GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘APremier institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM 40°F NYSP eT) Pe esr Session 30-31: Study Material Q13. Discuss the Pattern of internal ration in India. Definition and Scope + Internal Migration: The movement of people within national boundaries, often driven by social, economic, and demographic factors. This includes rural-urban shifts, often due to industrialization and urbanization. istorical Context and Data Collection * Census Data: The primary source of migration data in India, beginning with the 1881 census, © 1964 Census: Introduced classification by ‘rural and urban! areas and distance categories (intra-district, inter-district, inter-state) 1971 Census: Added ‘place of last residence’ 1981 Census: Included ‘reasons for migration’ TABLE 12.6 Internal migrants as percentage to total population in India, 1961 to 2011 fensus Criteria Rural Urban Male Female Total Female Total Male Female 1961 POB 20.8 46.0 304 46.0 46.1 1971 POB 289 172 411 27.1 41.9 374 PUR 8 290 175) 407) 2 272) 42.2 39.2 1981 POB 294 166 431 274 44.1 5 39.7 PLR 303 «172 44.3 283 453 1991 POB 265 138 403 « 41.9 PLR 26.9 14.0 x 39.8 2001 =~ POB «29.3 16.4 27.2 44.8 PLR 30.1. 170 x 45.8 2011 POB «(36.5 225-513 5 145 514 PLR (372 230 1 52.2. 40.9 ‘Source: Census of India, Migration Tables,Tables D-1 and D-2 for various years. ‘Noves:() POB and PLR refer to‘place of birth’ and’place of last residence’ respective (ii) Excluding Assam in 1981 and Jammu and Kashmir in 1991, where the respective cens were not held.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 40 7°7P 1 °F YS SNe) Py re unisy Trends in Mobility + Immobility: Despite modernization, India's population remained largely immobile up to 1991 © Factors: Caste system, joint families, early marriage, language diversity, lack of education, agricultural dominance. © Recent Changes: Economic reforms in the 1990s increased mobility due to ‘push and pull’ factors. Migration Patterns + Streams of Migration: Rural to Rural: 53.8% of total internal migrants. © Rural to Urban: 19.7%. © Urban to Urban: 19.7% © Urban to Rural: 6.8%. + Distance Categories: © Intra-state: 87.9% (61.7% intra-district, 26.3% inter-district) © Inter-state: 12.1%. TABLE 12.7 Distribution of internal migrants by streams and distance categories in India, 2011 (as per place of last residence criterion) Migration Streams/ Percentage of Lifetime Internal Migrants Distance Categories Total Male Female Migration streams Rural-roral 53.8 313 633 Rural-urban 19.7 30.1 Urban-urban 19.7 29.9 Urban-rural 68 86 Distance categories Intra-state 87.9 Intra-district 617 Inter-district 26.3 Inter-state 12.1 Soumces: Census of India, Migration Tables D-2,2011GUIDANCE IAS © 9540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com oe rT) ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 40707 7ST YE CET) Fe SST Reasons for Migration + Male Migration: © Work/Employment: Major reason (24.8%). © Moved with Household: Significant (20%). 9 Others: Varied reasons (34.2%). + Female Migration © Marriage: Predominant reason (66.7%) ° Moved with Household: (11.5%). © Others: (14.2%). TABLE 12.8 Reasons of migration by streams and distance categories in India, 2011 Migration Types Percentage Share of Total Internal Migrants Work: Business Education Marriage Moved — Moved Others Total Employment Afier Birth Household Male Total ‘ 3. 100.0 Intra-district 13.7 12 2. 100.0 Inter-district 32. 3 23: 100.0 Inter-state 2 3 4 100.0 Female Total 5 100.0 Intra-district 1.4 100.0 Inter-district 100.0 Inter-state 3 3 5. 100.0 Male Rural-rural 14 100.0 Rural-urban 3.0 : 73 100.0 Urban-urban 27 2.0 100.0 Urban-rural 1.0 oe 1¢ Female Rural-rural 1.2 0.2 100.0 Rural-urban 4.3 05 100.0 Urban-urban 3.8 07 3 100.00 Urban-rural 2.0 03 1¢ Sources: Census of India, 2011, Migration Tables, D-3,© GUIDANCE IAS ° Sue, gmenes ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM Peat ny TABLE 12.9 Rate of migration and inter-state migration in India and states/union territories, DL (based on ‘place of last residence’ concept) Temitores Interstate Migr as %to = %t0 Total ‘Total out- Net Our Total Total in-mignants migrants Migrants migrants. Inter. In-migrants Population » Migrants R Andhra Pradesh 45.18 4.17 2030004 —438114 Arunachal Pradesh 44.79 21.95 136010 37368 98642 Assam 33.75 4.71 495699 659694 163995 Bihar 25.78 4.14 1111954 7453803 6341849 (Chhattisgarh 34.54 14.37 1267668 693632574036 76.99 24.02 269689106196 163493, Gujarat 44.14 14.68 3916075 1571862 2344213 Haryana 41.12 34.79 3626318 2315915 1310403 Himachal Pradesh 37.58 15.33 395504535823 -140319 Jammu and Kashmir 22.12 5.60 155187328919 -173732 Jharkhand 29.18 22.81 2195521 1704827 490694 Karnataka 12. 3247660 2502956 744704 Kerala 3.70 6544231291 902 ‘Madhya Pradesh 3 11.14 2744332 2979492 160 Maharashtra 5 15.94 9087380 3068231 6019149 Manipur 2: 2.94 20100 75751 651 Meghalaya 14.36 107915 70268 37647 Mizoram 7 11.12 41380 11015 Nagaland . 19.89 10802 62286 NCT of Delhi 90.34 633006 5K 4773757 Orissa 5.57 855096 416025 Punjab 18.49 2488299 747: Rajasthan 11.92 260429837 1152418 Sikkim 7 26.79 61163 5 39704 Tamil Nadu 5.32 1650771 «1985157 -334386 Tripura 3 87378 85862 1516 Uttar Pradesh 2 4061933 12319592 59 Uttarakhand 125057; 993570 ‘West Bengal 2381045 2405522 A and N Islands : 81267 20700 ‘Chandigarh 2. : 265645 368321 D and N Haveli 5 3 16635 118967 Daman & Diu 18906 105616 Lakshadweep 30.01 15680-9603 Puducherry 5 48.13 288834 51133 ice: Census of India, 2011, Migration Tables (D-2)GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM 490.7 0.75 TISCET) PS \ee Pradesh Chennai Tamil Nadu Map not to Scale Spatial Patterns + Developed States: Higher in-migration rates. © Gainers: Maharashtra, Gujarat, NCT of Delhi © Losers: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar. + Regional Variation: © High Mobility States: Goa, Maharashtra, NCT of Delhi, Gujarat, Punjab. © Low Mobility States: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, © Exceptions: Tamil Nadu (low mobility despite development}, West Bengal (declining mobility post-1971). Impact on Population Growth + Net Migration: © Gainers: Maharashtra, Gujarat, NCT of Delhi © Losers: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh.GUIDANCE IAS © 9540226686, 9118793363 = aie ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM ee ee Cy © Union Territories: Generally gaining, except Lakshadweep. 4 NMR = = SS =i oa =. = Net migration rates, states of India, 2006-2011 Source: glculated from the 2011 census (IMAGE- Asia Project) Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Migration + Economic Factors: Employment opportunities, industrialization, urbanization. + Social Factors: Marriage, family relocation, education, + Political Factors: Regional disparities, policy changes.© GUIDANCE 1AS saz mi ue ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 07°F 1) Fy" SAE fo) Gender Differences in Migration + Male Migration: Predominantly economic. + Female Migration: Predominantly marriage-related Challenges and Issues rance categories (intra-district, inter-district, inter-state) do not accurately represent migration distances. Economic Disparities: Migration trends reflect underlying socio-economic disparities between regions. Key Figures and Data (from 2011 Census) Internal Migrants: 37% of the population. Migration Streams: © Rural-rural: 53.8% © Rural-urban: 19.7% © Urban-urban: 19.7% © Urban-rural: 6.8% Reasons for Migration (Male/Female) © Work/Employment: 24.8% / 2.1% © Marriage: 3.7% / 66.7% © Moved with Household: 20% / 11.5% Net Migration © Maharashtra: +6.02 million © Uttar Pradesh: -8.25 million © Bihar: -6.34 million Conclusion Internal migration in India is a complex phenomenon influenced by economic opportunities, social customs, and regional disparities. The trends highlight significant rural-urban shifts, gender differences in migration reasons, and the impact of socio-economic development on migration patterns. Understanding these patterns is crucial for policy formulation and regional development planning,GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com —— ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 40007 UPS's SCE) Q14. The environmental and climate change has been shaping the magnitude and intensity of migration in In Examine. Overview and Context Vulnerability: India is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its diverse geography including long coastlines, the Himalayas, and extensive forests. Government I ss: The Government of India recognizes the severity of climate change and has implemented various plans, including the National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change in the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017). Historical Context and Data Collection + IPCC: Established in 1988, provides scientific assessments on climate change. India’s climate policies are informed by IPCC reports. + Climate Change Impact: Recognized as a significant man-made environmental challenge with socioeconomic consequences. Trends and Patterns + Temperature Increase: Mean temperature in India has risen by about 0.2°C per decade from 1971 to 2007 Erratic Monsoon: Decreasing precipitation, more frequent droughts, and increasing heavy precipitation events impact agriculture, which supports half of India’s population Globalization/Oevelopment actin Conceptual framework depicting the relationship between climate change and mobility outcomesGUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com = Ti ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM 490). °P° S775 TET) PS Key Vulnerabilities Coastal Areas: Vulnerable to sea level rise (1.3 mm/year) and storm surges, affecting regions like Nagapattinam (Tamil Nadu), Paradeep (Orissa), and Kochi (Kerala). Western Ghats: Increased urbanization and tourism, deforestation, and soil erosion impacting biodiversity and causing flooding. Himalayas: Melting glaciers, increasing floods and droughts, and development activities leading to land degradation and outmigration. Drylands: Predominantly in western Rajasthan, experiencing declining precipitation and increased drought frequency. Northeast India: High biodiversity, significant precipitation changes, and high vulnerability due to socioeconomic conditions. Hi ans ae i B Climate change vulnerability and hotspots of migration (1-5) - district-level mapping of climate change vulnerability of India’s agri- culture sector, measured as a composite of adaptive capacity and climate sensitivity under exposure to climate change Climate Change and Migration + Impact on Migration: Climate change affects migration through socioeconomic and political drivers. Extreme weather events and slow-onset changes like desertification force migration.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com —— ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM 490). °P° S775 TET) + Seasonal and Temporary Migration: High in regions with agricultural dependency, especially in semi-arid and subhumid areas. Spatial and Regional Variations + Urbanization and Migration: © High In-Migration: Coastal and developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu © Qutmigration: Low urbanized states in northern, central, eastern, and northeastern India + Regional Hotspots: © Coastal States: Vulnerable to sea level rise, urbanization, and high migration rates. © Drylands: High seasonal migration, vulnerable to agricultural impacts due to climate change. High_In-Migratios out-migration Northeast Dry land (Rajasthan) Mountains Coastal Areas/States Bio-physical ‘Vulnerability Trans-Genetic states Central india (Haryana, Punjab and Gangetic Delhi) Valey low High n-migration <---> vrue-migration Socio-economic Vulnerability ional pattern of climate change vulnerability and migration in India Impact and Implications Socioeconomic Deprivation: Vulnerable regions often have poor socioeconomic conditions, exacerbating the impact of climate change. Adaptation Strategies: Migration can be an adaptive mechanism, but it is selective and influenced by socioeconomic factors. Poor populations are often unable to migrate, increasing their vulnerability.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com CECT TTS ‘3B, Basement, ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM 490). °P° S775 TET) Key Figures and Data + Migration Rates: © 2011 Census: 37% of India's population are migrants (453 million out of 1.21 billion). © Seasonal Migration: Estimated 15 to 100 million people. + Climate Vulnerability Hotspots: © Coastal States: Sea level rise could displace 20-34 million people by the end of the century. © Agricultural Vulnerability: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. Challenges and Issues Data Limitations: Lack of up-to-date and detailed data on migration and climate impact at micro levels. Policy Integration: Need for integrating climate change adaptation and migration into development and urban planning to mitigate vulnerabilities. Conclusion Complex Biophysical Structure: India's diverse geography complicates climate change and migration studies. Vulnerability and Adaptation: Climate change increases the vulnerability of socioeconomically deprived regions. Migration as an adaptation strategy should be supported through inclusive policies. Future Trends: Existing migration patterns are likely to intensify due to climate change, requiring proactive planning and support for both migrants and those unable to migrate.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM 490). °P° S775 TET) PS Q15. Examine the major tribal regions of India and their problems. India's tribal population is spread across various regions, each facing unique challenges influenced by geographical, socio-economic, and political factors. DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORTANT TRIBES. IN INDIA Their Problems Northern Region Key Tribes: Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis, Bhutiyas Problems: 1. Displacement and Land Rights:GUIDANCE IAS © 9540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com 38, Basement, Te LL Near Metro Station, Karol: © Case Study: Gujars and Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir: These nomadic tribes face displacement due to infrastructure projects and militarization, The lack of formal land rights has led to conflicts with the government and other communities over grazing lands. 2. Economic Marginalization: Example: Gaddis in Himachal Pradesh: Primarily shepherds, they struggle with declining pastures and competition from commercial livestock farming. Limited access to markets and modern facilities exacerbates their economic marginalization. 3. Cultural Erosion: Example: Bhutiyas in Uttarakhand: The modernization and influx of tourists in regions like Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve threaten their traditional lifestyles and cultural practices. Northeastern Region Key Tribes: Nagas, Mizos, Khasi, Garo, Bodos Problems: 1. Political instability and Insurgency: © Case Study: Nagas in Nagaland: Long-standing insurgency and demands for greater autonomy have led to violence and political instability. The ongoing conflict hampers development and disrupts daily life. 2. Economic Development and Infrastructure: © Example: Mizos in Mizoram: The difficult terrain and isolation impede economic development. Infrastructure like roads and healthcare is underdeveloped, limiting access to basic services. 3. Cultural Assimilation and Identity: © Example: Khasi in Meghalaya: There is a struggle to maintain cultural identity amidst pressures of assimilation and modernization. The introduction of new laws and economic practices often conflicts with traditional customs. Central Region Key Tribes: Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Oraon Problems: 1. Land Alienation and Displacement: © Case Study: Gonds in Madhya Pradesh: Large-scale mining and industrial projects have led to the displacement of tribal communities. Land acquisition for such projects often bypasses legal safeguards, leading to loss of livelihoods. 2. Health and Nutrition:GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com 38, Basement, Te LL Near Metro Station, Karol: © Example: Bhils in Rajasthan: High rates of malnutrition and lack of access to healthcare facilities are prevalent, Poor sanitation and limited access to clean drinking water exacerbate health problems. 3. Education and Employment: © Example: Santhals in Jharkhand: Low literacy rates and limited access to quality education restrict employment opportunities. Many Santhals migrate to urban areas for unskilled labor, leading to further socio-economic challenges. Southern Region Key Tribes: Todas, Kotas, trulas, Chenchus Problems: 1. Deforestation and Environmental Degradation: © Case Study: Todas in Tamil Nadu: The encroachment of commercial agriculture and deforestation threaten their traditional habitats. Loss of forest cover impacts their traditional livelihoods and access to natural resources. 2. Integration and Modernization Example: Irulas in Tamil Nadu and Kerala: As these tribes are integrated into mainstream society, they face challenges in preserving their traditional knowledge and practices. Modernization often leads to the erosion of cultural identity, 3. Health Issues: © Example: Chenchus in Andhra Pradesh: Limited access to healthcare services leads to high prevalence of diseases. Traditional health practices are often disregarded by modern healthcare systems, creating a gap in effective healthcare delivery. Andaman and Nicobar Region Key Tribes: Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarwa, Sentinalese Problems: 1. Isolation and Vulnerability: © Case Study: Great Andamanese: Their small population size makes them highly vulnerable to diseases and other external threats. The introduction of new diseases by outsiders has historically led to population declines. 2. Encroachment and Exploitation © Example: Jarwa: Encroachment by settlers and tourism activities threaten their way of life. The construction of roads and increased contact with outsiders disrupt their traditional practices and exposes them to exploitation. 3. Cultural Preservation:© GUIDANCE 1AS saz mi ue Te LL Near Metro Station, Karol: © Example: Sentinalese: Maintaining isolation to preserve their culture is a unique challenge. Any attempt to contact or integrate them poses a significant risk to their health and cultural integrity. Conclusion The problems faced by tribal communities in India are diverse and region-specific, reflecting the complex interplay of geographical, socio-economic, and political factors. Addressing these issues requires a nuanced approach that respects the unique identities and needs of each tribal group. Policy interventions should focus on securing land rights, improving access to healthcare and education, promoting sustainable development, and preserving cultural heritage. Collaborative efforts between the government, non-governmental organizations, and tribal communities themselves are essential to ensure their rights and well-being are protected and promoted. Q16. Examine the problems of land ail nm and displacement faced by the Indian tribes. Introduction to Land Alienation and Displacement among Indian Tribes Land Alienation: The process by which tribal communities lose their land ownership or access, often through legal and illegal means. Displacement: Forced removal of tribal communities from their ancestral lands, usually due to development projects, mining, and other state interventions. Historical Context and Legal Framework Colonial Legacy: The British colonial government laid the groundwork for land alienation through policies that disrupted traditional land ownership and use patterns. Post-Independence Policies: Continuation of land alienation due to industrialization, urbanization, and development projects. Causes of Land Alienation and Displacement Economic Development Projects: Large-scale projects like dams, mining, and industrial estates often lead to displacement. Agricultural Expansion: Encroachment on tribal lands for agricultural use. Legal Frameworks: Inadequate protection under laws such as the Land Acquisition Act and ineffective implementation of protective laws like the Forest Rights Act, 2006. Case Studies of Land Alienation A. Narmada Valley Project * Location: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra * Issue: Construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com = ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM ee ee Details: Despite legal battles and protests, many tribal communities were displaced with promises of resettlement that were poorly implemented, leading to loss of livelihood and cultural heritage. B. Mining in Jharkhand Location: Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha Issue: Coal and mineral mining projects. Impact: Tribal lands acquired for mining, leading to environmental degradation and displacement. Details: Companies like Coal India Limited have acquired vast tracts of land in tribal areas, often without proper compensation or rehabilitation, leading to severe economic and social disruptions for tribal communities. Case Studies of Displacement A. Polavaram Dam Project Location: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Chhattisgarh Issue: Multipurpose irrigation project. Impact: Displacement of a large number of tribal families, loss of land and homes, inadequate rehabilitation. Details: The project, aimed at providing irrigation and electricity, has led to the displacement of thousands of tribals, particularly from the Koya and Konda Reddi communities, with rehabilitation efforts falling short in terms of quality and reach. B. Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited (KIOCL) Location: Karnataka Issue: Iron ore mining operations, Impact: Displacement and environmental degradation affecting tribal communities. Details: The mining operations led to the displacement of tribal communities in the Western Ghats, with significant environmental degradation that affected agriculture and water resources, critical for the livelihood of the displaced communities. Socio-Economic and Cultural Impact Loss of Livelihood: Displaced tribes often lose their primary source of livelihood, which is closely tied to their land and environment. Cultural Disintegration: Land is central to tribal identity and culture. Displacement leads to loss of cultural practices, social structures, and traditional knowledge. Psychological Trauma: Forced displacement causes psychological distress and a sense of loss among the displaced populations. Inadequate Rehabilitation: Government rehabilitation programs often fail to provide sustainable alternatives to the displaced communities, leading to further marginalization,© GUIDANCE 1AS saz mi ue ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM: 400 "P TF Y Ne) Legal and Policy Frameworks for Protection Forest Rights Act, 2006: Aimed at recognizing and vesting forest rights to Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers. Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013: Provides a framework for fair compensation and rehabilitation for those affected by land acquisition. Recommendations and Solutions Stronger Legal Protections: Enforcement of existing laws and introduction of stronger legal frameworks to protect tribal land rights. Community Participation: Involving tribal communities in decision-making processes regarding development projects Sustainable Development: Ensuring that development projects are sustainable and do not disproportionately impact tribal communities. Improved Rehabilitation: Developing comprehensive and culturally sensitive rehabilitation programs that ensure economic and social well-being, Conclusion The issues of land alienation and displacement among Indian tribes are multifaceted and deeply rooted in historical, economic, and legal contexts. Case studies from various regions highlight the significant impacts on tribal communities, including loss of livelihood, cultural disintegration, and inadequate rehabilitation. Addressing these challenges requires a concerted effort to strengthen legal protections, ensure community participation, and develop sustainable and inclusive development policies. Q17. Examine the prevalence of diseases in contemporary Introduction + Life Expectancy: A key indicator of overall health outcomes. In India, life expectancy at birth increased from 58.3 years for males and 59.7 years for females in 1990 to 66.9 years for males and 70.3 years for females in 2016. Epidemiological Transition in India ‘+ Shift in Disease Patterns: From communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNDs)GUIDANCE IAS ° Sue, gmenes to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and injuries. © 1990: 61% of the disease burden was due to CMNNDs, 30% due to NCDs, and 9% due to injuries. 2016: 33% of the disease burden was due to CMNNDs, 55% due to NCDs, and 12% due to injuries. Contribution of major disease groups to total DALYs in India, 1990 and 2016 © Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutitional digeases @ Non-communicable diseases @ Injuries 1990 2016 2e 'y-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) + DALYs: A summary measure that reflects both premature mortality and disability + Epidemiological Transition Ratio: Ratio of DALYs caused by CMNNDs to those caused by NCDs and injuries. © 1990: Most states had ratios greater than one, indicating a higher burden of CMNNDs. © 2016: All states had ratios less than one, indicating a higher burden of NCDs and injuries.GUIDANCE IAS “ $240276688. 9718793363 28, Eason. a ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM ee Ce Disease Burden by State Groups + Empowered Action Group (EAG) States ©. States: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand. © Epidemiological Transition: These states show slower transition with higher burden of CMNNDs compared to more developed states, + North-East States: © States: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura. © Epidemiological Transition: Similar challenges with high burden of CMNNDs but progressing towards higher burden of NCDs and injuries. + Other States: © States: Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, West Bengal Epidemiological Transition: These states are further along in the transition with a higher burden of NCDs and injuries.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com —_ 2 inleauttancetss.com ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 40 7°7P 1 °F YS SNe) Py re unisy Leading Causes of Death + 1990: CMNNDs: 53.6% of deaths. NCDs: 37.9% of deaths. Injuries: 8.5% of deaths. CMNNDs: 27.5% of deaths. NCDs: 61.8% of deaths. Injuries: 10.7% of deaths. Age-Specific Mortality Patterns + 0-14 Years: © CMNNDs: Major cause of death across all states, + 15-39 Years: © Injuries: Significant cause of death (34%-40%). + 40-69 Years and 70+ Years: © NCDs: Dominant cause of death Major Disease Categories and Their Impact + Communicable Diseases: © Diarrhoea, Lower Respiratory Infections, and Other Infectious Diseases: Higher in EAG and North-East states. © HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis: Significant contributors to mortality. © Neonatal Disorders: Considerable impact on infant mortality. + Non-Communicable Diseases: © Cardiovascular Diseases: Leading cause of death across all states, particularly in more developed states. © Chronic Respiratory Diseases: High in EAG states. © Cancers: Significant contributor to mortality. © Diabetes and Urogenital Disorders: Increasingly common + Injuries: © Transport Injuries, Unintentional Injuries, and Suicides: Significant causes of mortality, especially in younger age groups. Regional Variations Kerala: Lowest epidemiological transition ratio (0.16), indicating 2 high burden of NCDs and injuries. Bihar: Higher ratio (0.74), indicating a significant burden of CMNNDs. EAG States: Slower transition with persistent high burden of CMNNDs.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com eR cd Ear ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONALPROGRAM 07°F 1) Fy" SAE fo) Policy Implications State-Specific Approaches: Health planning should be tailored to the specific disease and risk factor profiles of each state. Focus on Less Developed Regions: Targeted efforts needed for EAG and North-East states to address both CMNNDs and emerging NCDs. Holistic Health Strategies: Addressing the dual burden of diseases with integrated health policies and programs. Conclusion The pattern of diseases in India highlights a significant epidemiological transition from communicable to non-communicable diseases. This transition varies widely across different states, necessitating diverse and state-specific health policies and interventions to address the unique challenges posed by this dual burden of diseases Q18. Examine the evolution of population policies in India after independence with special focus on the role of socio- economic and cultural-religious factors in influencing them. India's population policies have undergone significant changes over the past decades, reflecting shifts in governmental priorities, socio-economic conditions, and global trends. Here’s a detailed look at the evolution of these policies: 1950s - Early Stages of Family Planning 1. First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956): Context: Post-independence India faced challenges of poverty, high mortality, and a rapidly growing population Policy Initiation: india became the first country in the world to launch a national family planning program in 1952. Focus: Emphasis on promoting birth control methods and educating the public about the benefits of smaller families. 1960s - Institutionalization and Expan: 2. Second and Third Five-Year Plans: Expansion: The program was expanded with the establishment of family planning clinics across the country. Methods: Focus on sterilization and IUDs (Intrauterine Devices) as primary methods of contraception.GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘A Premier institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM TET NTE EO) Selly + Challenges: Resistance from the public due to cultural and religious beliefs, and lack of awareness 3. Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974): + Integration: Family planning was integrated with maternal and child health services. * Education: increased efforts in educating couples about family planning methods and their benefits. 1970s - Coercion and Controversy 4. Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-1979): + Emergency Period (1975-1977): © Forced Sterilizations: During the Emergency, the government implemented aggressive sterilization campaigns, often coercive, leading to widespread public outcry and political backlash Impact: The period left a negative legacy on the family planning program, with increased distrust among the population. 1980s - Shift to Voluntary Approach Voluntary Approach: Post-Emergency, the emphasis shifted to voluntary and target- free approaches. Health Integration: Family planning was seen as part of broader reproductive health and child health services. Programs: Introduction of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and other maternal health programs to improve child and maternal health outcomes. 1990s - Reproductive Health Focus 6. National Population Policy (NPP) 2000: Context: Addressing high population growth rate and enhancing reproductive health. Goals: © Immediate Objective: Address unmet needs for contraception, healthcare infrastructure, and staff. Medium-term Objective: Bring down the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to replacement levels by 2010 Long-term Objective: Achieve a stable population by 2045. Strategies: Emphasized women's health, child survival, and the use of a wide range of contraceptive methods.© GUIDANCE 1AS saz mi ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM "P77 Y5" EN) Targets: The following are the targets of National Population Policy: 1. Achieve zero growth rate of population by 2045. Reduce infant mortality rate of below 30 per thousand live births Reduce maternal mortality ratio of below 100 per 1, 00,000 live births. Reduce birth rate to 21 per 1000 by 2010. Reduce total fertility rate (TFR) to 2.1 by 2010. National Socio-Demographic Goals for 2010: To fulfill these objectives and targets. National Socio-Demographic goals have been formulated which in each case are to be achieved by the year 2010. They are as follows: 1. Make school education free and compulsory up to the age of 14 and reduce dropouts at primary and secondary school levels to below 20 per cent for both boys and girls. Address the unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health services, supplies and infrastructure, Achieve universal immunization of children against all vaccine preventable diseases. Promote delayed marriage for girls, not before 18 and preferably after the age of 20 years. Prevent and control communicable diseases. Achieve universal access to information/counselling and services for fertility regulation and contraception with a wide basket of choices. Achieve 80 per cent institutional deliveries and 100 per cent deliveries by trained persons. Achieve 100 per cent registration of births, marriage and pregnancy. Integrate Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) in the provision of reproductive and child health services and in reaching out to households. Contain the spread of Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and promote greater integration between the management of Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and the National AIDS Control Organisation, 11. Bring about convergence in implementation of related social sector programmes so that family welfare becomes a people centred programme. 12, Promote vigorously the small family norm to achieve replacement levels of TFR. 2000s - Rights-Based and Inclusive Approaches 7. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) 2005: + Launch: Aimed at improving healthcare delivery in rural areas with a focus on reproductive and child health + Components: © Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs): Community health workers to promote family planning and maternal health. © Infrastructure: Strengthening healthcare facilities and supply chains for contraceptives and maternal health services.GUIDANCE IAS © 9540226688, 9718793363 2 tofauideneetas.cor ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM fd eee National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) 2013: * Urban Focus: Address health challenges in urban areas, including family planning services for urban poor. 9. National Health Mission (NHM): «Integration: Combining NRHM and NUHM to provide a comprehensive approach to healthcare, including family planning. Recent Trends and Innovations 10. Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) Commitments: + Global Initiative: india committed to FP2020 to enhance access to family planning services. + Focus Area © Quality of Care: Ensuring high-quality services and respectful care. © Contraceptive Choices: Expanding the range of contraceptives available, including injectables and implants. Adolescent Health: Addressing the reproductive health needs of adolescents and young people. ion Parivar Vikas (2016): High Fertility Districts: Targeting 146 high fertility districts to accelerate access to contraceptives and family planning services. Interventions: Enhancing contraceptive supply, promoting spacing methods, and increasing awareness. Challenges and Future Directions Cultural Resistance: Ongoing challenges with cultural and religious resistance to family planning. Gender Inequality: Addressing the broader issue of gender inequality to enhance women's autonomy in reproductive health decisions, Healthcare Access: Ensuring equitable access to quality healthcare services across rural and urban areas. Technological Advancements: Leveraging technology for better tracking, awareness campaigns, and service delivery. Conclusion India's population policies have evolved from coercive measures to more rights-based and inclusive approaches, focusing on reproductive health and family planning as part of broader 24GUIDANCE IAS © 8540226688, 9718793363 © info@guidanceias.com (ENT '3B, Basement, er ‘APremier Institute for GENERAL STUDIES and OPTIONAL PROGRAM Dott PS healthcare initiatives. Despite progress, challenges remain in cultural acceptance, gender inequality, and healthcare access. Future policies need to address these issues to achieve sustainable population growth and improved health outcomes.