample from the target population to ensure generalizability of
findings.
• Consider sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, or cluster
sampling depending on the research context.

5. Questionnaire Development:
• Craft clear and concise questions that directly address the research objectives.
• Include a mix of open-ended and closed-ended questions to gather both qualitative and
quantitative data.
• Pilot test the questionnaire to identify any ambiguities or issues.

6. Data Collection:
• Administer the survey using chosen methods like online platforms, mail, phone interviews, or
in-person data collection.
• Ensure ethical considerations like informed consent and data privacy are followed.

7. Data Analysis:
• Clean and organize the data.
• Use appropriate statistical techniques depending on the data type (e.g., descriptive
statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis).
• Analyze qualitative data using thematic analysis to identify patterns and recurring themes.

8. Interpretation and Reporting:

• Interpret the results in the context of the research objectives and literature review.
• Identify key findings, including strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement.
• Present findings in a clear and concise report with actionable recommendations.

1.4.3 Key points to remember when conducting diagnostic surveys:

• Focus on root causes:

The goal is to understand the underlying factors contributing to the problem, not just surface
level symptoms.
• Triangulation:
Use multiple data collection methods to enhance the validity and reliability of findings.
• Stakeholder engagement:
Involve relevant stakeholders in the research process to ensure the findings are practical and
actionable.
1.4.3 Typical Framework of Conducting Diagnostic Surveys & Studies

FRAMEWORK
Urban surveys are the process of measuring and mapping urban areas to help with planning and
development. They use technology to collect data about the built environment, such as land
boundaries and infrastructure.

What do urban surveys do?

• Land demarcation: Ensure accurate land boundaries
• Infrastructure design: Help design infrastructure
• Map development: Create detailed maps
• Land suitability evaluation: Assess the suitability of land for development
• Regulatory compliance: Ensure development projects comply with local, state, and federal
regulations
• Community needs: Ensure development projects meet the needs of the community

What technologies are used in urban surveys?

• Global positioning system (GPS)
• Geographic information system (GIS)
• Drones
• Photogrammetry surveying equipment
• Terrestrial surveys
• Satellite remote sensing
1.6 Land Use Survey
A "land use survey" in urban planning is a process of systematically collecting data on how land within
a city or urban area is currently being used, typically categorized by types like residential, commercial,
industrial, recreational, or green space, to inform future development plans and zoning decisions by
providing a detailed picture of existing land use patterns.

1.6.1 Key points about land use surveys in urban planning:

Purpose:
To understand the current distribution of land uses within a city, identify potential issues like
overcrowding, inefficient land use, or environmental concerns, and guide future development
strategies.

Data collection methods:

• Field observation: Conducting on-site surveys to visually assess land use by observing
buildings and activities.
• Aerial imagery: Using aerial photographs or satellite imagery to map land use patterns.
• GIS technology: Utilizing Geographic Information Systems to store, analyze, and
visualize land use data on digital maps.

Data categories:
• Residential: Single-family homes, apartments, high-rise buildings
• Commercial: Retail stores, shopping centers, office buildings
• Industrial: Factories, warehouses
• Recreational: Parks, playgrounds, sports fields
• Institutional: Schools, hospitals, government buildings
• Green space: Parks, natural areas
1.6.2 Applications in urban planning:
• Zoning and land allocation: Identifying suitable areas for different types of
development based on existing land use
• Infrastructure planning: Determining the need for roads, utilities, and public services
based on land use patterns
• Environmental impact assessment: Analyzing the potential environmental effects of
new development projects
• Community engagement: Involving residents in the planning process by sharing land
use data and gathering feedback

1.6.3 Framework of Land Use Survey

1.6.5 Tools for Land Use Survey

1.7 FSI (Floor Space Index) Survey

A "FSI Floor Space Index Survey" in urban planning is a data collection process where planners
measure the ratio of total built-up area on a plot of land to the land's total area, essentially
determining the construction density allowed on a specific property, used as a key tool to regulate
development intensity within a city or region.
1.7.1 Key points about FSI surveys:

What it measures:

The FSI survey calculates the "Floor Space Index" (FSI) which is the ratio between the total floor area
of a building (across all floors) and the total area of the plot it sits on.

Purpose in urban planning:

FSI surveys are crucial for urban planners to control the density of buildings within a particular area,
ensuring proper balance between development and open spaces.

How it is conducted:
• Data collection: Surveyors measure the plot area and the floor area of each building on the
plot.
• Analysis: The collected data is then used to calculate the FSI for each plot, allowing planners to
compare development intensity across different areas.

Factors influencing FSI:

• Zoning regulations: Local zoning laws determine the maximum permissible FSI for different
land use types (residential, commercial, industrial).
• Land characteristics: Factors like topography, soil conditions, and access to infrastructure
can also influence FSI regulations.

Importance of FSI surveys:

• Controlling urban sprawl: By regulating building density, FSI surveys help prevent
overcrowding and promote sustainable urban development.
• Infrastructure planning: Understanding the FSI of an area allows planners to effectively
design and allocate infrastructure like roads, water supply, and sewage systems.
• Development potential assessment: Developers can use FSI information to determine the
maximum buildable area on a plot before purchasing land.
1.7.3 Framework of FSI Survey
1.8 Density Survey
A "density survey" in urban planning is a data collection
process used to measure the concentration of people,
buildings, or other development elements within a
specific area of a city, essentially providing an
understanding of how densely populated or developed
a particular zone is, which is crucial for informed urban
planning decisions regarding infrastructure needs, land
use allocation, and overall city design.

• A density survey is a study that examines the

relationship between population density and built-
up areas.
• It's used to assess infrastructure needs, reduce
congestion, and determine the availability of land for
various activities.

1.8.1 Key aspects of a density survey:

• Measurement methods:
Density is typically calculated by dividing the total number of people, dwelling units, or floor
area by the land area within a defined boundary.

• Data collection techniques:

• Field surveys: Directly recording data on site using methods like building
measurements, property mapping, and household surveys.
• Aerial imagery: Analyzing satellite or drone images to assess land use and building
footprint.
• GIS analysis: Utilizing Geographic Information Systems to overlay data layers and
calculate density across different zones.

• Types of density measures:

• Population density: Number of people per unit area

• Dwelling unit density: Number of housing units per unit area
• Floor area ratio (FAR): Total floor area of a building divided by the land area of the plot
• Gross density: Includes all land within a study area, regardless of development
potential
• Net density: Excludes areas like parks, roads, and bodies of water from the calculation

1.8.2 Why are density surveys important in urban planning?

• Informed development decisions:

Understanding population density helps planners determine where to focus development
efforts, including housing, transportation infrastructure, and public services.

• Sustainability considerations:
High density can promote efficient land use, reduce transportation needs, and contribute to
more compact urban forms.
 • Social impact analysis:
Studying density patterns can help identify areas with potential overcrowding or social
disparities.

• Urban renewal projects:

Density data is crucial for assessing the potential impact of redevelopment projects on existing
neighborhoods.

1.8.3 Challenges in conducting density surveys:

• Data accuracy: Reliable data collection methods are necessary to ensure accurate density
calculations.
• Scale issues: Choosing the appropriate scale for analysis, considering neighborhood level
versus city-wide assessments.
• Land use complexity: Differentiating between different land uses within a study area.

1.8.5 Framework of Density Survey

1.9 Traffic Surveys
A "traffic survey" in urban planning is a
study conducted to gather data on
the volume, type, and movement of
vehicles within a specific area,
providing crucial information to
inform decisions about road
infrastructure development, traffic
management strategies, and overall
urban design, helping planners
identify bottlenecks, assess traffic
flow, and plan for future
transportation needs.

1.9.1 Purpose

Traffic surveys are conducted to analyze movement patterns, assess the efficiency of transportation
systems, and identify problem areas like bottlenecks and congestion points. The goal is to enhance
mobility, ensure safety, and improve connectivity within the settlement.

1.9.2 Types of Traffic Surveys

1. Volume Counts
o Measure the number of vehicles or pedestrians passing through a specific point during
a given time period.
o Objective: Understand traffic intensity and peak hours to assess road capacity.

2. Origin-Destination (O-D) Surveys

o Identify travel patterns by mapping where trips start (origin) and end (destination).
o Objective: Analyze demand for transport routes and the flow of goods and people.

3. Parking Studies
o Assess parking demand, availability, and usage patterns in specific areas.
o Objective: Address issues like illegal parking and insufficient parking infrastructure.

1.9.3 Tools and Techniques

1. Manual Counts
o Deploy surveyors to record traffic flow, classify vehicle types, and monitor pedestrian
movement.
o Best Suited For: Small-scale studies and areas with limited technology access.

2. Traffic Sensors
o Install automated counters, cameras, and loop detectors to collect real-time data.
o Best Suited For: Large-scale, high-traffic areas requiring continuous monitoring.

3. Transport Models
o Use simulation tools to model traffic scenarios and predict future patterns based on
current data.
o Best Suited For: Comprehensive urban mobility planning.
1.9.4 Outcome

• Bottleneck Identification: Pinpoint

areas with frequent congestion or
delays.
• Improved Connectivity: Recommend
solutions for efficient traffic flow, such
as signal optimization, new road
alignments, or public transport
upgrades.
• Sustainable Mobility: Encourage non-
motorized transport and reduce carbon
emissions through better urban
transport planning.

1.9.5 Applications

Traffic survey insights are essential for designing new infrastructure, upgrading existing systems, and
formulating long-term urban transport policies.

1.9.7 Framework of Traffic Survey

1.10 Environmental & Management Issues
Introduction To GIS & GIS Analysis Methods In Urban Planning
• A Geographic Information System
(GIS) is a computer software that allows
urban planners to capture, store, analyze,
and visualize geographically referenced
data, enabling them to understand
spatial relationships and patterns within
a city, which is crucial for informed
decision-making regarding land use,
infrastructure development, and
community planning;

• Key GIS analysis methods used in

urban planning include overlay analysis,
buffer analysis, proximity analysis,
suitability analysis, and hotspot analysis,
allowing planners to identify optimal
locations for development based on
factors like demographics, accessibility,
and environmental constraints.

Key features of GIS in urban planning:

• Data integration:

GIS allows planners to combine various data sources like demographics, land use, transportation networks,
environmental factors, and socioeconomic data into a single platform, enabling comprehensive analysis.

• Spatial analysis methods:

• Overlay analysis: Combining multiple layers of data to identify areas where specific conditions
overlap, like finding suitable locations for new schools by overlaying population density with
proximity to existing schools.

• Buffer analysis: Creating zones around specific features (like roads or parks) to analyze areas
within a certain distance.

• Proximity analysis: Calculating distances between different features to identify areas with
close proximity to amenities or services.

• Suitability analysis: Evaluating different areas based on multiple criteria (like soil type, slope,
and access to utilities) to identify the most suitable land for development.

• Hotspot analysis: Identifying clusters of high or low values within a dataset, like areas with high
crime rates or pollution levels.

Applications of GIS in urban planning:

• Land use planning:

Mapping current land use patterns, identifying areas for future development, and analyzing potential
impacts of zoning changes.
 • Transportation planning:

Analyzing traffic patterns, optimizing public transportation routes, and identifying areas with poor
accessibility.

• Environmental analysis:

Identifying areas with high pollution levels, flood risk zones, and potential green spaces.

• Community development:

Assessing social needs and identifying areas requiring targeted interventions

• Urban renewal projects:

Analyzing existing conditions in a neighborhood to plan revitalization strategies.

Benefits of using GIS in urban planning:

• Data-driven decision making:

Enables evidence-based planning by providing detailed spatial information and analysis.

• Improved communication:

Visualizing complex data through maps facilitates better communication and understanding of
planning issues with stakeholders.

• Efficient planning processes:

Streamlines data analysis and enables faster identification of potential issues and solutions.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318535166_Geographic_Information_Syste
ms_GIS_in_Urban_Planning
2. https://www.maptionnaire.com/blog/gis-in-urban-planning-benefits-application-
examples
3. https://urbandesignlab.in/gis-as-a-tool-for-urban-planning/
4. https://www.agsrt.com/post/how-gis-transforms-urban-planning-a-smart-approach-
to-sustainable-city-development
5. https://gisgeography.com/what-is-gis/
6. https://www.esri.in/en-in/what-is-gis/overview
7. https://www.esri.in/en-in/what-is-gis/history-of-gis

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