University of the Punjab
B.S. 4 Years Program / Eighth Semester – 2019
Paper: Peace Psychology (Revised)
Course Code: APSY-482 / APSY-417
Part-II
Time: 2 Hrs. 45 Min.
Marks: 50
Q.II: Give short answers: (20 Marks)
1. Differentiate between Direct Violence and Structural Violence (4)
• Direct Violence is physical and visible, such as murder, war, or domestic abuse. It is intentional and
causes immediate harm.
• Structural Violence is indirect, embedded in social systems, and causes harm by denying people
basic needs (e.g., poverty, discrimination, lack of access to healthcare or education).
2. Explain the policy of deterrence. (2)
Deterrence is a strategy aimed at preventing hostile actions by threatening severe retaliation. It is often
used in military and nuclear policies where a country discourages aggression by maintaining a powerful
defense or capability to respond destructively.
3. Explain corruption as structural violence. (2)
Corruption is structural violence because it perpetuates inequality, denies justice, and restricts access to
basic services like healthcare and education. It harms society by favoring elites and exploiting the
vulnerable, contributing to cycles of poverty and injustice.
4. Differentiate between Negative Peace and Positive Peace (4)
• Negative Peace is the absence of direct violence or war but does not address underlying issues like
injustice or inequality.
• Positive Peace involves the presence of social justice, equality, human rights, and harmony,
addressing root causes of conflict for long-term peace.
5. What are the barriers to disclosure of abuse? (2)
Barriers include: - Fear of retaliation or further harm - Social stigma and victim-blaming - Lack of trust in
legal or support systems - Emotional trauma and guilt - Cultural or family pressure to remain silent
6. Why phenomenon of social justice is termed as fairy tale? (2)
1
Social justice is often termed a "fairy tale" because in many societies it remains an ideal rather than a reality.
Deep-rooted inequalities, discrimination, and corruption hinder its implementation, making it seem
unreachable or unrealistic.
7. Name and define any FOUR types of war. (4)
1. Civil War: Conflict between groups within the same country.
2. World War: Large-scale conflict involving multiple nations across continents.
3. Religious War: War motivated by religious differences or ideologies.
4. Proxy War: War where major powers support smaller parties without direct involvement.
Q.III: Answer the following questions: (30 Marks)
1. Write in detail historical development of Peace Psychology.
• Origins: Emerged after WWII and the nuclear threat era, focusing on preventing war and promoting
peace.
• 1960s–70s: Influenced by humanistic psychology and anti-war movements, peace psychology began
to focus on conflict resolution and human rights.
• 1980s–90s: Galtung’s theories of structural violence and positive peace shaped the academic
foundation.
• 2000s-Present: Focus expanded to include terrorism, trauma healing, environmental peace, and
global human rights. Peace psychology now addresses both individual and structural contributors to
violence.
2. Define terrorism. Why do people become terrorists?
Terrorism is the use of violence or threat to create fear for political, religious, or ideological purposes.
Reasons why people become terrorists: - Political or religious extremism - Oppression or perceived
injustice - Social marginalization or identity crisis - Economic deprivation and lack of opportunity - Influence
from radical groups and propaganda - Psychological need for belonging or revenge
3. How Peace can be maintained in South Asia? Discuss with special reference to Pakistan.
Peace in South Asia requires: - Diplomatic dialogue between nations (e.g., India-Pakistan) - Cross-border
cultural exchange to reduce misunderstandings - Trade cooperation to promote economic
interdependence - Counter-terrorism with human rights protections - Education for peace in schools and
media
In Pakistan: - Promoting interfaith harmony - Addressing structural issues like poverty, corruption, and
injustice - Empowering youth and women in peace processes - Strengthening legal and governance systems
- Encouraging civil society participation in conflict resolution
2
End of Detailed Answers Document
