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A01_LEST9029_16_SE_FM.indd 1 1/28/17 8:20 PM
 Contents vii

Compare the Past to the Present 215 15c Using In-Text Citations in APA Style 273
Offer a Directive or Solution 216 15d Preparing the List of References 279
Discuss Test Results and Limitations 216 Book 281
Charting Your Research Project 217 Periodical 282
Abstract 283
13 Revising, Proofreading, and Review 283
Formatting the Rough Draft 218 Report 283
13a Conducting a Global Revision 219 Nonprint Material 284
Revising the Introduction 219 Sources Accessed Online 284
Revising the Body 219 Article from a Library Database 288
Revising the Conclusion 219 CD-ROM 288
Participating in Peer Review 220 Encyclopedia Article 288
Full-Text Article 289
13b Formatting the Paper to MLA Style 221
Title Page or Opening Page 221 15e Formatting an APA Paper 289
Outline 222 Theoretical Paper 289
Abstract 222 Report of Empirical Research 289
The Text of the Paper 223 Review Article 290
Content Endnotes Page 223 15f Writing the Abstract 290
Appendix 224 15g Sample Paper in APA Style 291

16
Works Cited 224
13c Editing before Typing or Printing the Final
The Footnote System:
Manuscript 224 CMS Style 299
Using the Computer to Edit Your Text 224 16a Inserting a Superscript Numeral in
13d Proofreading on the Screen and on the Your Text 300
Printed Manuscript 225 Writing Full or Abbreviated Notes 301
Charting Your Research Project 226 16b Formatting and Writing the Footnotes 302
13e Sample Papers in MLA Style 227 16c Writing Footnotes for Electronic Sources 305
Short Literary Research Paper 227 16d Writing Subsequent Footnote References 306
Sample Research Paper 234 16e Writing Endnotes Rather Than Footnotes 307

14 Works Cited: MLA Style 246 16f Writing Content Footnotes or Content
Endnotes 308
14a Formatting the Works Cited Page 247 16g Using the Footnote System for Papers
14b Key Elements of the Works Cited List 251 in the Humanities 310
16h Writing a Bibliography Page for a Paper
15 Writing in APA Style 271 That Uses Footnotes 311
15a Writing Theory, Reporting Test Results, or 16i Sample Research Paper in the CMS Style 312

17
Reviewing Literature 271
Theoretical Article 272
CSE Style for the Natural and
Report of an Empirical Study 272 Applied Sciences 318
Review Article 272 Guide by Discipline 319
15b Writing in the Proper Tense for an 17a Writing In-Text Citations Using the CSE
APA Paper 273 Citation-Sequence System 320

A01_LEST9029_16_SE_FM.indd 7 11/1/16 2:34 PM

 viii Contents

17b Writing a References Page 321 Citing Your Sources in a Web-Based

17c Writing In-Text Citations with Name Research Paper 337
and Year 322 18d Using Graphics in Your Electronic
17d Using Name-Year with Bibliography Research Paper 337
Entries 324 Graphic File Formats 338
Arranging the References List 326 Creating Your Own Digital Graphics 338
17e Sample Paper Using the CSE Citation-Sequence 18e Using Sound and Video in Your Electronic
System 327 Research Paper 338
18f Preparing a Writing Portfolio 339
18 Creating Electronic and 18g Presenting Research in Alternative Formats 341
Multimedia Research Projects 334 Charting Your Research Project 342
18a Beginning the Digital Project 335
Glossary 343
18b Building Digital Presentations 335
18c Research Project Websites 336 Appendix 353
Creating a Single Web Page 336 Index 364
Importing, Entering, and Modifying Text 337

A01_LEST9029_16_SE_FM.indd 8 11/1/16 2:34 PM

 Preface to the Instructor

T What Is New in This Edition?

he 16th edition of Writing Research Papers:
A Complete Guide now marks the 50 th an-
niversary of this text. First published by • New “Goals and Outcomes” at the begin-
Scott, Foresman in 1967, I recall that the artwork ning of each chapter provide students with a
on the front of the book featured a typewriter. list of learning objectives that serve as a ready
To that end, I can remember the countless hours guide for finding documentation information
that my father and mother both spent toiling at quickly and that provide students with the
the keys of that typewriter to perfect the first edi- key goals of the chapter.
tion. What started as a typed version that was • New explanations of research techniques in
run off on a mimeograph machine and sold in the Chapter 4 show students how to apply cut-
campus bookstore at Emporia State University in ting-edge tools and strategies in their research,
Kansas has expanded into the detailed guidebook including keyword searches with expanded
that it is today. This new edition is dedicated to Boolean operators and social networking sites.
my father, Dr. J. D. Lester. Although he is no lon-
• Three new student papers plus a new anno-
ger with us, his love of literature, writing as a
tated bibliography provide fresh models of
craft, his students through forty years of instruc-
student research work.
tion, and my mother helped to establish Writing
Research Papers as the foremost handbook for cur- • Updated coverage of MLA and APA docu-
rent, detailed guidance about academic research, mentation style brings students up to speed
writing, and documentation. with the latest revisions, especially how to
For decades, this text has been the leader in handle electronic source documentation.
offering current, detailed guidance about academic
research, writing, and documentation. Over the Key Features
last two decades, the world of academic research
The world of academic research is changing rap-
has changed dramatically. Most research is now
idly, especially with the ascendance of online
done online, and this new universe of information
research. Virtually every college student now
has not only put an almost unimaginable wealth
writes on a computer and researches online. The
of new sources at our fingertips, but it has also
sixteenth edition of Writing Research Papers contin-
brought challenges in evaluating the credibility
ues to offer a wide array of resources to help stu-
and usefulness of those sources. Questions of aca-
dents successfully plan and execute their research
demic integrity and unintentional plagiarism have
papers.
arisen around the integration of electronic sources.
This new sixteenth edition of Writing Research Help with Digital Research  The digi-
Papers: A Complete Guide confronts these new chal- tal revolution is so pervasive in research writing
lenges and offers clear, detailed guidance to assist today that a single chapter cannot properly en-
student researchers as they struggle to keep pace compass the topic. Instead, every chapter of this
with online research, electronic publishing, and text has been updated to reflect the current con-
new documentation formats. text for academic writing, including the impact of

ix

A01_LEST9029_16_SE_FM.indd 9 11/1/16 2:34 PM

 x Preface to the Instructor

technology on searching for appropriate topics, and student papers in Chapter 16 follow cur-
finding and evaluating source material, gather- rent CMS documentation standards.
ing notes and drafting the paper, avoiding pla-
Research Tips for Avoiding the Pit-
giarism and embracing academic integrity, and,
falls of Plagiarism  Chapters 1 to 10 pro-
of course, documenting sources. Students are di-
vide at least one “Research Tip,” a feature that
rected step by step through the various formats
offers instruction and examples for citing sources
for documenting online sources and are offered
appropriately and ethically, and avoiding plagia-
clear, detailed guidance on blending electronic
rism. Beginning with the section “Understanding
citations into their writing. The most extensive
and Avoiding Plagiarism,” in Chapter 1, Writing
updated content is included in Chapter 4, where
Research Papers clearly explains what plagiarism is
explanations are provided about new research
and presents strategies students can use to avoid
techniques using social networking sites and key-
unintentional plagiarism. Moreover, there is a
word searches with expanded Boolean operators.
special emphasis on how to blend quotations into
C urr e nt D ocum e ntat i on G u i d e - academic writing and document Internet sources.
lines Since discipline-specific style guides offer
Guidelines for Evaluating Online
very different methods for documenting sources—
Sources Understanding what constitutes an ap-
particularly electronic sources—depending on the
propriate source for an academic paper is more and
academic field of research, a guide of this sort is
more challenging for students, as more and more
vital to students who are responding to writing
sources become instantly available online. Writing
assignments in a variety of disciplines. To enable
Research Papers assists student researchers in decid-
students to document sources correctly, this edi-
ing if and when to use familiar search engines such
tion includes updated guidelines for the most
as Google or Yahoo!, and also offers detailed advice
­important documentation formats.
on how to find respected scholarly sources—and
• Up-to-date coverage of MLA documentation how to determine whether a source is in fact cred-
style. The Modern Language Association ible. A checklist, “Evaluating Online Sources,” helps
(MLA) significantly revised its documentation students gauge the quality of online articles.
style for both print and electronic sources in the
Student Papers Student writing examples
most recent edition of the MLA Style Manual
provide models for student writers of how other
and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, and the MLA
students have researched and drafted papers on a
Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. All sam-
wide range of topics. With seven annotated sam-
ple citations and student papers in Chapters 1
ple papers, more than any other text of this kind,
to 14 reflect the current MLA style guides.
Writing Research Papers demonstrates format,
• Revised APA documentation coverage. The documentation, and the different academic styles.
American Psychological Association (APA) Student papers include:
also revised its documentation guidelines in
the APA Publication Manual. All sample cita- Ashley Irwin, “Sylvia Plath and Her ’Daddy”’
tions and student papers in Chapter 15 follow (MLA style)
current APA documentation standards. Anthony Ruvolo, “The Temple of Jupiter Op-
timus Maximus and a New Interpretation of
• Current standards for CMS style. The most
the Capitoline Triad” (MLA style)
recent edition of the University of Chicago
Whitley Rentfro, “Of Highways and Bike-
Press’ Chicago Manual of Style emphasizes the
ways: Filling the Lane for the Future” (APA
role of electronic research. All sample citations
style)

A01_LEST9029_16_SE_FM.indd 10 11/1/16 2:34 PM

 Preface to the Instructor xi

Clare Grady, “The Space Race: One Small This simple fact inspired the creation of REVEL:
Step—One Giant Leap” (CMS style) an interactive learning environment designed for
Charlotte Dawn Fullerton, “The Human the way today’s students read, think, and learn.
Glow Bug: Tanning Bed Dangers and Effects” REVEL enlivens course content with media
(CSE style) interactives and assessments—integrated directly
Sarah Morrison, “Annotated Bibliography: within the authors’ narrative—that provide oppor-
Media Ethics” (MLA style) tunities for students to read, practice, and study
Sarah Morrison, “Media Ethics: A Review of in one continuous experience. This immersive
Literature” (MLA style) educational technology replaces the textbook and
is designed to measurably boost students’ under-
Sample abstracts in MLA and APA style are
standing, retention, and preparedness.
also displayed. Additional sample research papers
Learn more about REVEL at www.pearson-
are available in the Instructor’s Manual, Model
highered.com/revel/.
Research Papers from across the Curriculum, and on
MyWritingLab. Instructor’s Manual  This extensive
guide contains chapter-by-chapter classroom
Reference Works by Topic  The list of
exercises, research assignments, quizzes, and
references in the Appendix, “Finding Refer-
duplication masters. Instructors can visit www.
ence Works for Your General Topic,” provides a
pearsonhighered.com/IRC to download a copy
user-friendly list of sources for launching your
of this valuable resource.
research project. Arranged into ten general cat-
egories, the Appendix allows a researcher to have
quick access to relevant library books, library da- Acknowledgments
tabases, and Internet sites. Many key people supported the development of
Accessible, Navigable Design  As in pre- Writing Research Papers: A Complete Guide, Sixteenth
vious editions, Writing Research Papers is printed Edition. I am grateful to the following students for
in full color, making information and features eas- their help and for allowing me to use their work
ier to find and more pleasing to read, and bring- as models in this book: Ashley Irwin, Whitley
ing strong, visual elements to the instruction. ­Rentfro, Clare Grady, Charlotte Dawn Fullerton,
Icons identify special features, like the “Where and Sarah Morrison.
to Look” boxes signaling cross-references. The I am of course grateful to the reviewers
spiral-bound version of Writing Research Papers who provided helpful suggestions for this revi-
also includes tab dividers to make information sion, including Emory Reginald Abbott, Georgia
easier to find. The tabs include additional web- Perimeter College; Stevens R. Amidon, Indiana
sites, as well as tables of contents for the follow- University-Purdue University Fort Wayne; Crystal
ing sections. Bacon, Community College of Philadelphia; John
Christopher Ervin, Western Kentucky University;
Additional Resources for Morgan Halstead, Malcolm X Community College;
Candy A. Henry, Westmoreland County Commu-
Instructors and Students nity College; Joseph Kenyon, Community College
REVEL™ of Philadelphia; Mark M. Kessler, W ­ ashington
Educational Technology Designed for the Way State Community College; Paulette Longmore,
Today’s Students Read, Think, and Learn When Essex County College; Anna Maheshwari, School-
students are engaged deeply, they learn more craft College; Andrew J. Pegman, Cuyahoga
effectively and perform better in their courses. Community College, Eastern Campus; Sylvia Y.

A01_LEST9029_16_SE_FM.indd 11 11/1/16 2:34 PM

 xii Preface to the Instructor

S. Rippel, Lincoln University; Jeffrey Roessner, Caleb, Jessica, and granddaughters Peyton and
Mercyhurst University; and Carrie Tomberlin, Bel- Paris. Their love and patience made this project
levue College. possible.
For editorial assistance that kept us focused,
special thanks are extended to the Pearson group, James D. Lester, Jr.
as well as Ohlinger Publishing Services. james.lester@cmcss.net
Heartfelt appreciation is also extended to the
members of my family: Martha, Sarah, Logan,

A01_LEST9029_16_SE_FM.indd 12 11/1/16 2:34 PM

 Chapter 1
Writing from
Research
Goals and Outcomes
Communication begins when we make an initial choice to speak or to
record our ideas in writing. Regardless of the writer’s experience, writing
is a demanding process that requires commitment. This chapter charts a
direction for your research project:
1a Understand why research is an important method of
discovery.
1b Apply the conventions of academic writing to your research
project.
1c Overcome the pitfalls of plagiarism with proper
documentation.
1d Analyze a research assignment’s terminology to understand its
purpose.
1e Establish a schedule for your research project.

Whether it is a history paper, a field report, or a research project, the written word
creates a public record of our knowledge, our opinions, and our skill with lan-
guage; hence, we must strive to make our writing accurate, forceful, and
honest.
Discovering a well-focused topic, and more importantly a reason for writing
about it, begins the composing process. Choosing a format, exploring sources
through critical reading, and then completing the writing task with grace and
style are daunting tasks.
Despite this, writing is an outlet for the inquisitive and creative nature in each
of us. Our writing is affected by the richness of our language, by our background
and experiences, by our targeted audience, and by the form of expression that we
choose. With perceptive enthusiasm for relating detailed concepts and honest
insights, we discover the power of our own words. The satisfaction of writing well
1

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 1 11/1/16 2:37 PM

 2 Chapter 1

and relating our understanding to others provides intellectual stimulation and

insight into our own beliefs and values.
As a college student, you will find that your writing assignments will extend
past personal thoughts and ideas to explore more complex topics. Writing will
make you confident in your ability to find information and present it effectively
in all kinds of ways and for all sorts of projects, such as:

• A theme in a freshman composition course on whether the current digital

age is leading to a decline in open communication and interpersonal skills.
• A paper in history on the influence of attempted slave rebellions in the early
1800s led by Nat Turner, Gabriel Prosser, and Denmark Vesey.
• A report for a physical education class on the benefits of Title IX legislation
for women’s athletics and the on men’s competitive sports programs.
• A sociology report on whether cyber-bullying is as damaging as face-to-face
bullying among school-aged children.
• A brief biographical study of a famous person, such as Native American
activist and leader Russell Means.

All of these papers require some type of “researched writing.” Papers similar
to these will be assigned during your first two years of college and increase in
frequency in upper-division courses. This book eases the pressure—it shows you
how to research “online discussion groups,” “the Industrial Revolution of the
1800s,” or “agrarian labor leader César Chávez,” and it demonstrates the correct
methods for documenting your sources.
We conduct informal research all the time. We examine various models and
their options before buying a car, and we check out another person informally
before proposing or accepting a first date. We sometimes search online for job
listings to find a part-time job, or we roam the mall to find a new tennis racket,
the right pair of sports shoes, or the latest video game. Research, then, is not for-
eign to us. It has become commonplace to use a search engine to explore the
Internet for information on any subject—from personal concerns, such as the
likely side effects of a prescribed drug, to complex issues, like robotics or
acupuncture.
In the classroom, we begin thinking about a serious and systematic activity,
one that involves the Internet, print sources, or field research. A research paper,
like a personal essay, requires you to choose a topic you care about and are willing
to invest many hours in thinking about. However, unlike a personal essay, a
research paper requires you to develop your ideas by gathering an array of infor-
mation, reading sources critically, and collecting notes. As you pull your project
together, you will continue to express personal ideas, but now they are supported
by and based on the collective evidence and opinions of experts on the topic.
Each classroom and each instructor will make different demands on your
talents, yet all stipulate researched writing. Your research project will advance your
theme and provide convincing proof for your inquiry.

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 2 11/1/16 2:37 PM

 Writing from Research 3

• Researched writing grows from investigation.

• Researched writing establishes a clear purpose.
• Researched writing develops analysis for a variety of topics.

Writing Research Papers introduces research as an engaging, sometimes excit-

ing pursuit on several fronts—your personal knowledge, ideas gleaned from
printed and electronic sources, and research in the field.

1a Why Do Research?
Instructors ask you to write a research paper for several reasons:

Research Teaches Methods of Discovery. Explanation on a topic prompts

you to discover what you know on a topic and what others can teach you. Beyond
reading, it often expects you to venture into the field for interviews, observation,
and experimentation. The process tests your curiosity as you probe a complex
subject. You may not arrive at any final answers or solutions, but you will come
to understand the different views on a subject. In your final paper, you will syn-
thesize your ideas and discoveries with the knowledge and opinions of others.

Research Teaches Investigative Skills. A research project requires you to Finding research
investigate a subject, gain a grasp of its essentials, and disclose your findings. materials in
Your success will depend on your negotiating the various sources of information, electronic sources
from reference books in the library to online databases and from special archival and on the
collections to the most recent articles in printed periodicals. The Internet, with its Internet, consult
Chapter 4.
vast quantity of information, will challenge you to find reliable sources. If you
conduct research by observation, interviews, surveys, and laboratory experi-
ments, you will discover additional methods of investigation.

Research Develops Inquiry-Based Techniques. With the guidance of your

instructor, you are engaging in inquiry to advance your own knowledge as well
as increase the data available for future research by others.
Research Builds Career Skills. Many career fields rely on investigation and
inquiry for fact-finding purposes. Researchers work across a broad spectrum of
disciplines, including the physical and life sciences of biology, chemistry, and
physics. Engineering sciences in the aerospace, computer science, and automotive
production fields must rely on past research while forging new product develop-
ment trends. Social scientists in the fields of economics, sociology, psychology,
and political science foster advancements in society through investigative studies.
Research professionals are on the cutting edge of scientific and technological
developments, and their work leads to new medicines, consumer products, indus-
trial processes, and numerous other developments.

Research Teaches Critical Thinking. As you wade through the evidence on

your subject, you will learn to discriminate between useful information and

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 3 11/1/16 2:37 PM

 4 Chapter 1

unfounded or ill-conceived assertions. Some sources, such as the Internet, will

provide timely, reliable material but may also entice you with worthless and
undocumented opinions.

Research Teaches Logic. As a perceptive observer, you must make judgments

about the issues surrounding a specific topic. Your decisions, in effect, will be
based on the wisdom gained from research of the subject. Your paper and your
readers will rely on your logical response to your reading, observation, inter-
views, and testing.

Making a claim Research Teaches the Principal Components of Argument. In most cases,
and establishing a research paper requires you to make a claim and support it with reasons and
a thesis, see evidence. For example, if you argue that “urban sprawl has invited wild animals
section 2f. into our backyards,” you will learn to anticipate challenges to your theory and to
defend your assertion with evidence.

1b Learning the Conventions of

Academic Writing
Scholarly writing in each discipline follows certain conventions and forms. Varied
methods, organizational forms, or proposals for problem solving are used by schol-
ars in all fields of study, including special forms as required for citing sources in
documented research projects. Documentation is only one facet of the conventions
of academic writing. Each documentation style exists and differs because it has a
unique rhetorical purpose. Developed by the Modern Language Association, MLA
style for documentation is widely used in the humanities, especially in scholarly
writing on language and literature. Similarly, the American Psychological Associa-
tion has its own APA style, which includes a date in the citation stem for an empha-
sis on the currency of research in the social sciences. Other groups of scholars prefer
to use the footnote or numbering system, not because one documentation is supe-
rior to another, but because each discipline offers precise references that are perti-
nent to their field of study.
MLA Style, What is important for you, right now, is to determine which format to use.
Chapter 14; Many composition instructors will ask you to use MLA style, as explained primar-
APA Style, ily in Chapters 11–14. If your topic concerns one of the social sciences such as
Chapter 15; history, philosophy, or economics, your instructor will likely require APA style
Chicago (CMS) (Chapter 15). Moreover, your art appreciation instructor might expect the footnote
Style, Chapter 16;
style but could just as easily request the APA style. Ask your instructor early
CSE Style,
which documentation style to use and organize accordingly.
Chapter 17.
Regardless of the research style that you employ, your writing should advance
substantive issues and inquiry. Keep in mind three key investigative
conventions:

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 4 11/1/16 2:37 PM

 Writing from Research 5

Analysis Classify the major issues of your study and provide

detailed analysis of each in defense of your thesis.
Evidence Provide well-reasoned propositions and statements
that are supported by facts, details, and evidence
with proper documentation.
Discussion Relate the implications of your findings and the
merits of the study, whether an author’s poetic
techniques, a historical movement, or a social issue.

1c Understanding and Avoiding

Plagiarism
The most important convention of academic writing is the principle of giving
proper credit to the work of others. Plagiarism is defined as the act of claiming
the words or ideas of another person as your own. Plagiarism is a serious viola-
tion of the ethical standards of academic writing, and most colleges and universities
have strict penalties, including academic probation or expulsion, for students who
are guilty of plagiarism. Most schools publish an official code of student conduct
(sometimes called an academic integrity policy), and you should be familiar with
this document as it applies to your research and writing.

Checklist
Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarism
The following guidelines will help you avoid unintentional plagiarism.

• Citation. Let readers know when you borrow from a source by introducing a
quotation or paraphrase with the name of its author.
• Quotation marks. Enclose within quotation marks all quoted words, phrases,
and sentences.
• Paraphrase. Provide a citation to indicate the source of a paraphrase just as
you do for quotations.
• Parenthetical citations and notes. Use one of the academic documentation
styles (MLA, APA, CMS, or CSE) to provide specific in-text citations for
each source according to the conventions of the discipline in which you
are writing.
• Works cited or references pages. Provide a complete bibliography entry at
the end of your paper for every source you use, conforming to the standards
of the documentation style you are using.

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 5 11/4/16 6:29 PM

 6 Chapter 1

Understanding Some students will knowingly copy whole passages from outside sources into
and Avoiding their work without documentation. Others will buy research papers from online
Plagiarism, sources or friends. These intentional acts of academic dishonesty are the most
Chapter 7. blatant forms of plagiarism. Unintentional plagiarism, however, is still a violation
of academic integrity. Unacknowledged use of another person’s sentences,
phrases, or terminology is plagiarism, so provide a citation and use quotation
marks to show exactly where you are drawing on others’ work. Similarly, unac-
knowledged use of another person’s ideas, research, or approach is also plagia-
rism, so write careful paraphrases.

1d Understanding a Research
Assignment
Beyond selecting an effective subject, you will need a reason for writing the paper.
Literature instructors might expect you to make judgments about the structure and
poetic techniques of Langston Hughes. Education instructors might ask you to
examine the merits of a balanced curriculum for secondary students. History
instructors might want you to explore an event—perhaps the rise of American
industrial power and the immigrant labor force.

Understanding the Terminology

Using Academic Assignments in literature, history, and the fine arts will often require you to evaluate,
Models, see interpret, and perform causal analysis. Assignments in education, psychology, political
section 9h. science, and other social science disciplines will usually require analysis, definition,
comparison, or a search for precedents leading to a proposal. In the sciences, your
experiments and testing will usually require a discussion of the implications of your
findings. The next few pages explain these assignments.

Evaluation To evaluate, you first need to establish clear criteria of judgment

and then explain how the subject meets these criteria. For example, student evalu-
ations of faculty members are based on a set of expressed criteria—an interest in
student progress, a thorough knowledge of the subject, and so forth. Similarly,
you may be asked to judge the merits of a poem, an art exhibit, or the newest
trends in touchscreen cameras. Your first step should be to create your criteria.
What makes a good movie? How important is a poem’s form and structure? Is
space a special factor in architecture?
You cannot expect the sources to provide the final answers; researched writ-
ing may grow from the scrutiny of a theory, examination of an object, or analysis
of a scholarly issue.
As an avid cyclist, Whitley Rentfro examined the implications for developing
a system of bikeways in urban settings. At first, her considerations focused on the

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 6 11/1/16 2:37 PM

 Writing from Research 7

social and communal implications, yet with a further review of the literature she
found a health-conscious basis for her study and the effect of bikeways on the
health and quality of life for commuters. Her paper, “Of Highways and Bikeways:
Filling the Lane for the Future,” is found at the end of Chapter 15.

Interpretation To interpret, you must usually answer, “What does it

mean?” You may be asked to explain the symbolism in a piece of literature, exam-
ine a point of law, or make sense of test results. Questions often point toward
interpretation:

What does this passage mean?

What are the implications of these results?
What does this data tell us?
Can you explain your reading of the problem to others?

For example, your instructor might ask you to interpret the 1954 Supreme
Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education; interpret results on pond water testing
at site A, in a secluded country setting, and site B, near a petrochemical plant; or
interpret a scene from August Wilson’s play The Piano Lesson.
In a paper on Internet dating, one student found herself asking two interpre-
tive questions: What are the social implications of computer dating? and What
are the psychological implications?

Definition Sometimes you will need to provide an extended definition to

show that your subject fits into a selected and well-defined category. Note these
examples:

1. A low-fat diet reduces the risk of coronary disease.

You will need to define “low-fat” by describing foods that make up a low-
fat diet and naming the benefits from this type of diet.

2. Are modern-day heroes limited to athletes and entertainers?

This topic will require a definition of what constitutes a modern-day hero
and what the characteristics are that illustrate their influence.

3. The root cause of breakups in relationships is selfishness.

This topic will require a definition of selfishness and examples of how it

weakens relationships.

A good definition usually includes three elements: the subject (low-fat diet);
the class to which the subject belongs (diets in general); and the differences
between others in this class (low-carb or Atkins). Definition will almost always
become a part of your work when some of the terminology is subjective. If you
argue, for example, that medical experiments on animals are cruel and inhumane,
you may need to define what you mean by cruel and explain why humane

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 7 11/1/16 2:37 PM

 8 Chapter 1

standards should be applied to animals that are not human. Thus, definition
might serve as your major thesis.
Definition can also prompt discussion about technical or scientific terminol-
ogy, as shown in Charlotte Dawn Fullerton’s research paper that examined the
problems associated with continued exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) rays given
off by indoor tanning beds. Her paper needed a careful, detailed explanation of
the threat to human skin as well as definitive analysis of long-term exposure
risks such as melanoma, solar keratosis, and immune system suppression. By
her inquiry, she exposed the dangers and called for more stringent action to
regulate an adolescent’s access to tanning beds. Her research paper appears in
section 17e.

Proposal A proposal says to the reader, “We should do something.” It often

has practical applications, as shown by these examples:

• While it allows for the easy extraction of fossil fuels that are locked in bedrock
by pumping a concoction of water, sand, and chemicals into the ground,
“fracking” operations must be stopped, for those chemicals could reach, and
poison, the groundwater.
• A chipping mill should not be allowed in our town because its insatiable
demand for timber will strip our local forests and ruin the environment.

A proposal calls for action—a change in policy, a change in the law, and,
sometimes, an alteration of accepted procedures. Again, the writer must advance
the thesis and support it with reasons and evidence.
In addition, a proposal demands special considerations. First, writers should
convince readers that a problem exists and is serious enough to merit action. In
the previous example about chipping mills, the writer will need to establish that,
indeed, chipping mills have been proposed and perhaps even approved for the
area. Then the writer will need to argue that they endanger the environment: They
grind vast amounts of timber of any size and shave it into chips that are repro-
cessed in various ways. As a result, lumberjacks cut even the immature trees,
stripping forests into barren wastelands. The writer presumes that clear-cutting
damages the land.
Second, the writer must explain the consequences to convince the reader that
the proposal has validity. The paper must defend the principle that clear-cutting
damages the land, and it should show, if possible, how chipping mills in other
parts of the country have damaged the environment.
Third, the writer will need to address any opposing positions, competing
proposals, and alternative solutions. For example, chipping mills produce chip
board for decking the floors of houses, thus saving trees that might be required
for making expensive plywood boards. Without chipping mills, we might run
short on paper and homebuilding products. The writer will need to note opposing
views and consider them in the paper.

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 8 11/1/16 2:37 PM

 Writing from Research 9

Causal Argument
Unlike proposals, which predict consequences, causal arguments show that a con-
dition exists because of specific circumstances—that is, something has caused or
created this situation, and we need to know why. For example, a student’s investi-
gation uncovered reasons why schools in one state benefitted from a lottery, yet
institutions in another state did not.
Let us consider another student who asked the question, “Why do numerous
students, like me, who otherwise score well on the ACT test, score poorly in the
math section of the test and, consequently, enroll in developmental courses that
offer no college credit?” This question merited his investigation, so he gathered
evidence from his personal experience as well as data drawn from interviews,
surveys, critical reading, and accumulated test results. Ultimately, he explored
and wrote on a combination of related issues—students’ poor study skills, bias in
the testing program, and inadequate instruction in grade school and high school.
He discovered something about himself and many details about the testing
program.

Comparison, Including Analogy

An argument often compares and likens a subject to something else. You might be
asked to compare a pair of poems or to compare stock markets—NASDAQ with
the New York Stock Exchange. Comparison is seldom the focus of an entire paper,
but it can be useful in a paragraph about the banking policy of Andrew Jackson and
that of his congressional opponents.
An analogy is a figurative comparison that allows the writer to draw several
parallels of similarity. For example, the human circulatory system is like a trans-
portation system with a hub, a highway system, and a fleet of trucks to carry the
cargo.

Precedence  Precedence refers to conventions or customs, usually well estab-

lished. In judicial decisions, it is a standard set by previous cases, a legal precedent.
Therefore, a thesis statement built on precedence requires a past event that estab-
lishes a rule of law or a point of procedure. As an example, let’s return to the
argument against the chipping mill. If the researcher can prove that another mill
in another part of the country ruined the environment, then the researcher has a
precedent for how damaging such an operation can be.

Implications If you conduct any kind of test or observation, you will prob-
ably make field notes in a research journal and tabulate your results at regular
intervals. At some point, however, you will be expected to explain your findings,
arrive at conclusions, and discuss the implications of your scientific inquiry—
what did you discover, and what does it mean?
For example, one student explored the world of drug testing before compa-
nies place the products on the market. His discussions had chilling implications

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 9 11/1/16 2:37 PM

 10 Chapter 1

for consumers. Another student examined the role of mice as carriers of Lyme
disease. This work required reading as well as field research and testing to arrive
at final judgments. In literature, a student examined the recurring images of birds
in the poetry of Thomas Hardy to discuss the implications of the birds in terms
of his basic themes.

1e Establishing a Research Schedule

Setting a schedule at the beginning of a research project helps you stay on track and
reminds you to follow the basic steps in the process. This book is organized to help
you follow along with each step in the process. Write dates in the spaces next to
each step and keep yourself on schedule.

_________ Finding and narrowing a topic. Your topic must have a built-in ques-
tion or argument so you can interpret an issue and cite the opinions
found in your course materials.
_________ Drafting a thesis and research proposal. Even if you are not required
to create a formal research proposal, you need to draft some kind of
plan to help direct and organize your research before you start read-
ing in depth. See sections 2f and 2g and Chapter 3.
_________ Reading and creating a working bibliography. Preliminary read-
ing establishes the basis for your research, helping you discover the
quantity and quality of available sources. If you cannot find much,
your topic is too narrow. If you find too many sources, your topic is
too broad and needs narrowing. Chapters 4 and 5 explain the pro-
cesses for finding reliable sources online and in the library.
_________ Creating notes. Begin entering notes in a computer file or printed re-
search journal. Some notes will be summaries, others will be carefully
selected quotations from the sources, and some will be paraphrases
written in your own voice. Chapter 9 details the techniques for effec-
tive notetaking.
_________ Organizing and outlining. You may be required to create a formal
outline; formal outlines and additional ideas for organizing your
ideas are presented in sections 9h and 9i.
_________ Drafting the paper. During your writing, let your instructor scan the
draft to give you feedback and guidance. He or she might see fur-
ther complications for your exploration and also steer you clear of
any simplistic conclusions. Drafting is also a stage for peer review, in
which a classmate or two looks at your work. Section 13a gives more
details on peer review. Chapters 10–12 explain matters of drafting the
paper.
_________ Formatting the paper. Proper document design places your paper
within the required format for your discipline, such as the number

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 10 11/1/16 2:37 PM

 Writing from Research 11

system for a scientific project or the APA style for an education paper.
Chapters 14–17 provide the guidelines for the various disciplines.
_________ Writing a list of your references. You will need to list in the proper
format the various sources used in your study. Chapters 14–17 pro-
vide documentation guidelines.
_________ Revising and proofreading. At the end of the project, you should be
conscientious about examining the manuscript and making all neces-
sary corrections. With the aid of computers, you can check spelling and
some aspects of style. Chapter 13 gives tips on revision and editing.
The Glossary is a list of terms that explains aspects of form and style.
_________ Submitting the manuscript. Like all writers, you will need at some
point to “publish” the paper and release it to your audience, which
might be the instructor, your classmates, or perhaps a larger group.
Plan well in advance to meet this final deadline. You may present the
paper in a variety of ways—on paper, through e-mail to your instruc-
tor, on a USB flash drive, in a drop box, or on your own website.

M01_LEST9029_16_SE_C01.indd 11 11/1/16 2:37 PM

 Chapter 2
Finding a Topic
Goals and Outcomes
Most instructors allow students to find their own topics for major writing
assignments. Therefore, your task is to choose a topic that will hold your
interest throughout the entire research process. At the same time, your
chosen topic will need a scholarly perspective. This chapter charts a
direction for your research project:
2a Make a connection between your interests and your research
subject.
2b Conduct personal interviews and small group discussions to
develop your topic.
2c Use subject and keyword searches online to refine your topic.
2d Find and narrow your research topic by using your library’s
electronic databases.
2e Find and narrow your research topic by using your library’s
electronic book catalog.
2f Develop a thesis statement, enthymeme, or hypothesis that
suits your research purpose.
2g Develop a research proposal that explains the purpose of your
research and planned research methods.

As you make the connection between your interests and the inherent issues of the
subject, keep in mind that a scholarly topic requires inquiry as well as problem
solving. To clarify what we mean, let’s take a look at how two students launched
their projects.

• Riley Wilson saw a cartoon about a young woman saying to a man, “Sorry—
I only have relationships over the Internet. I’m cybersexual.” Although
laughing, Riley knew she had discovered her topic—online romance. Upon
investigation, she found her scholarly angle: Matching services and chat
rooms are like the arranged marriages from years gone by.

12

M02_LEST9029_16_SE_C02.indd 12 11/1/16 2:38 PM

Other documents randomly have
different content
child of David Tuttle died Aug. 18, 1833. Trull A child of Mr. Levi Trull
died Aug. 28, 1833. Patterson Mrs. Eliza wife of Isaac Patterson died
Aug., 1833. Kuhn A child of Jacob Kuhn died Sept. 3, 1833. Emery A
child of Moses Emery Esq. died Sept. 13, 1833. Sutherland Widow
Sarah Sutherland [age 71] died Sept. 26, 1833. Dennett James
Lewis [age 18 yr's 11 mos] died Oct 4, 1833. Leland Mrs. Dorcas
wife of Joseph Leland [age 67] died Oct. 6, 1833.
 SACO RECORDS. 239 Seavey Miss Martha B. [age 19] died
Sept 30, 1833. Ayer Widow Elisabeth [aged 86 years] died Oct. 29,
1833. Chase Mr. John [aged 76 years] died Nov. 5, 1833. Gray James
Esqr [aged 68 years] your clerk for many years — died Nov 14.
1833. Odiorne Mrs. Sarah wife of Thomas G. Odiorne [aged 30] died
Nov. 145 1833 Burbank Esther daughter of Nathaniel Burbank [age
13 years] died Nov. 14, 1833 Blaisdell Mary P. daughter of Abner
Blaisdell [age 8 years] died Nov., 1833Tufts A child of Mr. Thomas
Tufts died Nov., 1833. Davis Miss Rebecca S. [age 25 years] died
Nov. 17, 1833. Randall Widow Anna [age 83] died Nov. 30, 1833.
Fogg Mrs. Abigail wife of Wm. Fogg fage 54] died Nov., 1833. Dame
A child of Benjamin G. Dame died Dec. 8, 1833. Jameson Mr. Henry
[age 63] died Dec. 11, 1833. Boothby Mrs. Elisabeth wife^of Mr.
John Boothby [aged 87] died Dec, 1833. Harmon Mrs. Eliza wife of
Pelatiah Harmon [age 26] died Nov., 1833. Lowell Mr. William S. [age
35] died Dec. 22, 1833. Colman Mr. Timothy P. died Dec. 22, 1833.
Fogg Widow Died Dec. 20, 1833. Goodwin A child of Amos G.
Goodwin Esqr died Dec. 28, 1833. 1834 Scamman Mrs. Mary wife of
Benjamin Scamman died Jan. i, 1834. Littlefield Mrs. Eliza wife of
Leonard Littlefield died Jan. 5, 1834. Bigelow Widow Lucy [aged 72]
died Jan. 6, 1834. Parcher Elder George [aged 52] died Jan. 8, 1834.
Ridlon Daniel [age 24 in May last] died Jan. 14, 1834. Andrews Mr.
Elisha [age 24] died Jan. 14, 1834. Graffam William son of Mr. Josiah
died Jan. 15, 1834. Sawyer Mr. David [aged 41] died Jan. 21, 1834.
-,,.., Johnson Charity daughter of Wm. Johnson [at the Poor House]
died T3.n 2*? io^4-' Wakefield Mrs. Urania B. wife of Mr. Lewis
Wakefield [age 28-10] died Jan. 30, 1834. Libby Achild of Josiah
Libby died Jan. 31, 1834. ,. , ^ , McKenney Mrs. Ruth wife of Mr.
Jeremiah McKenney died Feb. i, 1834. Grace A child of Mr. Samuel
Grace died Jan 31, 1834. Miller Mr. Rodney A. [aged 32] died Feb. 4,
1834. Roberts A child of Mr. Ezekiel Roberts died Jan. 31, 1834.
Drew A child of Mr. John Drew died Feb. 8, 1834. Pitts Mrs wife of
Mr. Calvin M. Pitts died Feb. 10, 1834. Hodgdon Mr. John died at the
Poor House [age 67] Feb. 13, 1834. Chandler A child of Martha
Chandler died Feb. 21, 1834. Danforth Mr. Stillman died Feb. 27,
1834. ,. , ^ , „ a Bearing Jane M. wife of Mr. William Dearing died
Feb. 28, 1834. Ridlon Mr. James Ridlon [aged 55] died March 2,
1834. Ridlon Mr. Abraham Jr. [aged 24] died March 5, 1834.
Cumraings Mrs. Sophia [aged 42] died Mar. 7, 1834.
 240 SACO RECORDS. Harvey Mrs. formerly of Westbrook
[aged 82] died Mar. 26, 1834. Babbitt Mrs. Sarah A. wife of Mr. Benjn
Babbitt died April 6, 1834. Littlefidd Mr. Stephen Littlefield [aged 50]
died April 25, 1834. Fairfield Mrs. Olive wife of Mr. Stephen Fairfield
[aged 53] died April 26, 1834. Sellea A child of Mrs. Sellea died May,
1834. Goodwin Mrs. Elisabeth wife of Amos G. Goodwin Esq. [age
26] May 3o> 1834. Banks Mr. Moses died in Portland [aged 66] June
4, 1834, was brought home to this town and buried. Chase Mrs.
Elisabeth widow of Mr. Daniel Chase [aged 71] died June 26, 1834.
Smith A child of Mr. John L. Smith died June, 1834. Moulton Mr.
Thomas T. Moulton [aged 40] died July g, 1834. Hill Capt. Waldo Jr.
died at Sea 1834. Milliken\Mr. Isaiah [aged 71 years] died July 27,
1834. Graffam John son of John Graffam died July 26, 1834.
Patterson Mr. Benjamin [aged 72] died Aug. 11, 1834. Gordon Mrs.
Sally wife of Mr. Saml Gordon died Aug. 11, 1834. Staples Miss
Priscilla died Aug. 3, 1834. Wilson Nathaniel son of Widow Wilson
[aged 19] was drowned Aug. 26, 1834. Phillips Lydia Ann child of Mr.
John Phillips died Aug. 24, 1834, Dearing Mr. Joseph [aged 80] died
Sept. 25, 1834.Herrick Mr. Caleb drowned Sept. 29, 1834. Hodgdon
Mrs. Lydia wife of Mr. Saml Hodgdon died Oct. 13, 1834. Emery Lucy
B. daughter of Col. Isaac Emery died Oct. 14, 1834. Sinnott Samuel
soil of Mr. Samuel Sinnott died Nov. 23, 1834. Jackson Miss Mary N.
[employed in the factory] died Dec. 2, 1834. Davis Samuel son of Mr.
Gideon Davis [at the Poor House] died Dec. T9, 1834. Foss Jonathan
son of Nicholas Foss died Dec. 13, 1834. Foss Eunice daughter of
Nicholas Foss died Dec. 24. 1834. Staples Miss Sally daughter of Mr.
Foxwell Staples [aged 19] died Dec. 23> 1834. _ . . • . Ridlon Mrs.
Lucretia widow of Mr. Gibens Ridlon died Jan. 5, 1835. Libby Miss
Eunice daughter of Mr. Daniel Libby [aged 30] died Jan. S, 1835Foss
A son of Mr. Nicholas Foss died Jan. 10, 1835. Chase Mrs. widow of
Mr. John Chase died Jan. 18, 1835. Elwell Mrs. Mehitabel died at the
Poor House [aged 99 Aug. last] Jan. 27. 1835. Manson A child of
Joseph Manson died Dec. 26, 1834. Blye Mr. Moses [aged 60 years]
died Feb. 14, 1835. Fairfield Mr. Benjamin died at Apilachicola in
1834. Edgecomb Miss Elisabeth W. Edgecomb [aged 22] died July
14, 1834. 183s Ricker Abigail daughter of Mrs. Ricker [on Factory
Island] died Feb. 27, 1835. Rolfe Miss Paulina of Rumford died on
Factory Island died Feb, 27, 1835 
 SACO RECORDS. 241 Small Olive of Rumford died on
Factory Island Mar. 1, 1835. Gordon Mrs. M. [aged 75 years] died
Mar. 18, 1835. Ridlon Mrs. Nancy wife of Mr. Henry Ridlon [aged 29]
died Mar 20 1835Chandler Benjn F. died April, 1835. Stiles Mrs. Olive
M. wife of Mr. Edward Stiles died April 2, 1835. Libby Mrs. Nancy
wife of Mr. Phineas Libby died April 8, 1835. Cobb Miss Jerusha died
April 12, 1835. Manly Daniel son of Mr. Lyman Manly died April 13,
1835. Staples Miss Olive died April 18, 1835. Pike Mrs. Elisabeth wife
of Mr. Elias Pike died April 17, 1835. Ely Mrs. widow of Thomas Bly
died at Poor House May 27, 1835. Batchelder Mr. Jonathan died June
5, 1835. Chandler Martha A. died June, 1835. Nason Sarah A. [aged
22] died June 30, 1835. Fernald Saml M. son of Mr. David Fernald
[age 18] died July 2, 1835. Runnels John died July 8, 1835.
Scamman Mrs. Lucy wife of Mr. Benjamin Scamman Jr. died July 15,
1835Bearing Miss Olive daughter of Mr. Nathaniel Dearing died Aug.
2, 1835Milhken Mrs. Rebecca wife of Mr. Joel Milliken died, Aug. 4,
1835. Welch Abraham of Acton died on Factory Island Aug. 5. 1835.
Staples Mr. Foxwell died Aug. 15, 1835. Wakefield Mrs. Sarah L. wife
of Mr. Lewis Wakefield aged 28, died Sept. 6, 1835. Dix Mr. William
died Sept. 7, 1835. Cole A child of Mr. Samuel Cole died Sept. 12,
1835. Bryant Abraham son of Mr. F. C. Bryant aged 19, died Sept.
13, 1835. Whitten Sarah J. daughter of Thomas J. Whitten died
Sept. 20, 1835. Staples A child of Mr. Mark Staples died Sept. 25,
1835. Sellea Mrs. Hannah [aged 36] died Oct. 4, 1835. Babbitt A
child of Mr. Benjamin Babbitt died Oct. 4, 1835. ' Hill Joshua S. son
of Mr. Ichabod Hill died Oct. 5, 1835. Jameson Jane daughter of Mr.
Robert Jameson [aged 18 yrs 8 mos] died Oct. ii, 1835. Scamman
Charles F. son of Mr. Benjamin Scamman died at North Island near
Georgetown S. C. [aged 15] Aug. 27, 1835. Kimball A child of Mr.
Daniel Kimball died Oct., 1835. Ross A child of Mr. James L. Ross
died Oct. 27, 1835. Googins Mrs. Susan died Oct. 29, 1835. Woods A
child of Mr. William Woods died Nov. 5, 1835. Kimball A child of Mr.
Daniel Kimball died Nov. 7, 1835. Emery Sarah G. daughter of Moses
Emery Esq. died Nov. 8, 1835. Billings A child of Mr. Mark Billings
.died Nov., 1835. Snow Thomas M. son of Mr. Nathl Snow [aged 2
yrs 6 mos] died Nov. i4> 1835Ridlon Mr. Enoch drowned from the
Schooner Betsey on her passage to Boston Nov., 1835. Leighton A
child of Mr. Geo. Leighton died Nov., 1835. Hill Mrs. Eliza A. wife of
Mr. Joseph Hill died Nov. 30, 1835. Burnham A child of Mr. Asa R.
Burnham died Dec, 1835.
 242 SACO RECORDS. Storer Miss Mary Ann [aged 38] died
Dec. 5, 1835. Wellman Mrs. [aged 50] died Dec, 1835. Sutherland
Joanna daughter of Mr. Geo. Sutherland died Dec. 13, 1835. Fogg
Mr. Freedom aged 27 years died Dec, 1835. 1836 McLucas A child of
Mr. Timothy McLucas died Jan. 7, 1836. Scamman Mr. John aged 82
years died Jan. 10, 1836. Milliken A child of Mr. Joseph Milliken died
Jan. g, 1836. Sinnot Hannah daughter of Mr. Samuel Sinnott died
Jan. 11, 1836. Milliken Mrs. widow of Jeremiah Milliken died Jan. 29,
1836. Whitten Mrs. Fidelia wife of Mr. Geo. W. Whitten [aged 25]
^ied Feb. 19, 1836. Cutter A child of Mr. Abraham Cutter died Jan.,
1836. Wakefield Capt. Lewis Wakefield [agea 40] died Mar. i, 1836.
Lowell Mrs. Susan wife of John B. Lowell [aged 37] died. Whitten An
infant of Geo. W. Whitten died March, 1836. Jacobs Benjamin [aged
43 yrs 8 mos] died April 2, 1836. Banks A child of Samuel Banks
[Gibbons one week old] died 1833. Clough A child of Samuel Clough.
Hall James W. son of Benjn W. Hall died. Cleaves A child of Daniel
Cleaves. Cole A son of Wm. P. M. Cole [not before recorded] died
June 16, 1829. Scamman Mrs. Margaret wife of Nicholas Scamman
[aged 57] died Aug. 3, 1836. Locke Edward of Ossipee N. H. age 28,
died at the Pest House of Small Pox Aug. 29, 1836. Junkins Paul
[Aged 66 years] died Sept. 5, 1836. Bryant Thomas died at the Pest
House at the lower Ferry of Small Pox [Aged 40] 1836. Carlton
Daniel A. son of Mr. Daniel Carlton [age 4 years] died Aug. 3,
1836Snow A daughter of Nathaniel Snow [age 16 months]. Lewis At
the house of Mr. Jonathan King Miss Sarah Lewis of Kennebunk-Port
[age 26] Nov. 13, 1836. Gains Mrs. EHsabeth wife of Capt. Wm. H.
Gains Paged 55] died Nov. 13, 1836. Bradbury Mr. Elias [aged 33]
formerly of Biddeford Nov. 22, 1836. Billings Mrs. Mary widow of
Hiram Billings [aged 44] Nov. 23, 1836. Townson Mrs. Daniel aged.
Goodrich Mrs. Jeremy of Consumption Formerly of Biddeford [aged
29] Nov. 30, 1836. Masseck Susan Abigail daughter of Joseph
Masseck of Portland died Dec. 14, 1836. Abbott A child of Nathan
Abbott [aged 4 yrs] died Dec. 23, 1836. Jacofes Humphrey P. aged
about 40 years died suddenly in the highway [after one night's
exposure] Dec. 25, 1836. 1837 Cook Mrs. Maay died Jan. 27, 1837.
Gains A son of John Gains [aged 14 mos] died Feb. 21, 1837.
 SACO RECORDS. 243 Libby Miss Sarah [Aged 38] died Feb.
25, 1837. McLucas Mr. Timothy [aged 36] died March 10, 1837. Foss
Mrs. Rachel widow of John Foss deed Sept., 1836 Woodsum Capt
Jabez [of cancer on the tongue] [aged 50 years] died ^viar. 1 2, 1
03 7' Cotton Edward [aged 63 Disease of the blood terminated in
Mortification] Mar. 18, 1837. Milliken Luther [aged 35] died Mar. 23,
1837. Hammond Betsey daughter of widow Hammond [aged i^
vearsl died Garland A son of Mr. Garland [aged i year] died -^ ^ -i
Munroe Mrs. Mary wife of John H. Munroe died April lo i8:i7 Foss
Twm children of Thomas Foss April, 1837. Goodrich A child of widow
Jeremy Goodrich age 6 mos. Ellis Catherine daughter of Thomas B.
Ellis May 9, 1837 Frost Richard Foxwell Cutts son of William Frost
was' drowned this day aged 16 )n-s May 23, 1837. Bridges A child of
George M. Bridges aged 16 months May 24, iS::?. Edgecomb Mrs.
Thomas [aged 55 years] May 3r. 1837. Ayer A son of Humphrey Ayer
[aged 3 mos] June i, 1837. Smith Mrs. Jane M. wife of Alexander
Smith [aged 20 years] June 17, Nitcher A daughter of Wm. Nitcher
[aged 2 years] June 26, 1837. Morrill Col. Joseph [aged 89 years]
died July 2, 1837. Cole A child of Daniel Cole Jr. died July 2, 1837.
Cobb William son of Major Cobb [aged 9 yrs] drowned at the Lower
Wharf July 5, 1837. Parcher Mr. Samuel Keeper of the Poor House
[aged 35] died July 13, 1837Hopkins Mrs. Hannah wife of Solomon
Hopkins died at the Poor House [aged 69] July 15, 1837. Scott Mrs.
Mary died at the Poor House [aged 58] July 15, 1837. Sellea Mrs.
Esther wife of Osmond Sellea [aged 2i;l died Tulv 16, 18^7 A child
of Mr. McKenny. J J' ' .5/ A child of Zechariah Shed. At the Factory
Island Miss Eveline Richardson aged 17 years died. Died at the
Factory Island at Block No. 22 Miss Mary Ann Centre Aged 18 years
Aug. 12, 1837 A child of Humphrey Kinkrick died Aug. 13, 1837 A
child of Barnabas Cutter died Aug. 13, 1837. A child of Richard Sellea
died Aug. 13, 1837. A child of Luke Gordon died Aug. 10, 1837.
Sawyer Mrs. Margaret widow of Captain William Sawyer deceased
[aged 60 years] died Aug. 19, 1837. Banks Mr. Samuel of Old
Orchard [so called] in Saco aged 72 consumption Aug. 20, 1837. Mr.
James Rollin aged about 84 a German or Hessian who came to this
country a soldier in the Revolution war but has resided for the last
Fifty years in this town without leaving a descendant July 24, 1837.
William Staples Aged 3 years & 7 months son of Mr. Ebenezer
Staples of this town [Old Orchard] Aug. 25, 1837. A son of Nathaniel
Googins at [Old Orchard]
 244 SACO RECORDS. A child of Joseph Stevens [aged 4
mos Aug.31, 1837. Fotie At the Factory Island Mr. William B. Sept. i,
1837. Mr. Timothy Haines Aged 32 June, 1837. Catherine Harmon of
Livermore Falls age 17 Sept. 4, 1837. Tucker A child of Jonathan
Tucker Jr. \ Seavey A child of Rufus Seavey. Berry A child of Doctor
Berry aged 18 months. Hill Mrs. Eliza Scott Bartlett wife of Mr. Geo.
Hill died [Aged 28] Sept. IS, 1837. Sands Joanna daughter of Isaac
Sands aged 5 years. Tuxbury A child of David Tuxbury Caroline Age 7
mos. Sept. 20, 1837. Ladd A child of Rufus Ladd Sept. 21, 1837.
Chase A child of Chase Sept. 22, 1837. Foss Mr. Robert [aged 50] his
death was occasioned by falling from his house and breaking his
neck Sept. 22, 1837. Boothby Rebecca daughter of Lemuel Boothby
aged 27 died at her Father's Residence Sept. 23, 1837. Brannan
Thomas Jr. formerly of this town died at New Orleans of Yellow Fever
[age 29] Sept. 13, 1837. Stuart Mehitable daughter of Timothy
Stuart [age 17] Sept. 27, 1837. Boothby Eunice daughter of Lemuel
Boothby [age 23] Oct. 7, 1837. Stowe Miss Catherine Stone [aged
16] at Factory Island Oct. 4, 1837. Foss Mr. James [aged 88] Sept. 4,
1837. Scamman Elcy Ann daughter of Aaron Scamman [age 16] Oct.
15, 1837. Huff M-rs. Sally wife of Joseph Huff [aged 58 years] Oct.
17, 1837. A child of Wm. Nitcher. Getchell Mrs. Mary [age 29] died of
consumption Oct. 23, 1837 i°^' merly of Kennebunk. Staples Mr.
Thomas at Old Orchard [age 54] Oct. 25, 1837. Foss Mr. William
[age 70] died Oct. 28, 1837. Goodrich Mrs. Lucy Elisabeth wife of
Jeremy Goodrich deceased and daughter of Jacob Marston Nov. 6,
1837. Lane At Factory Island Miss Abigail Lane — Nov. 9, 1837. Hall
Miss Lucy Jane a daughter of Benjn Hall [aged 2 yrs.] Nov. 9,
1837Ladd Mr. Thomas aged 71 of consumption Nov., 1837. Lassell
Miss Isabella T. fever Nov. 10, 1837. Cole Miss Tabitha [aged 45] of
Typhus Fever] Nov. 16, 1837. Sawyer Drowned at Sea Mr. Gilbert
[age 30] Nov. 14, 1837. Boothby Mr. Lemuel Aged 54 [of Typhus
Fever] Nov. 21, 1837. Googins Mary daughter of Thomas Googins
died June 27, 1831. Foss A son of Thomas [aged 3 years] died Nov.
23, 1837. Haines Mr. Samuel [aged 68] died Dec. 6, 1837. Packard
George W., son of Dr. George Packard [aged 3 yrs. 4 mos] Dec. 25,
1837. Bradbury Lydia M. daughter of Cotton Bradbury died aged 15
yrs. & 6 month Dec. 25, 1837. 1838 A child of Esther Decker [age 3
mos] Jan. 3, 1838. Hill Mr. Benjamin aged 47 died Jan. 21, 1838.
Twombley Miss Anne aged 17 years died Feb. 19, 1838.
 SACO RECORDS. 245 Storer A child of Frederic Storer Feb.,
1838. A child of Moses Woodsum Feb., 1838. A child of John
Cummings Feb., 1838. Puffer Mr. Amos aged 29 died Feb. 23, 1838.
Fenderson Mrs. Betsey wife of Ivory Fenderson [age 26I died Feb.
12, 1838. Googins Mr. Rogers aged 73 died Feb. 23, 1838. Allen Mrs.
Abigail Widow of Dr. John Allen deceased died Feb 26 " 1838.
Burbank Mr. Nathaniel aged 42-7 [consumption] died Feb. 27, 1838.
Hewes Mr. Richard aged 38 years 6 months died March 17, 1838
cause intemperance. Widow Elisabeth Stevenson aged 64 wife of
William Stevenson deceased formerly of Biddeford April 11, 1838.
Frost Mr. Nicholas S. [Aged 43] formerly of Eliott died of
(consumption of blood) April 13, 1838. Spear Mr. Robert [aged 63]
died of fever April 16, 1838. Ward Mrs. Martha R., wife of Lauriston
Ward Esq. died April 17, 1838 Aged 43 years (suddenly). Patterson
Mrs. Hephzibeh P. wife of Mr. Joseph Patterson [age 67] April 18,
1838. Jordan William .'^ged 19 years son of Samuel Jordan &
Abigail his wife died April 20, 1838. Patterson Aaron Aged 68 years
died April 23, 1838. Osborne Mrs. Elisabeth M. wife of Wm. P.
Osborne [colored] died April 26, 1838. Deshon Mr. Joseph aged 53
[died of a bone tumor in the face] May 8, 1838. Jordan Mrs. Abigail
Webster wife of Mr. Samuel Jordan Aged 46 died May 22, 1838.
Gurney Mary F. daughter of Selh Gurney [aged 9 mos] died May 25,
1838. Alexander Mrs. Eunice 2nd wife of John Alexander died June
3, 1838 Aged 25 years. [Disease Child Bed.] Bisbee A child of
Ebenezer Bisbee aged 6 months. Stimson Drowned a daughter of Mr.
Jeremiah C. Stimson Aged 24 years. Googins Mr. David died June 14,
1838. Deering Robert P. son of Nathaniel Deering Age 18 years and
two months July 3, 1838. Wright Mary B. daughter of Peter Wright
age 10 months July 27, 1838. Drew A child of Abraham Drew died
July 31, 1838. Aug. 4. An infant of Edward Clark & on the 15 a son
aged 2 years & 6 months. 9. A child of J. C. Pinkham aged 15
months. 13. ' An infant of J. M. Deering aged 13 days. 18. A child of
Widow Haines At Block No. 13. A child of Seth Kendrick. 19. Miss
Martha Fairfield aged 34 years. 20. A child of Nathaniel Tucker aged
17 Months. A child of Noah Goodwin aged 16 months. 22. A child of
Tristram Sawyer aged 2 years,
 246 SACO RECORDS. Aug. 29. Mrs. Sarah Scamman Aged
82 years Widow of Mr. Nathaniel Scamman Esq. whojdied July 29,
1820. 25. Capt! Robert Patterson aged 59 years 8 months. Mrs.
Hannah Bryant Aged 48 years widow of James Bryant deceased.
Sept. 5. Moses son of Moses Emery Esqr aged one year. 10. Olive
daughter of Moses C. Lowell aged 2 years & 8 months. 9. A son of
Simon Clough 15 months. 12. Miss Betsey Irish at Block 22. A child
of John Lumbard 13 months. An infant of Jonathan Tucker Jr. 22.
Mrs. Mercy wife of Benjamin Simpson Aged 80 years. 24. A child of
Mark T. Pike aged 10 months. 25. A child of Oliver Welch. ^ 26. A
child of Laurence E. Tapley Age 12 months. At Brick Block No. 7 Miss
Olive Paine of Baldwin. 27. At Brick Block No. — Miss Almira Davis of
Freeport. Oct. 2. A son of Nicholas Frost deceased Aged i )'ear & 9
months. 4. Mrs. Phebe Guildford Aged 69 years wife of Joseph
Guildford deceased Oct., 1827. 8. At Block No. 7 Nancy Lane of
Lisbon Me. Age 20 yrs. 12. At No. 2 Sophia Kimball of Hiram Aged 15
years. 15. Alvin son of David McCulloch Aged 2 years. 20. At the
Cutts House Factory Island Sarah Key aged 18 years Of Wakefield N.
H. 21. Drowned by the upsetting of a boat in the harbor Grenville
son of Joseph Sweetsir Aged 17 years. 22. Elisabeth H. Murphy Aged
20 years. 24- At the Island Sarah Ann Todd — Aged — . 25. At the
Island Mary Cromwell Aged 18 years. 28. A child of George C.
Nichols Aged 16 months. Nov. 3. Sarah H. daughter of Stephen
Tuttle Aged 17 years. 5. At the new Brick Block Factory Island Mr.
Joshua Ricker Aged 24 years. 6. A child of Isaac Sands. Miss Lucy T.
daughter of Stephen Sawyer Aged 26. 14. Mrs. Eunice wife of Dea.
Samuel Woodsum Aged 83. 20. Mrs. Susanna wife of Joel Sawyer
Aged 67 years 7 mos. Dec. A child of Richard Sellea. 6. Horatio son
of Charles C. Sawyer Aged 13 years 7 mos. 8. Mr. John Bryant
suddenly Aged 57 years & 8 months. Widow Sarah Sweat Aged — .
7. At East Florida Mr. James G. B. Snow of this town Aged 42 years &
9 months. 25. Miss Sarah Sawyer Aged 34 years. 29. Mrs. Eliza wife
of John Woodsum aged 28 years and 4 months [consumption]. 1839
Jan. At the Poor House Hannah Simons aged 65 and Susanna
Nickerson Aged 65 — .
 SACO RECORDS. 247 Jan. At the Factory Island William
Brassbridge Aged 22 9- A son of Samuel S. Jordan Aged -x years & f
month, 15- Mrs. Margery Emmons Aged 81 yearns ^ 17. Stephen E
Cole son of Capt. Stephen P. Batchelder aged 9 years 6. 8 months
Suddenly by being thrown against a Feb , r ?f ^^u^ ^' ?"^°°> '"^
Pl^y ^^h another lad. ^ 6. barah M. daughter of Samue Floyd Aged
6 vrs and « months [Worm Fever] ^ ^ ^ ^""^ ^ Apnl Widow Oliye
Chandler wife of John Chandler deceased Aged J I years & 8
months. ^°' ^monthf ^'^^ ""^ ^^"""^^ ^" ^"''^^^ ^^^ *3 years
and 10 May I. At Mrs. Elisabeth Gray's her Mother Widow Lydia
Barter aged 88 formerly of Kennebunkport. At the Poor House Mary
Milliken — aged — . At the Poor House Richard Dormer aged 26 20.
An infant son of George Tappan. 25. Drowned Charles son of Betsey
Johnson aged c years 29. Hon Joseph Leland aged 82 years [a
Revolutionary soldier. ^ July Miss Dorothy Littlefield aged 14 years.
9. Mr. James Gray aged 45 years. Aug. 27. A child of James B.
Thornton. Sept. 9. Mrs. Susan Hayes wife of Joseph M. Hayes aged
kt. years [Consumption]. ■' 21. A child of Jere McKenny aged 1 year.
26. An infant of Capt. Geeorge V. Jordan. Oct. 3. At Block No. 8
Susan Stevens of Minot aged 17. II. Hannah B. aged 6 years
daughter of David Patterson At the house of his son Capt. Seth Sprin
aged 8c a Revolutionary soldier. 23. A child of Josiah B. Libby aged i
year. 26. Eliza Thornton daughter of Capt. Tristram Storer aged ic
years. '^ 26. At Factory Island Esther Morrison Of Clinton aged ic
years. •' Nov. 22. At Portsmouth [N. H.] Mr. William Pike of this town
aged 57 years and 9 months. Death by falling in the hold of a ship.
Corpse brought here and interred the 24th inst Dec. 2. Mrs. Carohne
wife of Freeman Scamman aged 36 years Nov. 7. Mrs. Molly wife of
Capt. Abraham Tyler aged 80 years. Dec. 6. Widow Hannah Goodrich
Aged. 7. At Factory Island Miss Cynthia Packard aged 18 of
Bloomfield. ^ 14. Mrs. Bathsheba Raitt wife of Raitt aged 40 years &
4 months — consumption]. Harriot daughter of James Adams aged
15 years. 22. Widow Mary Floyd Aged 85 years. i Mrs. Hannah wife
of Isaac Waterhouse aged.
 248 SACO RECORDS. Dec. 22. Dec. 30. Jan. At No. 16
Factory Island Miss Clinton. BusSell aged — of 25Feb. 5. March 2.
March 2. April 18. 24. May June 3. 24. July July Aug. 6. 26. Sept. 11.
20. 2526. Widow Huldah Hewes aged 40 years 10 mos consumption.
1840 Miss Susan daughter of J. M. Hayes Esq. aged — . At the Poor
Farm Widow Eunice Tarbox aged 83 years &' 10 months wife of Elias
Tarbox dc'd. At No. 6 Factory Island Miss Betsey Dolliff of Rumford
aged 16 years. At Augusta Amos G. Goodwin Esq. of this town in the
43d year of his age. His remains were interred here the 26th inst.
Mr. John Boothby aged 87 years. Mrs. Sally wife of Benjamin Dunn
aged 53 yrs. At the Poor House widow Mary Lowell wife of Moses (
Lowell deceased aged 7 1 years & 4 months. Mary Elisabeth
daughter of Enoch C. Jordan age 5 years. At Factory Island Margaret
With am aged 18. At Brick Block No. 10 Sarah Ann daughter of
Widow Eudoxa Foss aged 16 years. Mr. John Condon aged 72 years.
Widow Elisabeth Rice aged 47 years & 6 mos wife of Daniel Rice
deceased. Catherine Sanborn aged years. Drowned in Goose fair
Brook Gardiner son of Isaac ' Waterhouse aged 10 years. An infant
of Lyman Manly. Mrs. Gracia widow of Amos Goodwin dec'd. An
infant daughter \of Daniel Cole Jr. At the residence of her son in law
Dr. Berry Widow Abigail Vaughn Donnell aged years. An infant of
Samuel T. Shannon. Sarah Augusta daughter of WilKam Cutts aged
ig. Mr. Samuel Jordan aged 50 years. An infant of Lauriston Ward
Esq. Miss Elisabeth Gray aged 73 years. Walter son of Stephen
Webster age 9 months
 INDEX OF INTENTIONS AND MARRIAGES. 249 INDEX OF
INTENTIONS OF MARRIAGE AND MARRIAGES. Abbott, Anna Dorcas
Eliphalet Elisabeth Joel Lieut. Levi Lydia Nathan Nathaniel Samuel P.
Sarah Adams, Augustus Hannah James John Joseph Lydia Selucas
Shuah Ahem, Nancy Aiken, Herrick Alls, John Allen, Eleanor John Dr.
Lucy M. Alley, Julia B. Sally, Ames, Benjn Esq. Andrews, Abigail Amos
Deacon Asa Ezekiel * ' John Mary Sally Sarah Atkinson, Elisabeth
John Nancy True Ayer, Abigail Elisabeth John Sarah Timothy Tristram
18 14, I 37,38 23, 26 12 31 49 72 12, 59, 61 74 S8 28 22 68 13 S9>
61 28, 59, 61 23, 74 14 71 39> 39 14 75 3i> 33 69 37,38 60, 63 75
55 34.35 25, 27 1 1 46, 47 25, 27 25, 27 13, 67 58 23 29 71 77 S3
33 26 20 21 12 SO 28. 53: 24, 26, 32. 14, 18, 17. Babb, John Babbit,
Benjn Serena Bacon, David Bailey, Dorcas t Elisabeth Baird, Charles
Baldwin, Joseph Jr. Bales, Lydia Bangs, Thomas Banks, Bethia
Cummings Eli as John Nancy Phebe Rufus Samuel Jr. Sarah ' Sarah
C. Barnard, Hannah Barrett, Ebenezer Barter, Nancy Bartlett, Eliza S.
Bass, Joseph D. Bassett, Christopher Jr. Batchelder, Abigail David
Frances Mary Susanna Beal, Theodore Bean, Martha Beane, Miriam
Beatty, James Beard, John Benson, Jerusha John Polly Simon
Belknap, Charlotte Berry, Abigail Abigail Jose Beniah Caroline Charity
6; 2> 63 68 2i 76 i, 29 73 IS 77 12 13 13 17 ;, 18 30 '. 31 76 54 57
47 67 39 > 70 22 48 ,48 44 21 , 24 60 74 39 60, , 40 65 ,61 62,
^63 59 67, 75 70 12 51 10, II 76 IS 25, 27 76 23 66 77 i7> 19 68,
33 69 72 9. II
 250 SACO RECORDS. Berry, Elisabeth 12, 40, , 4i> 42. 43
Bond, Susanna 61 Elisabeth 64, 67 Robert Jr. 37,38 Elisabeth D. 46
Boothby, Cornelius 32 Eunice 14, 18 Eleazer 61 H'^nnah 34, 35. 39
Isaac II Hannah 5O' 51 Jane IS, 18 Isabella 13 17 Jeremiah 32
James 69 Joel 71 Jane 24, 26, 27 Joanna 69 John i7> 19 John 32,
33 John Jr. 21, 22 Lemuel 20 Joseph 42', 43 Lydia 12 Joseph Jr. 32,
33 Boulter, Sarah 72 Joseph S. 73 Bowdoin, Richard 55, 55 Jonathan
IS Bowers, Nathaniel W. 69 Louisa 72 Boyd, George 73 Lucinda 67
Boyes, Elisabeth 16, 19 Mahala 63,66 Boynton, Abel 32> 33 Mary
16, 19 Isaac 49 Miriam 33 Mrs. 67,70 Nicholas Jr. 17, 19 Sarah 34,35
Olive 77 Brackett, Eunice 24 Olive S. 75 Bradbury, Anna 30 Orinda
76 Chrisp 58,60 Patience 16, 19 Dorothy 28, 29 Richard 3'5, 36, 73
Elisabeth . 49, 5° Richard Jr. 57 Eunice 30 Sally 56,58 Ezra 39 Sarah
12, 77 George L. 71 Shuah 5° James 17, 20 Westbrook 14 Jeremiah
Esq. 30,31 William 57, 57 John 13 Bickford, James 71 Mary 44> 4S
Lydia Ann 55 Moses Jr. 44 Samuel 37,38 Narcissa 56,58 Bigelow,
Faith Spring 48,49 Sarah 67 Lucy 45 Bradley, Ann M. 75 Sarah 74
Hezekiah 49,51 Billings, Hannah 34,41 Jonas C. . 62 Hiram 67
Bragdon, Samuel 59,61 John 35.36 Bragg, Mary Mrs. 29 Mehitable
26 Brannan, Thomas 20 Blaisdell, Abner 51, 59, 61 Bridges, John 26,
27 James 47, 47 Thomas, W. 76 Sally 42 Brooks, Hannah 20 Boaz,
Bernice 56,58 Brown, Robert Jr. 28, 29 Boice Elisha 21 David 46
Bolter, Joseph 45, 46 Elisabeth 31,31 Bond, Abigail 67 Mary 12
Eunice 12, 59, 61 Sally 40, 41 Mary 22, 25 Bryant, Adaline 77 Sarah
IS Alpheus 17, 21
 INDEX OF INTENTIONS AND MARRIAGES. 251 Bryant,
Amanda Caroline Charles David Demas L. Elisabeth Hannah Hannah
James James R. Joanna John John Jr. John H. Joseph Lydia Mark
Mary Mary Ann Mary L. Mehitable Miriam Naomi Olive Pauline Ruth
Samuel Sally Sarah Seth Stephen 3d Stephen 3d Susanna Thomas
Timothy William Buckminster, David Mary Mrs. Thomas Buker,
Elisabeth S. Burbank, John Nathaniel Statira Susanna Burnham,
Aaron Eunice Sally M. Timothy D. Burns, Polly Butler, Isaac
Butterfield, Josiah Buzzell, William 71 76 62 13, 17 60 II . 5° 9, IC
>, 24, 26 5°. 51 '.73 2C ), 21 25 ;, 27 20 15 35 >36 44 ■> 44 13 37
56 49, 62 '63 . 71 73 55 25 26 > 52 .53 59 32 . 33 26, 27, , 40' , 41
71 i3> 46 32, 33 16, ■ 1956 6970 16, 19 12, 17 17. 21 42, 44 35. 35
23> 25 32, 33, 46, 47 53 15 73 II 5°, 51 55 II 10 73 32 24. 26 II IS
48 48 Calef. John Josiah Canney, Elijah H. Moses ^ Carl, Elisabeth
Prudence Carlton, Daniel Carter, John Cates, Leonard P. Chadbourne,
Phillip Timothy Chadwick, Martha E. Susan P. Chamberlain, Elizabeth
Hannah John Mary Patience Samuel Thomas Chandler, Barsheba S.
Benjamin Benjn B, Betsey Jane Olive S. Thomas Chapman, George
Sarah Chase, Abner Adah Eliza Elisabeth Hannah Rebecca Sarah
William Chick, William Clark, Abraham 14, 18, 57, 60, 67, 70 60 34,
65 58 30 30, 41 23 77 71. 72 75 20, 21 43> 43 38,38 47, 47 12 13,
18 14 25 15 13 23, 26 45, 46 13, 4°, 41, 76 26, 43, 44 66, 70 37, 41
59,60 38, 41 32 39, 39, 44 10 26, 27 59,60 10 29 13 30,31. 42, 43
20 60 Charles Edward Lovina Melinda Samuel Valentine Clay, Daniel
Cleaves, Abigail Almira Anna Aaron Ebenezer 26 72 II 73 48 32,33
31,31 10, 36 70 24, 26 72 36
 252 SACO RECORDS. Cleaves, Edward Jr. 76 Condon, Elis S.
71 Eunice 68 John 14 Hannah S9> 6i Connor, Rebecca 54 Israel 62
Cook, Julia A. 59, 61 Lydia 64 Coolbroth, Catharine 62 Matilda L. 70
George 28, 29 Mary P. SI Joseph 16, 19 Polly 23,26 Coombs,
Benjamin 39, 39 Rebecca 29 Nathaniel 46 Robert Jr. 26, 40, 41
Cotton, Edward 20 Robert 3d 55 Mary B. 67 Sarah 14, 18 Cousins,
Elisabeth 74 Susan 72 Jonathan 54, 55 Wm. P. 34 Mary B. 57,58
Wm. W. 47' 47 Nathaniel Jr. 13, 17 Cloutman, John T. 68 Cowell,
Patience W. 77 ClufE, Daniel 68, 70 Cowen, Sally 42, 44 Coates,
Clarissa H. 57-63 Cragy, Michael 64 Jane 37>38 Cram, Mary 71
Phillip 17, 21 •Crockett, Eliza H. 74 Coffin, Abiel 68 Crosby, Nathaniel
59, 61 James 38 Cummings, Elisabeth 43, 43 Martha 35> 36. 68
Hannah C, 47, 47 Polly 10, II James 3°, 41 Shuah 35' 35 Nancy 24
Wm. Capt. 25 OHve 54 Cogswell, Jonathan 31 Cumston, Joshua M.
3° Coit, Hannah, widow II Curry, Elisabeth 49, 50 Margaret 24
James 28, 29 Mehitable 10 Curtice, Abigail 48, 49 Colborn, Betsey B.
58 Cutts, Caroline 64 Colbroth, Rebecca 75 Elisabeth ^0 Cole, Almira
39 Eunice 16, 10, Ashael Esq. 29 Foxwell 23, 26 Benjamin F. 74
Sarah F. 46, 47 Betsey 14 Thomas Jr. 15, 18 Hannah 12, 17 William
52, 53 James 60 Jane 54> 55 Dame, Sarah 56 Jerusha 14,18
Daniels, Mary 77 John 77 Nathaniel 36, 36 Joseph 13. 17 Davidson,
Augustus 24, 26 Jotham 15 Davis, Abigail 56, 58 Lydia 22, 25 Alice
26 Lydia Ann 62, 63 Anna , 40 Mary E. S9> 61 Daniel 48, 52, S3
Nathaniel 16, 19. 39> 41 Elleanor 59 Olive 24 Eliza 47, 48 Samuel
57,58 Gideon T/ 7 T 45 Samuel Jr. 75 Hannah IS Sarah 37>37
Harriot H. 0 68 Sophia 3o> 41 James 34
 INDEX OF INTENTIONS AND MARRIAGES. 253 Davis, John
75 Dennett, Nathaniel 2A John L. 77 Nicholas Jr. 16, 21, 34 Joseph
42,45 Olive 16, 19 46 30 12, 28 Molly 15 Patience Moses 34 Samuel
Nathaniel 13, 18 Sarah Olive 66 Sarah 47, 47 Polly 48 Densmore,
Samuel X 1 Samuel i4j 77 Dinico, Sarah 9 9 76 M'illiam 20, 34, 35
Dinah Dearbon, Ann 72 Dodge, Benjamin Daniel 44, 45 Dockum,
Dorothy 75 Dominicus 56 Dolby, George 16, 19 Jacob 52, S3
Donnell, Ann Jane 65 Jane 17, 21 Donnelly, Edward 2t, 22 Mary ".
37,38 Eliza 56,58 Molly 9, 10 Dormer, Eliza 65 Polly 21 Dow,
Abraham 43, 43 Sarah 14, 18 Andrew 64 Solomon 49 Downing,
Hannah 45 Thomas 42 Sarah 21, 22 Dearing, Elisabeth R. 74
Dresser, Daniel 64 Eunice 27, 42, 43 Drew, Abraham 73 James 22,
25 Elisabeth 44,45 Jane 16, 19 Dummer, Charles 70 Jane 62,63
Doyle, Hannah 28, 29 John G. 75 Mary 36,36 Joseph Jr. 34 Dunn,
Apphia 72 Lydia 34i3S Dunham, Hepzibah 12 Lucretia 40 John 28
Margaret 32 Mary 20 Mary 62, 63 Dunlop, William 62 Nathaniel 34,
35 Dyer, Abigail 26 Noah 43, 43 Chadbourne 15, 18 Ruth 9, 1°
Dorcas 53, 54 Samuel 46, 47 Elisabeth 23 Sarah 14,18 Eunice 46
Shuah 39 Humphrey 28, 29 Thomas Jr. 13, 17 Thomas 49, 5°
William 34, 35 Thomas Jr. 28, 29, 62, 63 Dennett Abigail 22, 25
Thomas Life 1 1 Daniel 32, 33 Ebenezer 49, 52 Eastman, Richard 68
Elcy 5°. 51 Eaton, Peter 67 Edmund P. 53, 53 Edgecomb, Benjamin
29 Eunice 25 Dianna 55> 55 James 28, 29, 43, 45 Eli s:), 61 John Jr.
65 Elias 1 9 Joseph 48 Ellenor 48, 49 Mark Capt. 45 > 46 Hannah 32
Mark 58 James Jr. 29 Nancy 45,46 John 10
 254 SACO RECORDS. Edgecomb, John Jr. 42, 44 Fenderson,
Mary 76 Jeremiah 37 Reuben 30 Mark 38,38 Fenner, Abigail 37,38
Mary II, II, 22 Arthur n, 19 Noah II Fernald, David 31, 32 Thomas
40 Julia 24 Elden, Moses 45 Mark 16, 19, 29 Polly 34 Mark Elder 63
Samuel 5° Mark Jr. 72 Elwell, Elisabeth 25,28 Nathaniel S9> 60
Emerson, Ann Mrs. 75 Fetherby, Almira P. 64, 66 William 67 Fickett,
Hannah 62, 74 Emery, Charity 12 Fitz, Ebenezer 14 Dennis 49' 5°
Samuel 37,38 Isaac 48, 49' 65 Floyd, Eunice 47, 49 John '5 Mary 26,
27 John Capt. 44. 45 Nathan 59 Mary 12 Samuel 22, 25 Mary S. 68
Fogg, Elisabeth E. 74 Mary Ann ' 74 Fidelia 65 Moses 56,58 Frederick
74 Hannah 28 James 49> 5° Naomi ■74 Jonathan Dr. 75 Olive 72
Mirian 77 Phebe 25, 27 Ford, Nancy 56 Sarah 20, 23 ForskuU,
Abraham 52, 53 Simon Capt. 30. 31 Foss, Abigail 52, 54 Susanna 23
Anna 32, 33 Emmons, Hannah 30 Bartlett 66 Eleanor 69 Benjamin Jr.
16, 40, 42 Esther 46, 47 Cyrus 13 Seth 56,58 Daniel 27 Evans,
Thomas 65, 70 Dolly II Dorcas 34, 39 Fairfield, Hannah 12 Ebenezer
II Ichabod 9, 10 Edward 62 John 62, 63 Ezekiel 32 Lovina 25 Flora
55, 57 Mary Wid. 10 Hannah II Mary 77 James Jr. 53, 54 Oliver 48,
48 Jeremiah 23 Stephen 21, 22 John Jr. 45 Dr. William 23 John S.
46, 47 Farnum, Joseph 24, 27 John II Felch, Julia 5h 51 Joseph H.
76 Sarah 58 Joanna 37, 41 Feby, Mary i6 Joseph Jr. 73 Fenderson,
Anna Wid. 68, 69 Keziah 20 Benjamin 55-56 Lydia 49, 51 Isabella
56,57 Margaret 12 James 46, 59, 60 Mary 30, 31, 73 John 66, 70
Mary 16, 19
 INDEX OF INTENTIONS AND MARRIAGES. 255 Gitchell,
Mary Goldthwaite, George Mary Tristram Goodale, Enoch Goodrich,
Andrew Benjamin Jr. Elisabeth Hannah S. Jane Mary Olive T. Polly
Simon Goodwin, Abigail Benjamin George James S. Dr. Mary
Mehitable Nathaniel Noah Googins, Daniel Eleanor Elisabeth
Elisabeth N. George Hannah Henry H. Jane Jerusha John Joseph Jr.
Joseph 3d Margaret Mary Nathaniel Olive Richard Samuel Susanna
Thomas Gookin, Eliza Harriot Sarah Gordon, Amos Jr. Humphrey
Jeremiah Jr. John Joseph Luke Mary Foss, Nancy 1 1 Nicholas 39' 42
Olive 14, 18 Parmelia i6, 19 Priscilla 48 Paulina 24, 27 Pelatiah 22,
24, 26 Phineas 34>35 Rachael 65,66 Robert 39 Rufus 39 Sarah 22,
29 Sarah B. 52 Sally 42, 53. 54 Sophia 69 Sewall S3. 54 Thomas D.
73 Tristram 55- 64, 67 Walter Jr. 46 Foster, Nancy 42 Fowler,
Ebenezer Jr. 42 Elisabeth 67 Mary 49. 5° Paul 25, 27 Samuel 74 Sally
68 Freeman, Bandall 73 French, Benjamin F. 48, 50 Frost, Sarah A.
56,58 Dorcas 65 Eliza S. 40 Hannah L. 69 Nicholas 46, 47 Fulsom,
Elisabeth 26, 27 Furguson, Nathan 16, 19 Gains, William H. 23 Gale,
Daniel Q. 68 Sarah P. 65 Gammon, Elden 77 Joseph 23, 24 Garland,
Joseph P. 64 •Gilkey, Mary 34 Martha 13 _Gilpatric, Eleanor 63 Mary
75 Rosanna 73 Sarah 73 1 Gillpatric, John C. 67 John K. 52,53
Jeremiah H. 55 Gitchell, Lydia 73 39 , 41 42 > 43 55 , 55 73 57, 58
23 . 25 '27 15 39 , 44 .77 56, ^58 56, .58 71 38, 38, .39 23 23 45
11 42, ' 43 56 71 33 P, 41 : i 47, 47 10 37, 38 47 59: ,61 9, ID, 48
42, 43 75 42 55: ,58, 77 21 10, 64, 66 64 15, 20, 21 10, 13. 17 62
21, 22 55, 58 23, 51. 51 43 9, 10, 34. 35 42 49 34 9. 10 9. II 46, 46
73 12 74 62
 256 SACO RECORDS. Gordon, Martha Ann Reuben Richard
Susanna William Gould, Charles F. Eunice Pel'atiah Graba, Phillip
Grace, Aaron Dorcas Lucy Mary Moses Sally Samuel Grafifam, Elias
Elias Elisabeth John Samuel Granger, Harriot Joseph Sally F. Grant,
Anna Benjamin Jr. Clarissa Ebenezer Eliza Sarah Sarah B. Gray,
Charity Eliza James Jr. Lucy Olive Mrs. Richard Robert Samuel
Samuel Jr. Sarah Greaves, William Green, Abigail David Henry B. C.
Lydia Reuben Hayes Sarah Griffin, Sarah D. Groves, Pliny Gross,
Samuel Guilford, Wm. 40, 63,66 Gurney, Hannah 21, 24 32. 33
Gutridge,' Jeremiah II S6 37 Haines, Abigail 9, II 63 Asa 45 75
Benjamin 77 16, 19 Ebenezer 10, II 25 Elizabeth 46 54 Hannah S. 76
59) 61, 72 Jane 5°, SI 72 Lovina 77. 46 Margaret 9, 10 60, 61 Mary
62, 63 32, 33 Nathaniel 43 64, 66 49 Ruth 5°, 51 67, 69 Samuel Jr.
56, 57 39, 42 Samuel 3d 9, 10 56,57 Timothy 76 59, 61 Thomas J. .
76 54, 55 William 15,18 63, 66 Hale, Benjamin SS> 55; 54, '55
Haley, Eleanor II 54, 55 Hiram H. 68 44, 45 Jesse T. 24, 26 25, 26
John 28 14 John M. 73' 72 Mark 65,66 49, SI Sarah 22 76 Sophia 44,
45 27, 32, 33 Thomas 12 77 Hammilton, Benjn 57, 57 13 Henry 20
56, 58 Hammond, John B. 71 12,28 Hanscomb, Joseph 50, SI 37
Rachel 39 15, 5°, 51 Hanson, Joshua 65 67 Hall, Benjamin W. 39,40
17, 21 Israel 68 37, 38 Hardy, I^obert 65 39 Theophilus 29 21
Harford, Sarah S3 15 Hartford, Hannah 64 29 Harmon, Asa 73" 64,
74 Catherine 13, 74, 75 56,58 Dodiva 9, II 20 Esther II 21, 22
Ebenezer 65, 66 20 Eleanor 73 17 Jane 22, 64, 66 62 Jane F. 60 77
Margaret 65, 66 41, 53, 54 Mary 23
 INDEX OF INTENTIONS AND MARRIAGES. 257 Harmon,
Mehitable Nancy Pelatiah Jr. Phineas Rosanna Seethe Hart,
SallyHartley, Elisabeth John Samuel Capt. Sarah Hasty, Nathaniel Jr.
Hawkins, Henry Capt. Elisabeth Hayes, Abra Betsey Charles David
King Joseph M. Mary F. • Sally Haynes, Mary Hemmingway, Phineas
Hersey, Abel Hewes, Elisabeth Eunice Gracy Grace Hannah Priscilla
Rebecca Richard Sally Hight, Elisabeth Hill, Anna Catharine Charlotte
Flemming , Gee George F. Ichabod James Lydia Margaret Mary S.
Mina Sally Sarah William Jr. Hobbs, Samuel Bobbins, Joseph Hobins,
James 37 36,52 75 59 39 IS 67 56,5s 13 12 76 59> 61 16, 19 40, 41
77 30,31 56, 58 30 30 48, 48 48,48 62, 63 II 37 12 15. 18 36, 36
31,31 39, 40 24, 26 40 52, S3 37 i5> 18 64 37>38 75 65, 75 74 77
5°. 51 37,38 6s, 66 29 47, 47 66 65 15. 54 49' 5° 74 12, 57, 59 49
Hodgdon, Esther Hannah Olive Richard Thomas ■ William Hodsdon,
Ebenezer John 3d Nicholas Olive Sarah Hodskins Elisabeth William
Holmes, Christopher John W. Mary Otis Sarah Tristram Holt, Samuel
Simeon Phebe Hood, Barbary Barbary T. Hookey, John Hooper,
Catharine Ann Elisabeth Lydia Margaret Susan Tristram Hopkinson,
Elisabeth Hannah James Hopkins, Hannah Olive Hopping, Hannah R.
William Houg, Abigail E. M. Howe, Eliza Howard, Zebulon Huff,
Cotton B. Elisabeth Eunice Joseph Leonard Mary E. C. Susan Urania
B. Thomas Hughes, John Huchings, Hannah S7. 76 60, 63, 74 58,
59, 60 56, 58, 52 i, 54' SI 77 20 22 25. 27 64, 74 42 . 43 II 16 62 40
, 41 64 65 57 67 65 52 35, .53 36 34 3I; , 32 57 76 76 52: i 53 62
20, ■ 30 28, 65 ,29 5I; .51 39. 23, 41 26 52, 53 14 32 60, 71 63 74
28 52, 54 12 71 60 76 62 67 12 46, 47
 258 SACO RECORDS. Huchings, Lydia 52 Johnson, Samuel
30, 41 Hunt, Joseph R. i6 Sophia 31,32 Hurd, Anna M. 77 William
72, 72 Tristram 76 William S. 26, 27 Hussey, Eunice "5 Jones,
Benjamin 73 Susan 34 Polly 15, 18 Hutchins, Isaac 72 Jordan,
Dorcas 22, 25 Mark 15. 18 Elisabeth 62, 64 Mary IS Hannah G. 57.
5^8 Moses 76 Ichabod 10, II Nathaniel 12 Rishworth 35, 35
Theodore 23> 27 Samuel 36,36 Hutchings, William 56 Samuel S. 71
Hutchinson, Eliza 55, 58 Sarah 16, 20 Sarah H. 55 Ighton, Sarah 28
Tristram Jr. 74 Thomas 22 Tristram Capt. 72 Illsley, Francis L. 70
Jose, -Amos 32, 33 Daniel 53. 57 Jacobs, Benjamin 46 Dorcas 42
Hannah 60, 61 Hannah 35, 36 Mary Mrs. 68, 69, 74 William 52, 54
Moses 62, 63 Lois 28, 29 Moses Jr. 52 Lydia 13 Rebecca 32 James
14, 18, 21 Jackson, Ebenezer T. 67 Martin 16, 19 Jameson, Henry
14, 18 Nathan 40, 41 Robert Jr. 34,35 Josse, Hannah 22 Robert ■
36,36 Junkins Alexander 23, 26 Winborn A. W. 67 Abigail G. II
Jaques, Giles M. 73 Horothy H. 34, 35 Jellison, Jane IS, 18 Hannah
9, 10 Jenkins, Dennis 16 Hannah G. 77 Hamilton 12 Mary 3°, 51, 53
Hannah 68 Harriot 48 Kaissick, Moses 23 Lydia 62, 63 Kelly, Elisabeth
25, 27 Mary 57, 57 Phineas 14, 18 Jewell, Esther 73 Kendrick, Abigail
P. 72 Johnson, Ann 71 Charlotte S. W. 62, 63 Charity 21, 22
Elisabeth 59, 61 Cyrus Dr. 17, 19 Mary 59, 61 Elisabeth 76 Miriam
38, 38 Eliza 62, 64 Noah II Hannah 1 1 Ruth 46, 47 Hiram 74 Seth
48, 48.' Jane 64, 66 Susanna -68 John 37. 41 Keene, Betsey 9, 10
Mark 17 Kenny, Eunice 64 Mary Ann 67,70 Kenuskee, George D. 60
Nathaniel 14, 18 Kettell, Elisabeth C. 71 Rhoda 73 Kimball, Abigail 29
 INDEX OF INTENTIONS AND MARRIAGES. 259 Kimball,
Elisabeth 23 John 9, 10 John 2d 75 Lova 44, 46 Ruth C. 68 Sarah 14
Sally 42 Susanna •57. 'i7' Kindrick, Sarah 3i> 32 Kinrick, Miriam i3'
17 King, Caroline 55. 55 Cyrus 10 Jonathan 29 Elisabeth O. 65,66
Kranska, John H. 63 Knight, Ebenezer B. 68 Knights, Sylvanus 76
Ladd, Edmund 60, 61 Eunice 40, 41 Lucinda 64, 6s Mary 45. 46
Thomas 35. 36 Langdon, Isaac 16, 19 Lane, Abigail 75 Daniel . 24
Diadama 49. 51 Larrabee, Elisabeth 12 James 13. 17 Laury, James
65 Leach, James 50' 51 Leadbetten, Samuel 22, 25 Leavitt, Aaron
55. 55 Huncan 14 John 40, 41 John B. 77 Phebe 62 William • 46
LeCount, Charles B. 25,28 Leighton, Andrew E. 72 Leland, Elisabeth
46 EHsabeth K. 42,43 Harriot 36, 36 Mary S. 48,5° Sarah 32, 33
Lewis, Charles 71 Phebe 14 Libby, Ann 53. 53 Aaron 57 Betsey 59.
61 Charlotte 13 Daniel 10 Libby, Daniel Jr. David Deborah Elisabeth
C. Esther Eunice George Jacob James Jane Josiah Lucy Lydia Martha
Mary Nathaniel Jr. Olive Phebe Phillip Phineas Richard Sally Sarah
Shuah Solomon Linscott, Joseph Littlefield, Daniel Stephen
Livingston, John Luther D. Locke, Calvin Ebenezer Hannah Lombard,
Eunice Long, Andrew Mary Longfellow, Samuel Lord, Fanny Daniel
W. Hannah James Nathan Rev. Wentworth William E. Low, John
Lowell, Abigail Eleanor Elisabeth John B. Moses Moses C. 39. 17. 74
74. 35. 39 56,58 35 67 21, 22 , II, 41 42 21, 25 21 32, 33 30 68, 99
61 S3, 54 71 69 67 19 75 75 77 36, 61 64 31 70 34 to II 32.33 42,
43 46, 47 72 70 73 13 52,53 54 43 76 59,61 32 68, 42 33 43 13 73
26 20 18 77 47 12 62, 64 32, 42, 14. 47.
 26o SACO RECORDS. Lowell, Olive S. 76 McKenny, Anna 9
Richard 23, 26 Andrew 69 Samuel 17, 21 Asa 74 Samuel Jr. 72
Benjamin 32.33 Sarah 16 Henry H. 72 William S. 4$, 5° Jeremiah 5°,
SI Lovejoy, John 38, 46 John , ' 10, 3°, 31 Lumbard, Alfred M. 63
Lucy ^7* Joshua 15' 19 Mary 32, . 33, 53. 56 Mary Ann 73 Mahoney,
Eugene 26 Nancy 30 Makepeace, Jesse 35.36 Olive 29.77 Manley,
Lyman 64, 66 Pamelia 40 Manson, Samuel 37>38 Samuel Jr. 10
Marshall, Abigail C. 3°> 31 Silas ■ 50.51 Isaac 62, 63 Susan 71
Isabella 45,47 Thomas 13, 18 Jeremiah , 72 McKissick, Aaron 26, 27
Joel, 23 Olive 13. 17 John 68 Patty 13 Mary A. 77 McLucas, Timothy
55. 57 Sally P. 40, 44 Means, Eleanor 32. 33 William 49 Eli as 24, 27
Marston, Comfort 44 George Jr. 55 John 17, 21 John 40, 41 Samuel
28,29 Mary 26,27 Sarah A. 68 Sarah 40 Marriner, John 15
Mehaney,';Mary 12 Mason, Abram T. 76 Merrell, Catherine W. 72 Ann
16, 19 Merrill, Abigail 38, 42 Elisabeth 19 Abraham 40 Joseph Jr. 72
Asa 33 Ruth 76 Edward 47 Sarah M. 76 Elisabeth 45 Matthews,
Alexander 67, 70 Eunice 12 Hannah 72 Giles 60, 63 Sally 64 Hannah
29 Maxwell, James 20 James 40, 41 Lydia 62 James 3d 52, 54 Mary
59' 61 Joshua 38,76 William 13 Joshua Jr. 37.38 May, William 39>
62, 63 Phineas 25. 52) 54 McArthur Patience 3I' 32 Rufus 42
McBride, Edward 12 Ruth 32. 33 McCullock, David 73. 75 Meserve,
Luke 66 McDonald, Washington S. 22 Simon 76 McGrath, Elisabeth
23 Meservey, Moses 67, 69 Richard 11 Samuel 14, 18 McKenny,
Aaron Jr. 71 Miller, John 56,58 Abner 22 Statira P. 3'^> 3^ Abner Jr.
56, 57 Millett, Morris B. 73 Alvin 72 Milliken, Abigail 16
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