What percentage of blood cells do leukocytes constitute?

A. 1%
B. 15%
C. 10%
D. 5%
ANSWER: A

Which component makes up the majority of blood plasma?

A. Proteins
B. Electrolytes
C. Water
D. Nutrients
ANSWER: C

Which primary function is associated with blood's role in hemostasis?

A. Maintaining temperature
B. Transporting nutrients
C. Facilitating digestion
D. Preventing blood loss
ANSWER: D

What is the average pH range of blood in a healthy individual?

A. 7.35 - 7.45
B. 7.0 - 7.4
C. 7.5 - 8.0
D. 6.5 - 7.0
ANSWER: A

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes in the human body?

A. 30 days
B. 60 days
C. 90 days
D. 120 days
ANSWER: D

What type of proteins in plasma primarily contribute to hemostasis?

A. Blood clotting proteins
B. Transport proteins
C. Carrier proteins
D. Globulins
ANSWER: A

Which of the following statements about venous blood is true?

A. It is darker than arterial blood.
B. It only contains red blood cells.
C. It is brighter red than arterial blood.
D. It carries more oxygen than arterial blood.
ANSWER: A

What is the main role of erythropoietin in blood cells?

A. To stimulate erythrocyte production
B. To promote white blood cell growth
C. To maintain plasma volume
D. To regulate platelet activity
ANSWER: A

What is NOT a primary function of blood?

A. Protection against disease
B. Regulation of temperature
C. Transportation of gases
D. Cellular respiration
ANSWER: D

What type of blood cell is primarily responsible for immune defense?

A. Erythrocytes
B. Platelets
C. Megakaryocytes
D. Leukocytes
ANSWER: D

What is the primary function of platelets in hemostasis?

A. Removing waste products from the blood
B. Stopping bleeding by forming a plug
C. Regulating body temperature
D. Transporting oxygen throughout the body
ANSWER: B

Which mechanism is involved in primary hemostasis?

A. Formation of a fibrin mesh
B. Activation of thrombin
C. Clotting factor cascade initiation
D. Vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation
ANSWER: D

Which factor is activated first in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation

cascade?
A. Factor IX
B. Factor XII
C. Factor X
D. Factor VII
ANSWER: B

What is the role of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

A. Providing nutrients to cells
B. Binding and transporting oxygen
C. Facilitating blood clotting
D. Transporting carbon dioxide only
ANSWER: B

What is a significant characteristic of type O blood?

A. Contains antibodies against RhD antigen
B. Can receive blood from any type
C. Has no A or B antigens
D. Has both A and B antigens
ANSWER: C

Where does heme degradation primarily occur?

A. Spleen
B. Bone marrow
C. Lungs
D. Liver
ANSWER: A

What defines Rh-negative individuals?

A. Absence of RhD antigen
B. Presence of RhD antigen
C. Absence of A antigens
D. Presence of B antibodies
ANSWER: A

What results from the binding of thrombin to fibrinogen?

A. Formation of a stable blood clot
B. Activation of prothrombin
C. Breakdown of fibrinogen
D. Production of erythrocytes
ANSWER: A

What is the primary composition of an erythrocyte in terms of hemoglobin?

A. Each erythrocyte contains 120 million hemoglobin molecules
B. Each erythrocyte contains 500 million hemoglobin molecules
C. Each erythrocyte contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules
D. Each erythrocyte contains no hemoglobin
ANSWER: C

What is the final product of heme degradation that contributes to the color of
feces?
A. Bilirubin
B. Urobilin
C. Cholesterol
D. Stercobilin
ANSWER: D

What is the primary function of blood in transportation?

A. Transporting hormones
B. Protecting against pathogens
C. Regulating body temperature
D. Facilitating digestion
ANSWER: A

Which statement accurately describes the composition of blood plasma?

A. It contains essential waste products only.
B. It has a significant amount of red blood cells.
C. It is made up of 10% proteins and 90% water.
D. It is primarily composed of water and includes proteins, nutrients, and
electrolytes.
ANSWER: D

In which location do blood cells originate?

A. Liver
B. Thymus
C. Bone marrow
D. Spleen
ANSWER: C

What characteristic of erythrocytes enhances their function in gas exchange?

A. Biconcave shape
B. Presence of organelles
C. High viscosity
D. Large size
ANSWER: A

What component in blood is crucial for maintaining pH stability?

A. White blood cells
B. Electrolytes
C. Hemoglobin
D. Platelets
ANSWER: B
What is the viscosity of blood relative to water?
A. 3-5 times more viscous than water
B. Less than water
C. Comparable to water
D. Exact same as water
ANSWER: A

Which of the following correctly describes erythropoietin?

A. It is responsible for white blood cell production.
B. It triggers platelet activation.
C. It regulates blood plasma levels.
D. It controls erythrocyte production.
ANSWER: D

What role do plasma proteins play in blood function?

A. Facilitating digestion
B. Contributing to blood clotting and immune functions
C. Carrying excess carbon dioxide
D. Transferring red blood cells
ANSWER: B

What is NOT a primary function of blood?

A. Protecting against blood loss
B. Digesting food
C. Transporting nutrients
D. Regulating body temperature
ANSWER: B

What is the approximate average range of human blood volume?

A. 1-2 liters
B. 4-6 liters
C. 7-8 liters
D. 3-4 liters
ANSWER: B

What triggers the activation of the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
A. Contact with negatively charged surfaces
B. Activation of platelets
C. Release of thromboxane A2
D. Exposure to tissue factor
ANSWER: A

Which component is crucial for the formation of a stable clot during secondary
hemostasis?
A. Fibrin mesh
B. Thrombopoietin
C. Platelet plug
D. Vasoconstriction
ANSWER: A

What is the role of thrombin in blood coagulation?

A. Degrades heme to bilirubin
B. Activates platelets
C. Converts prothrombin to fibrin
D. Stimulates red blood cell production
ANSWER: B

Which type of blood can an individual with type AB blood receive safely from any
blood type?
A. All blood types
B. Type O
C. Type B
D. Type A
ANSWER: A

How is platelet production primarily regulated in the body?

A. Thrombopoietin
B. Albumin
C. Erythropoietin
D. Fibrinogen
ANSWER: A

What is the main role of leukocytes in the body?

A. Regulating blood viscosity
B. Transporting oxygen
C. Defending against pathogens
D. Clotting blood
ANSWER: C

Which sequence represents the correct steps in heme formation?

A. ALA to porphobilinogen to protoporphyrin to heme
B. Linear tetrapyrrole to ALA to heme
C. Porphobilinogen to protoporphyrin to heme
D. Protoporphyrin to heme to ALA
ANSWER: A

What does the term 'hemostasis' refer to?

A. The degradation of heme
B. The transport of oxygen in blood
C. The process of stopping bleeding
D. The process of blood cell production
ANSWER: C

What happens to bilirubin after it is transported to the liver?

A. It is absorbed into the bloodstream
B. It is converted to iron
C. It is excreted as urobilin and stercobilin
D. It is transformed into thrombin
ANSWER: C

Which antigens are present in individuals with type O blood?

A. A and B antigens
B. Only A antigen
C. Only B antigen
D. Neither A nor B antigens
ANSWER: D

What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?

A. Fosters platelet aggregation
B. Carries hormones and minerals
C. Transports oxygen to tissues
D. Facilitates heme synthesis
ANSWER: B

Which enzyme is responsible for converting heme to biliverdin?

A. Heme oxygenase
B. Aminolevulinate dehydratase
C. Biliverdin reductase
D. Ferrochelatase
ANSWER: A

What is the first factor activated in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation
cascade?
A. Factor X
B. Factor VII
C. Factor XII
D. Factor IX
ANSWER: B

Which blood group produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies?

A. Type O
B. Type AB
C. Type A
D. Type B
ANSWER: A

What is the final product of the coagulation cascade that forms a stable clot?
A. Thrombin
B. Prothrombin
C. Fibrinogen
D. Fibrin
ANSWER: D

What is the role of thrombin in coagulation?

A. Transforms fibrin into prothrombin
B. Converts fibrinogen into fibrin
C. Activates platelet aggregation directly
D. Degrades biliverdin to bilirubin
ANSWER: B

Which substance is involved in forming the primary hemostatic plug?

A. Thrombin
B. Albumin
C. Platelets
D. Fibrin
ANSWER: C

What does a deficiency in glycosyltransferase lead to in terms of blood type?

A. Type AB blood
B. Type B blood
C. Type A blood
D. Type O blood
ANSWER: D

What is the first step in the primary hemostatic response?

A. Vasodilation
B. Coagulation cascade activation
C. Platelet aggregation
D. Vasoconstriction
ANSWER: D

What condition is associated with a buildup of porphyrins due to problems with heme
synthesis?
A. Hemophilia
B. Porphyria
C. Leukemia
D. Anemia
ANSWER: B

What is the primary component of blood plasma?

A. Proteins
B. Electrolytes
C. Waste products
D. Water
ANSWER: D

What are the small, anuclear cells involved in hemostasis called?

A. Platelets
B. Erythrocytes
C. Monocytes
D. Leukocytes
ANSWER: A

What hormone is responsible for the regulation of red blood cell production?
A. Insulin
B. Thrombopoietin
C. Hemoglobin
D. Erythropoietin
ANSWER: D

What is the main function of leukocytes in the blood?

A. Nutrient transport
B. Immune response
C. Clot formation
D. Oxygen transport
ANSWER: B

What is the average lifespan of platelets in the human body?

A. 30 days
B. 10 days
C. 120 days
D. 365 days
ANSWER: B

What is the primary structural shape of erythrocytes?

A. Biconcave
B. Cuboidal
C. Spherical
D. Columnar
ANSWER: A

Which of the following substances are NOT typically considered waste products in
blood plasma?
A. Amino acids
B. Urea
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Creatinine
ANSWER: A

What is the viscosity of blood relative to water?

A. 10 times less than water
B. Similar to water
C. 3-5 times greater than water
D. Less than water
ANSWER: C
What percentage of blood is comprised of cellular components?
A. 10-20%
B. 40-50%
C. 20-30%
D. 50-60%
ANSWER: B

Which of the following components is NOT found in blood plasma?

A. Nutrients
B. Waste products
C. Proteins
D. Red blood cells
ANSWER: D

What is the primary function of plasma in the bloodstream?

A. Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
B. Producing blood cells in the bone marrow
C. Initiating blood clotting mechanisms
D. Regulating electrolyte balance and pH
ANSWER: D

Which component primarily transports substances like fatty acids and cholesterol in
blood?
A. Platelets
B. Plasma proteins
C. Red blood cells
D. White blood cells
ANSWER: B

What is the average volume range of blood in a healthy adult human?

A. 4 to 6 liters
B. 6 to 8 liters
C. 2 to 4 liters
D. 8 to 10 liters
ANSWER: A

Which characteristic of erythrocytes enhances their efficiency in gas exchange?

A. Absence of hemoglobin
B. High viscosity
C. Biconcave shape
D. Presence of organelles
ANSWER: C

How does venous blood typically appear compared to arterial blood?

A. Lighter in color
B. Transparent
C. Bubbly in appearance
D. Darker in color
ANSWER: D

What is the primary role of hormones in the plasma?

A. Transporting nutrients
B. Regulating various cellular and organ functions
C. Building blood cells in the marrow
D. Coagulating blood during injury
ANSWER: B

What is the major fluid component of blood, constituting 50-60% of its volume?
A. Lymph
B. Cytoplasm
C. Plasma
D. Serum
ANSWER: C

Which molecules are primarily transported in plasma that provide insight into a
person's metabolic state?
A. Metabolite concentrations
B. Hormones and enzymes
C. Electrolytes and fatty acids
D. Carbon dioxide and urea
ANSWER: A

What type of cells are predominantly involved in the immune response found in
blood?
A. Thrombocytes
B. Leukocytes
C. Plasma cells
D. Erythrocytes
ANSWER: B

What is a significant characteristic of blood viscosity when compared to water?

A. Lower than water
B. Equal to water
C. Higher than water
D. Inconsistent with water
ANSWER: C

What antigen modification is present in type A individuals?

A. D-galactose
B. Galacturonic acid
C. N-acetylgalactosamine
D. Fucose
ANSWER: C

Why are type O individuals considered universal donors?

A. They lack both A and B antigens.
B. They have only A antigen.
C. They have both A and B antigens.
D. They have only B antigen.
ANSWER: A

What consequence can arise from incompatible blood transfusions?

A. Red blood cell lysis
B. Increased blood pressure
C. Decreased white blood cell count
D. Clotting of platelets
ANSWER: A

Which blood type possesses anti-B antibodies?

A. Type A
B. Type AB
C. Type B
D. Type O
ANSWER: A

What is the main difference between Rh-positive and Rh-negative individuals?

A. Presence of the A antigen
B. Presence of anti-Rh antibodies
C. Presence of the D antigen
D. Presence of the B antigen
ANSWER: C

When do Rh antibodies typically develop in individuals?

A. During regular blood donations
B. After exposure to Rh positive blood
C. At birth
D. After vaccination
ANSWER: B

Which blood type can type AB individuals safely receive from all types?
A. Type AB
B. Type B
C. Type A
D. Type O
ANSWER: A

What causes individuals with type O blood to lack A and B antigens?

A. Excessive leukocyte activity
B. A deficiency in glycosyltransferase enzyme
C. Presence of anti-A antibodies
D. A mutation in the hemoglobin gene
ANSWER: B

Testing for Rh factors is particularly crucial in which scenario?

A. Pregnancy
B. Routine blood donations
C. Post-surgical recovery
D. Before surgery
ANSWER: A

How do antibodies in the plasma of individuals relate to their blood type?

A. They are produced in response to A and B antigens.
B. They are identical for all blood types.
C. They promote the synthesis of antigens.
D. They inhibit blood clotting.
ANSWER: A

What triggers vasoconstriction during primary hemostasis?

A. Release of thromboxane A2
B. Platelet aggregation
C. Contact with foreign surfaces
D. Formation of fibrinogen
ANSWER: A

Which component is responsible for the stability of the secondary hemostatic plug?
A. Thrombopoietin
B. Platelet factors
C. Fibrin
D. Collagen
ANSWER: C

What is the role of erythropoietin?

A. To facilitate immune defense
B. To stimulate red blood cell production
C. To initiate the coagulation cascade
D. To regulate platelet production
ANSWER: B

How is bilirubin primarily excreted from the body?

A. Through the skin via sweat
B. Through urine as urobilin
C. Through bile into the feces
D. Through the lungs as carbon dioxide
ANSWER: C

Which of the following describes the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?
A. It activates prothrombin directly
B. It is initiated by contact with foreign surfaces
C. It is activated by damaged tissue
D. It begins with the activation of factor VII
ANSWER: B

What is the approximate lifespan of platelets in circulation?

A. 120 days
B. 3 days
C. 10 days
D. 30 days
ANSWER: C

Which molecule is the final product formed from the breakdown of heme?
A. Biliverdin
B. Urobilin
C. Stercobilin
D. Bilirubin glucuronide
ANSWER: C

What is the primary role of leukocytes?

A. Facilitating clotting
B. Transporting oxygen
C. Regulating blood volume
D. Defending against pathogens
ANSWER: D

What initiates the coagulation cascade in secondary hemostasis?

A. Tissue factor activation
B. Platelet aggregation
C. Fibrin formation
D. Vasoconstriction
ANSWER: A

What defines the role of heme in hemoglobin?

A. Regulating blood pressure
B. Binding to carbon dioxide
C. Carrying oxygen
D. Initiating clotting
ANSWER: C

What is the primary purpose of the extracellular matrix in blood?

A. To provide a medium for blood cells to circulate
B. To regulate body temperature
C. To carry oxygen throughout the body
D. To store nutrients for blood cells
ANSWER: A

What can be inferred about the composition of blood plasma?

A. It consists mainly of red blood cells
B. It is less viscous than blood cells
C. Water is a significant component, making up about 95%
D. It contains no nutrients or waste products
ANSWER: C

Which factor directly influences the production of erythrocytes?

A. Hemoglobin concentration
B. Platelet production
C. Erythropoietin levels
D. Leukocyte count
ANSWER: C

Which of the following describes the primary role of leukocytes in blood?

A. Regulating blood viscosity
B. Clotting blood to prevent loss
C. Transporting nutrients to the cells
D. Defending against pathogens
ANSWER: D

How does venous blood differ from arterial blood?

A. Venous blood contains more white blood cells
B. Venous blood is less viscous
C. Venous blood carries more nutrients
D. Venous blood is darker in color
ANSWER: D

Which component accounts for approximately 40 to 50% of blood volume?

A. Waste products
B. Water
C. Blood cells
D. Proteins
ANSWER: C

What is the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

A. To transport carbon dioxide only
B. To bind and transport oxygen
C. To regulate blood viscosity
D. To produce energy for the cells
ANSWER: B

What is the average volume of blood in a human body?

A. 6 to 8 liters
B. 1 to 2 liters
C. 3 to 5 liters
D. 4 to 6 liters
ANSWER: D

What maintains the narrow pH range of blood within 7.35 to 7.45?

A. Bicarbonate buffering system
B. Hemoglobin concentration
C. Production of white blood cells
D. Excess plasma proteins
ANSWER: A

What is the function of platelets in the blood?

A. Regulating pH levels
B. Transporting oxygen
C. Fighting infections
D. Facilitating blood clotting
ANSWER: D

What is the role of thrombopoietin in the body?

A. Promotes iron absorption
B. Stimulates platelet production
C. Inhibits red blood cell formation
D. Regulates blood viscosity
ANSWER: B

Which component is primarily responsible for transporting bilirubin in the blood?

A. Globulins
B. Albumin
C. Cholesterol
D. Fibrinogen
ANSWER: B

What happens to protoporphyrin during heme formation?

A. It is converted to collagen
B. It breaks down into bilirubin
C. It is synthesized from hemoglobin
D. It chelates with iron to form heme
ANSWER: D

Which substance initiates the coagulation cascade during secondary hemostasis?

A. Platelet factor 3
B. Tissue factor
C. Calcium ions
D. Thrombin
ANSWER: B

Which of the following is a major step in the degradation of heme?

A. Cleavage of hemoglobin into chains
B. Conversion to protoporphyrin
C. Formation of urobilin
D. Formation of bilirubin glucuronide
ANSWER: D

What occurs during the primary hemostasis process following blood vessel injury?
A. Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin
B. Vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow
C. Platelets aggregate to form a plug
D. Hemoglobin levels increase
ANSWER: C

Which enzyme is crucial for the final step of heme synthesis?

A. Heme oxygenase
B. Globulin synthase
C. Ferrochelatase
D. Biliverdin reductase
ANSWER: C

What is the expected outcome of platelet activation during primary hemostasis?

A. Shape change and aggregation
B. Release of red blood cells
C. Enhancement of blood flow
D. Decrease in thromboxane A2 production
ANSWER: A
What is the final product of heme breakdown that contributes to the yellow color of
urine?
A. Urobilin
B. Stercobilin
C. Fibrin
D. Bilirubin glucuronide
ANSWER: A

Which process primarily involves the formation of a stable mesh to stop bleeding?
A. Vascular remodeling
B. Platelet activation
C. Blood coagulation
D. Vasoconstriction
ANSWER: C

Which component of blood contains nutrients such as amino acids and sugars?
A. Plasma
B. Platelets
C. Erythrocytes
D. Leukocytes
ANSWER: A

What is the primary role of leukocytes in blood?

A. Transport oxygen
B. Participate in blood clotting
C. Regulate body temperature
D. Fight pathogens
ANSWER: D

What is the primary purpose of hemostasis in blood?

A. Regulate pH
B. Transport hormones
C. Maintain electrolyte balance
D. Prevent blood loss
ANSWER: D

Which of the following best describes the pH range of healthy human blood?
A. 8.0 to 8.5
B. 7.0 to 7.2
C. 6.5 to 7.0
D. 7.35 to 7.45
ANSWER: D

What type of cells are platelets derived from?

A. Myocytes
B. Megakaryocytes
C. Erythrocytes
D. Leukocytes
ANSWER: B

Which protein in plasma is primarily responsible for maintaining the osmotic

pressure?
A. Globulins
B. Albumin
C. Hemoglobin
D. Fibrinogen
ANSWER: B

What characteristic of erythrocytes increases their efficiency in gas exchange?

A. High viscosity
B. Round shape
C. Biconcave shape
D. Presence of nuclei
ANSWER: C

How is the production of red blood cells primarily regulated?

A. By erythropoietin
B. By albumin
C. By platelets
D. By leukocytes
ANSWER: A

Which waste product is commonly found in blood and is a result of muscle activity?
A. Glucose
B. Urea
C. Creatinine
D. Cholesterol
ANSWER: C

What is the approximate blood volume in an adult human?

A. 3-4 liters
B. 4-6 liters
C. 6-8 liters
D. 2-3 liters
ANSWER: B

What is the role of thrombopoietin in the body?

A. Regulates production of platelets
B. Stimulates production of red blood cells
C. Regulates blood pH levels
D. Aids in hemoglobin synthesis
ANSWER: A

What process occurs during primary hemostasis?

A. Formation of a fibrin mesh
B. Platelet plug formation
C. Activation of thrombin
D. Vasodilation of blood vessels
ANSWER: B

In the blood coagulation cascade, what initiates the extrinsic pathway?

A. Activated factor XII
B. Exposure to collagen
C. Contact with damaged tissue
D. Presence of fibrinogen
ANSWER: C

Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin?

A. Ferrochelatase
B. Biliverdin reductase
C. Heme oxygenase
D. Thrombin
ANSWER: B

What is the main function of the fibrin mesh in hemostasis?

A. Reinforces the platelet plug
B. Initiates platelet activation
C. Stimulates blood vessel dilation
D. Converts prothrombin to thrombin
ANSWER: A

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

A. Type O negative
B. Type A
C. Type B
D. Type AB
ANSWER: A

What key factor is activated first in the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation?
A. Factor VII
B. Factor XII
C. Factor V
D. Factor X
ANSWER: B

What is the final product of heme degradation that is excreted in urine?

A. Biliverdin
B. Urobilin
C. Stercobilin
D. Hemoglobin
ANSWER: B

What defines individuals with Type AB blood in terms of antibodies?

A. They have antibodies against both A and B antigens.
B. They lack any antibodies against A or B antigens.
C. They only have anti-B antibodies.
D. They produce anti-A antibodies.
ANSWER: B

Which condition is associated with a deficiency in enzymes involved in heme

synthesis?
A. Hemophilia
B. Anemia
C. Porphyria
D. Leukemia
ANSWER: C

Which component of blood plasma is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic

pressure?
A. Albumin
B. Water
C. Fibrinogen
D. Globulins
ANSWER: A

What is the primary role of red blood cells in the body?

A. Clot formation
B. Immune defense
C. Nutrient absorption
D. Oxygen transportation
ANSWER: D

Which of the following is a function of blood in regulating the body?

A. Nutrient storage
B. Immune response enhancement
C. Hormone production
D. Electrolyte balance
ANSWER: D

What is the average volume of blood in an adult human body?

A. 4-6 liters
B. 2-3 liters
C. 8-10 liters
D. 10-12 liters
ANSWER: A

Which substance is NOT transported in blood plasma?

A. Urea
B. Glycogen
C. Bilirubin
D. Glucose
ANSWER: B

What characteristic distinguishes venous blood from arterial blood?

A. Venous blood contains less oxygen
B. Venous blood is brighter in color
C. Venous blood has fewer red blood cells
D. Venous blood has a higher pH
ANSWER: A

Which of the following describes the composition of blood?

A. Only liquid components
B. Gaseous and liquid components
C. Cells and a liquid matrix
D. Cells only
ANSWER: C

What is a key indicator of metabolic processes that can be observed in plasma

analysis?
A. Concentration of electrolytes
B. Hemoglobin levels
C. Rapid white blood cell response
D. Presence of antibodies
ANSWER: A

Which component of blood helps to stop bleeding?

A. Red blood cells
B. Platelets
C. Plasma proteins
D. White blood cells
ANSWER: B

Which blood cell type is primarily responsible for fighting infections?

A. Thrombocytes
B. Erythrocytes
C. Plasma cells
D. Leukocytes
ANSWER: D

What triggers platelet activation during primary hemostasis?

A. Rapid blood flow
B. High blood pressure
C. Chemical signals like ADP and collagen
D. Increased oxygen levels
ANSWER: C
What is the first step in heme synthesis?
A. Conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin
B. Assembly of linear tetrapyrrole
C. Condensation of succinyl CoA and glycine
D. Formation of protoporphyrin
ANSWER: C

Which factor is activated first in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation

cascade?
A. Factor 12
B. Factor 10
C. Factor 7
D. Factor 11
ANSWER: C

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

A. Oxygen transport
B. Regulation of blood pressure
C. Nutrient delivery
D. Defense against pathogens
ANSWER: D

What is the significance of the Rh antigen in blood typing?

A. It classifies individuals as Rh positive or negative
B. It affects oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin
C. It influences platelet lifespan
D. It determines the viscosity of blood
ANSWER: A

How do erythrocytes maximize space for hemoglobin?

A. By lacking organelles
B. By having a thick membrane
C. By containing multiple nuclei
D. By increasing their mass
ANSWER: A

What happens to bilirubin after it is conjugated in the liver?

A. It becomes urobilin
B. It re-enters the circulation
C. It is excreted in bile
D. It is stored in the spleen
ANSWER: C

Which blood type is known as the universal donor?

A. Type A
B. Type O
C. Type AB
D. Type B
ANSWER: B

What constitutes the secondary hemostatic plug?

A. An increase in white blood cell count
B. A fibrin mesh formed from fibrinogen
C. Red blood cell aggregation
D. A temporary protein barrier
ANSWER: B

What is the function of albumin in blood?

A. Activate platelets
B. Transport oxygen
C. Bind and transport various molecules
D. Break down bilirubin
ANSWER: C