KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g

eZ©gv‡b KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g ej‡Z Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wWfvB‡m †WUv, dvBj,
Z_¨ BZ¨vw` ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi c×wZ‡K KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g e‡j|
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi aviYv: Kw¤úDUvi wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv h‡š¿i gva¨‡g †WUv‡K GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wKsev GK wWfvBm n‡Z Ab¨ wWfvB‡m ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
cÖwµqvB n‡”Q †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb| GB cÖwµqvq Kgc‡ÿ `ywU c‡ÿi g‡a¨ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb n‡q _v‡K|
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Dcv`vb: †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi cuvPwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb n‡jv:
1. †g‡mR (Message) ev evZ©v 2. †cÖiK (Transmitter/Sender)

3. MÖvnK ev cÖvcK (Recever) 4. KwgDwb‡Kkb P¨v‡bj ev gva¨g (Channel or Medium) I

5. cÖ‡UvKj (Protocol) ev wbqg-bxwZ|

e¨vÛDBW&_: †WUv UªvÝwgkb w¯úW

GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wKsev GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii nvi‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb ¯úxW e‡j| GB UªvÝwgkb ¯úx‡K A‡bK mgq Bandwidth ev Band
ejv nq| GB e¨vÛDB_ mvaviYZ Bit per Second (bps) G wnmve Kiv nq| GB †WUv UªvÝdvi MwZi Dci wfwË K‡i KwgDwb‡Kkb MwZ‡K wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v:
1. b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ (Narrow Band) 2. f‡qm e¨vÛ (Voice Band) 3. eªW e¨vÛ (Broad Band)
b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ (Narrow Band): b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ mvaviYZ:45 †_‡K 300 bps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K, G †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi MwZ‡K b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ ev Sub-VoiceBand e‡j| GB
e¨vÛ axi MwZ †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq| †UwjMÖvwd‡Z D³ e¨vÛ‡K e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvQvov Uz I‡q †iwWI ev IqvwK-UwK‡ZI b¨v‡iv e¨vÛ e¨eüZ nq|
f‡qm e¨vÛ (Voice Band): GBe¨v‡Ûi (‡WUv MwZ 9600 bps ch©šÍ)n‡q _v‡K| GwU mvaviYZ †Uwj‡dv‡b †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq| Z‡e Kw¤úDUvi †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kk‡b Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K wcÖ›Uv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î, KvW© wiWvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î, Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ wKQz †cwi‡dwiqvj
hš¿cvwZi ms‡hvM‡I GB e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq|
eªW e¨vÛ (Broad Band): D”PMwZ m¤úbœ †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi e¨vÛDBW&_ hvi MwZ Kgc‡ÿ 1 †gMv weU cvi †m‡KÛ ev mbps n‡Z AZ¨šÍ D”P MwZm¤úbœ †hgb- 1 wMMv
weU cvi †m‡KÛ ev Gbps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| G‡K IqvBW e¨vÛI ejv nq| †Kv-Gw·qvj, UzB‡÷W †cqvi I AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡j †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i eªW e¨Û †WUv
UªvÝwgkb e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvQvov IqvB-dvB, IqvB-g¨v·mn wKQz Iq¨vi‡jm ev Zviwenxb KwgDwb‡KkbI GB e¨vÛ e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W (Data Transmission Methods)
mgvšÍivj ev c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb (Parallel data transmission) I Abyµg ev wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb (Serial data transmission)|
c¨vivjvj ev mgvšÍivj †WUv UªvÝwgkb (Parallel data transmission)
‡cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ mgvšÍivjfv‡e †WUv PjvPj Ki‡j Zv‡K mgvšÍivj ev c¨vivjvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb e‡j| ‡hgb-GKwU Zvi ev K¨ve‡ji †fZi w`‡q 1
evBU ev 8wU weU cvkvcvwk 8wU c„_K jvB‡bi gva¨‡g Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Abyµg ev wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb (Serial data transmission): ‡cÖiK ev cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ Abyµ‡g ev avivevwnKfv‡e GKwU we‡Ui ci Aci GKwU weU
PjvPj Ki‡j Zv‡K Abyµg ev wmwiqvj ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb e‡j| wmwiqvj KwgDwb‡Kk‡b GKwUi ci GKwU, A_©vr 1 evBU ev 8 we‡Ui †WUv chv©qµ‡g 1 weU
K‡i Av`vq-cÖ`vb K‡i| g‡Wg, gvDm, Kx-‡evW© Ges AviI wKQz h‡š¿ wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb: Abyµg ev wmwiqvj †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ‡Z wmMb¨vj cvVv‡bvi mgq wewfbœ we‡Ui g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi Rb¨ e¨eüZ c×wZ‡K ejv nq
weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb| weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rk‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ‡Z wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
1. Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Asynchronous Transmission)
2. wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Synchronous Transmission) I
3. AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Isochronous Transmission)|
Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Asynchronous Transmission): †h †WUv UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡g †cÖiK n‡Z †WUv MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q K¨v‡‡i±vi evB K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU
nq Zv‡K Gwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j| GB †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
GKwU K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU nevi ci Av‡iKwU K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU Kivi gvSLv‡bi weiwZ memgq mgvb bv n‡q wfbœ wfbœI n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU K¨v‡i±v‡ii
ïiæ‡Z GKwU ÷vU© weU Ges †k‡l GKwU A_ev `yÔwU ÷c weU UªvÝwgU Kiv nq| G ai‡bi †WUv ‡WUv UªvÝwgkb‡K ÷vU©/÷c UªvÝwgkbI ejv nq|
wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Synchronous Transmission): ‡h UªvÝwgkb wm‡÷‡g †WUv‡K cÖ_‡g cÖv_wgK †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡m msiÿY Kiv nq Ges Zvici
†WUvi K¨v‡i±vimg~n‡K eøK (c¨v‡KU) AvKv‡i fvM K‡i, cÖwZev‡i GKwU K‡i eøK UªvÝwgkb Kiv nq Zvv‡K wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j| 80 †_‡K 132 wU
K¨v‡i±vi wb‡q GKwU K‡i eøK MwVZ nq| cÖwZ K¨v‡i±¨‡ii ïiæ I †k‡l Start Ges Stop bit Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
ICT Lecture # 02 3
AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Isochronous Transmission): AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb wmb‡µvbv‡miB DbœZ fvm©b ev gwWwd‡Kkb| G c×wZ‡Z cici
`ywU eø‡Ki ga¨eZx© weiwZ mgq cÖvq k~Y¨ GKK Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| wi‡qj UvBg †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii †ÿ‡Î G c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgb- AwWI ev wfwWI
†WUv UªvÝdv‡ii †ÿ‡Î G c×wZ e¨eüZ nq|
‡WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW (Data Transmission Mode): Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii ‡ÿ‡Î †WUv cÖev‡ni w`K‡K ‡WUv UªvÝgwkb †gvW ejv nq| †WUv
cÖev‡ni w`‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv-
1. wmg‡cø· (Simplex) 2. nvd-Wz‡cø· (Half-Duplex) 3. dzj-Wz‡cø· (Full-Duplex)
wmg‡cø· (Simplex): wmg‡cø· †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gv‡W †KejgvÎ GKw`‡K †WUv †cÖi‡Yi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| D`vniY- †iwWI Ges wUwf eªWKv÷, Kw¤úDUvi
†_‡K wcÖ›Uv‡i †WUv †cÖiY, Kx-‡evW© †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv †cÖiY BZ¨vw`|
nvd-Wz‡cø· (Half-Duplex): nvd-Wz‡cø· †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gv‡W Dfq w`K †_‡K †WUv ‡cÖi‡Yi ev MÖn‡bi my‡hvM _v‡K, Z‡e Zv GKB mg‡q ev hyMcr
m¤¢e bq| D`vniY-IqvwK UwK|
dzj-Wz‡cø· (Full-Duplex): dzj-Wz‡cø· †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gv‡W GKB mg‡q Dfq w`K n‡Z †WUv †cÖi‡Yi e¨e¯’v _v‡K| D`vniY- †Uwj‡dvb, ‡gvevBj|
‡WUv weZiY ev †Wwjfvwi †gvW (Delivery Mode): cÖvc‡Ki msL¨v I †WUv MÖn‡Yi AwaKv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K wZb fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq; h_v-
1. BDwbKv÷ (Unicast); 2. gvwëKv÷ (Multicast); 3. eªWKv÷ (Broadcast)|

BDwbKv÷ (Unicast): BDwbKv÷ e¨e¯’vq GKwU ‡cÖiK †_‡K ïaygvÎ GKwU cÖvcKB †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK cÖvcK GKmv‡_ †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| GRb¨ wmg‡cø·, nvd-Wz‡cø· I dzj-Wz‡cø· †gvW‡K BDwbKv÷ (Unicast) ‡gvWI ejv nq| BDwbKv÷ e¨e¯’vq A ‡bvW †_‡K †Kvb †WUv ‡cÖiY
Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯Í GKwUgvÎ †bvW-B (‡hgb- C Kw¤úDUvi) MÖnY Ki‡e GwU 1 †_‡K 1 (1 to 1) ‡gvW bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
A¨vwbKv÷ (Anycast): A¨vwbKv÷ e¨e¯’vq GKwU †cÖiK †_‡K m¤¢ve¨ cÖvcK‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡K U‡cvjwRK¨vjfv‡e wbKUZg GKwUgvÎ cÖvcKB †WUv MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| wWGbGm, K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs wm‡÷g, IPv6 BZ¨vw`‡Z A¨vwbKv÷ e¨eüZ nq|
eªWKv÷ (Broadcast): eªWKv÷ †gv‡W †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb GKwU †bvW (Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb hš¿cvwZ) †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i
Aaxb¯Í mKj †bvW-B MÖnY K‡i| †hgb wUwf m¤úªPvi †K›`ª †_‡K †Kvb gywf m¤úªPvi Ki‡j Zv mK‡jB MÖnY K‡i Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU
†cÖiK †_‡K †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯’ mKj cÖvcKB †WUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GwU 1 †_‡K mKj (1 to All) ‡gvW bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
gvwëKv÷ (Multicast): gvwëKv÷ †gvW eªWKv÷ †gv‡Wi gZB Z‡e cv_©K¨ n‡jv gvwëKv÷ †gv‡W †bUIqv‡K©i ‡Kvb GKwU †bvW †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY
Ki‡j Zv †bUIqv‡K©i Aaxb¯Í mKj †bvWB MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡hgb wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs‡qi †ÿ‡Î ïaygvÎ hv‡`i AbygwZ _vK‡e ZvivB AskMÖnY Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| GwU 1 †_‡K N (1 to N) ‡gvW bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
wRIKv÷ (Geocast): bv‡g Av‡iK ai‡bi †WUv †Wwjfvwi †gvW i‡q‡Q hv †Kvb GKwU †cÖiK †_‡K †Kvb †fŠMwjK Ae¯’v‡bi mKj cÖvcKB †WUv MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU g~jZt GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi gvwëKv÷ †gvW hv‡Z †fŠMwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i cÖvc‡Ki MÖæc Kiv nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv †h‡Z
cv‡i †h, †Kvb cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©‡Mi AvMvg Lei (†hgb-mvB‡K¬vb ev eb¨v) ïaygvÎ †`‡ki DcK~jxq A‡ji Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU cÖPvi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb ZLb Zv
GB †gv‡W m¤úªPvi Kiv nq|
‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨g (Media): ‡WUv wewbgq Kivi Rb¨ P¨v‡b‡ji mywbw`©ó ÿgZv _v‡K hv‡K e¨vÛDBW_& ev weU †iU ev †WUv cvi †m‡KÛ ejv
nq| GB P¨v‡bj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi gva¨g (Medium) e¨eüZ Kiv nq| †WUv PjvP‡ji wgwWqvI ejv nq| KwgDwb‡Kkb gva¨g `yB ai‡bi
†`Lv hvq| h_v-
1. MvB‡WW (Guided) wgwWqv ev Zvi gva¨g (Wired): MvB‡WW UªvÝwgkb wgwWqv‡Z Zi½mg~n wbav©wiZ ˆ`wnK c_ a‡i cwiPvwjZ nq| D`vniY-
mvaviY †Uwj‡dvb K¨vej ev Zvi, dvBevi AcwUK jvBb K¨vej BZ¨vw` gva¨g|
2. AvbMvB‡WW (Unguided) wgwWqv ev Zviwenxb ev †eZvi gva¨g: AvbMvB‡WW wgwWqv‡Z, Zi½mg~n B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK wmMb¨v‡ji AvKv‡i gy³
¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g ågY K‡i| D`vniY-‡eZvi Zi½, gvB‡µvI‡qf, f~-DcMÖn e¨e¯’v, Bbd«v‡iW BZ¨vw`|
Zvi ev K¨vej gva¨g (Wired)
K¨vej wewfbœ ai‡bi nq| Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ K¨vej¸‡jvi eûj e¨envi jÿYxq-
▪ ‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej (Coaxial Cable) `ywU cwievnx I Acwievnx ev cviv‰e`ywZK c`v‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi Kiv nq| †fZ‡ii cwievnx‡K Av”Qvw`Z
Kivi Rb¨ Ges evwn‡ii cwievnx †_‡K c„_K ivLvi Rb¨ G‡`i gvSLv‡b Acwievnx c`v_© _v‡K|
▪ ‡Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji e¨envi: †Uwjwfkb †bUIqvK©, wWk wUwf ev K¨vej wUwf ‡bUIqvK©, wmwm wUwf †bUIqvK©, Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© BZ¨vw`‡Z eûj
e¨eüZ nq| `yÔwU cÖhyw³ †Kv-Gw·qvj K¨ve‡ji mvnv‡h¨ ‰Zwi Kiv nq| h_v-
1. w_b‡bU (Thinnet): wiwcUvi (repeater) e¨ZxZ GB cÖhyw³‡Z m‡ev©”P 200 wgUvi `~i‡Z¡ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 10 †gMvevBU †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
GB Zv‡ii e¨vm mvaviYZ 0.25 Bw n‡q _v‡K| GB ai‡bi K¨vej nvjKv I †d¬w·ej ev bgbxq n‡q _v‡K|

4 ICTLecture #02
2. w_K‡bU (Thicknet): GB cÖhyw³‡Z m‡ev©”P 500 wgUvi `~i‡Z¡ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 10 †gMvevBU †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| GB ai‡bi K¨vej fvix,
†gvUv I bb-‡d¬w·ej nq|
▪ UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej (Twisted Pair Cable) `ywU cwievnx Zvi‡K ci¯úi mylgfv‡e †cuwP‡q UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej ˆZwi Kiv nq| †cuPv‡bv Zvi
`ywU‡K c„_K ivLvi Rb¨ G‡`i gv‡S Acwievnx c`v_© e¨envi Kiv nq| UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej `yB ai‡bi| h_v-

1. AveiYnxb UzB‡÷W †cqvi (Unshielded Twisted Pair = UTP) 2. AveiYhy³ UzB‡÷W †cqvi (Shielded Twisted Pair = STP)
wewfbœ Zvi ev K¨ve‡ji Zzjbv:
‰ewkó¨ UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej ‡Kv-A¨vw·qvj K¨vej dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej
e¨vÛDBW_& 10 Mbps-1 Gbps 10 Mbps 10 Mbps -10 Gbps
m‡ev©”P K¨vej ˆ`N©¨ 100 wgUvi 200-250 wgUvi 2-100 wK‡jvwgUvi
wbivcËv `ye©j `ye©j D”P
evKvu‡bvi †KvY 360 wWwMÖ/dzU 360 wWwMÖ/dzU 30 wWwMÖ/dzU
B›Uvidv‡iÝ †iwUs `ye©j UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ii Zzjbvq A‡cÿvK…Z fvj Lye fvj
LiP m¯Ív UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨ve‡ji Zzjvbvq `vgx D”P `vg
Zviwenxb gva¨g (Wireless): AvbMvB‡WW wgwWqv
1901 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m BUvwjqvb c`v_©we` ¸wj‡qj‡gv gv‡K©vwb (Guglielmo Marconi) RvnvR †_‡K mgy`ª DcK~‡j †gvk© †KvW e¨envi K‡i
me©cÖ_g †eZvi ev Iq¨vi‡jm †UwjMÖv‡di gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM mdj K‡ib| 1899 mv‡j †KvjKvZvi †cÖwm‡WÝx K‡j‡Ri Aa¨vcK evsjv‡`kx weÁvbx m¨vi
RM`xk P›`ª emy †iwWI Zi½ MÖnYKvix hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| †iwWI weÁv‡bi RbK wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i| ‡Kvb cÖKvi Zvi ev K¨ve‡ji evwn¨K ms‡hvM
e¨envi bv K‡iB Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †h gva¨‡g e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡KB Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqv e‡j| Iq¨vi‡jm wgwWqv‡Z B‡j±ªvg¨vM‡bwUK †iwW‡qkb
ev wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
‡eZvi Zi½ ev †iwWI I‡qf: 3 wK‡jvnvU©R †_‡K 300 wMMvnvU©‡Ri g‡a¨ mxwgZ B‡j±ªvg¨vM‡bwUK †¯úªKUªvg‡K ejv nq †iwWI I‡qf| hw`I Kvh©Z 10
wK‡jvnvU©R †_‡K 1 wMMvnvU©‡Ri †iwWI I‡q‡ei e¨envi †`Lv hvq| ms‡KZ †cÖi‡Yi MwZ‡eM cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û cÖvq 64 wK‡jvweUm ( Kbps)| †iwWI
KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡g cÖavbZ GGg eªWKv÷, GdGg eªWKv÷ I gvB‡µvI‡qf eªWKv÷ bvgK c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| †iwWI I‡qf `yB ai‡bi n‡q
_v‡K| GKwU n‡”Q wbqwš¿Z Ges AciwU n‡”Q Awbqwš¿Z|
gvB‡µvI‡qf (Mierowave): 300 MHz †_‡K 300 GHzB‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †¯úKUªvg n‡jv gvB‡µvI‡qf| mvaviYZ 2 GHz wd«Kz‡qwÝ ev Gi AwaK
wd«Kz‡qw݇Z †WUv UªvÝwgU Kiv nq, d‡j ms‡KZ wbw`©ó w`K AwfgyLx nq| gvB‡µvI‡qf UªvÝwgk‡bi Rb¨ wZbwU kZ© i‡q‡Q| kZ©¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
1. gvB‡µvI‡qf ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ wWk AvK…wZi A¨v‡›Ubvi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
2. †cÖiK †÷kb I cÖvcK †÷kb‡K GKB mij‡iLv eivei (Line of Sight)_vK‡Z nq|
3. UªvÝwgkb c‡_ †Kv‡bv evav _vK‡j †WUv UªvÝwgU Kiv hvq bv|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †WUv, AwWI, Qwe Ges wfwWI gvB‡µvI‡qf ¯ú›`‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i UªvÝwgU Kiv hvq| G gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ `yB fv‡e †WUv UªvÝwgU Kiv hvq|
†hgb :
1. f~c„‡ô gvB‡µvI‡qf ms‡hvM (Terrestrial Microwave)
2. f~-DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g gvB‡µvI‡qf ms‡hvM (Satellite Microwave)
98 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
1. f~c„‡ô gvB‡µvI‡qf ms‡hvM: f~c„‡ô G gva¨g ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Db¥y³ GjvKvq 25-30 gvBj cici Ges Db¥y³ bq Ggb GjvKvi Rb¨ AviI Kg
`~i‡Z¡ UªvÝwgkb †÷kb ¯’vcb Kiv nq| cÖwZwU UªvÝwgkb †÷kb c~e©eZ©x †÷k‡bi †cÖwiZ `ye©j n‡q cov ms‡KZ MÖnY K‡i weewa©Z (Amplify)K‡i
cieZ©x †÷k‡b †cªiY K‡i| eo UvIqvi, DuPz wewìs ev cvnv‡o Gme †÷kb ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
2. f~-DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g gvB‡µvI‡qf ms‡hvM: c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ gvB‡µvI‡qf ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨vcKfv‡e K…wÎg DcMÖn e¨envi Kiv nq|
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ †`‡ki cÖvq 1500 K…wÎg DcMÖn c„w_exi welye‡iLvi 36000 wK‡jvwgUvi Ici w`‡q GKB K¶ eivei c„w_ex‡K
cÖ`w¶Y Ki‡Q| mvaviYZ †cÖiK hš¿ 6 GHz (600 †KvwU) K¤úbwewkó gvB‡µvI‡qf ms‡KZ DcMÖ‡ni w`‡K UªvÝwgU K‡i| DcMÖ‡n †cuŠQv‡bvi ci
G ms‡KZ AZ¨šÍ `ye©j n‡q c‡o| DcMÖ‡n mshy³ UªvÝcÛvi¸‡jv `ye©j n‡q cov ms‡KZ‡K kw³kvjx (Amplify)K‡i 4 GHz(400 †KvwU) wewkó
ms‡K‡Z cwiYZ K‡i c„w_ex‡Z †cªiY K‡i| GRb¨ G‡K 6/4 e¨vÛ UªvÝwgkbI ejv n‡q _v‡K|

AvšÍR©vwZK †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb ms¯’v Bb‡Ujm¨v‡Ui m`m¨iv󪸇jv Bb‡Ujm¨vU DcMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb i¶v K‡i|
GQvov A‡bK †Kv¤úvwbi wbR¯^ DcMÖn †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| GRb¨ c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi (wUwf, †Uwj‡dvb,
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©, B›Uvi‡bU, AvenvIqvi Ae¯’v ch©‡eÿY BZ¨vw`) Rb¨ gvB‡µvI‡qf DcMÖn ms‡hvM e¨e¯’v e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
3. Bbd«v‡iW (Infrared): 1800 kZvãx‡Z InfraredZi½ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib DBwjqvg nv‡k©j| aviYv Kiv hvq, B‡jKUªwbK Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷‡gi
cieZ©x cÖRb¥ Bbd«v‡iW c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi mv‡_ e¨vcKfv‡e m¤ú„³ n‡e| we‡kl K‡i evmv-evwo, †kªwYK¶, Kg©‡¶Î GgbwK e„nr cwim‡i
G gva¨gwU we‡klfv‡e Kvh©Ki n‡e| BwZg‡a¨ †Uwjwfkb, wfwmAvi, wmwW‡cøqvi BZ¨vw`‡Z `~iwbqwš¿Z (Remote Control)c×wZ‡Z Bbd«v‡iW
ICT Lecture # 02 5
 cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ n‡”Q hv e¨w³MZ Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i iv¯Ívi UªvwdK ms‡KZ, M„nmvgMÖx GgbwK †Ljbv‡ZI e¨eüZ n‡”Q|

InfraredcÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq Ggb wKQz mvaviY †¶Î n‡jv:

1. Kvi jwKs wm‡÷g
2. Kw¤úDUv‡ii Avbylw½K hš¿vsk (gvDm, wK‡evW©, wcÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw`)
3. M„nmvgMÖx (Rvbvjv, `iRv, jvBU, c`©v, weQvbv, †Uwjwfkb, Gqvi KwÛkb BZ¨vw`i Kvh©µg wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z)
4. †nW‡dvb
5. †Uwj‡dvb
6. †LjbvmvgMÖx
‰ewkó¨-
1. `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi †P‡q `xN© Zi½‣`N©¨ (700nm – 1mm) wewkó|
2. 300GHz – 400 THzwd«Kz‡qw݇Z KvR K‡i|
3. Zvi gva¨g n‡Z Gi †WUv PjvPj MwZ Kg|
4. Infrared†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v IrDA (Infrared Data Association)KZ…©K wbqwš¿Z|
myweav
1. †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b ¯^í we`y¨r cÖ‡qvRb|
2. D”P wbivcËv|
3. c„_K †Kv‡bv nvW©Iq¨v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq bv A_©vr †Kv‡bv GKwU c‡Y¨i IC (Integrated Circuit)Gi mv‡_ hy³ (Incorporated)_v‡K| Amyweav
1. mivmwi m~h©v‡jvK, el©v, Kzqvkv, ayjvevwji `~lY BZ¨vw` †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b cÖfve †d‡j| 2. AwaK `~i‡Z¡ †WUv UªvÝwgU Kiv hvq bv|
‡Møvevj cwRkwbs wm‡÷g ev wR wc Gm (Global Positioning System-GPS): c„w_exi †Kvb ¯’v‡bi Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †h cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq
Zv‡K †Møvevj cwRkwbs wm‡÷g (GPS) e‡j| GwU GKwU K…wÎg DcMÖnwfwËK †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v| gvbwPÎ ˆZwi, cVb Ges e¨e¯’vcbvi me‡P‡q AvaywbK
cÖhyw³ n‡jv wRwcGm| Øviv †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi Aÿvsk, `ªvwNgvsk, D”PZv I `~iZ¡ Rvbv hvq| wRwcGm Uª¨vKvi cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i Pzwi n‡q hvIqv
Mvwo, RvnvR, wegvb, †gvevBj †dvb, j¨vcUc, U¨ve‡jU BZ¨vw`i Ae¯’vb wbLyuZfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
IqvB-dvB Ges IqvB-g¨v‡·i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨-
IqvB-dvB (Wi-Fi) IqvB-g¨v· (Wi-Max)
IqvB-dvB Gi AvIZv ev Kvfv‡iR Aí RvqMv Ry‡o _v‡K| IqvB-g¨v· Gi AvIZv ev Kvfv‡iR wekvj RvqMv Ry‡o _v‡K|
N‡ii wfZi cÖvq 32 wgUvi I evB‡i cÖvq 100 wgUvi Ry‡o| cÖvq 50 wK‡jvwgUvi Ry‡o|
‡jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z jvB‡mÝwenxb B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z jvB‡mÝK…Z A_ev jvB‡mÝwenxb|
†¯úKUªvg e¨envi K‡i| †¯úKUªvg e¨envi K‡i|
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e LiP Kg| LiP A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk|
MwZ A‡cÿvK…Z Kg| cÖvq 10-50 ‡gMvweU/‡m‡KÛ| MwZ A‡bK †ewk| `~i‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i 10-100
†gMvweU/‡m‡KÛ n‡Z cv‡i|
nvd Wz‡cø· †gvW e¨envi Kiv nq| dzj Wz‡cø· †gvW e¨envi Kiv nq|
¸YMZgv‡bi †miv ev †KvqvwjwU Ad mvwf©m (Quality of ‡KvqvwjwU Ad mvwf©m wbwðZ Kiv nq|
Service-QoS) wbwðZ Kiv hvq bv|
eZ©gv‡b GwU AvBBB 802.11 wR (IEEE 802.11G) GwU AvBBB-802.16 (IEEE-802.16) ÷¨vÛvW© bv‡g
÷¨vÛvW© bv‡g cwiwPwZ| cwiwPwZ|
GbGdwm (NFC-Near Field Communications)
eZ©gv‡b AwZ `ªæZ RbwcÖq n‡q‡Q Ggb GKwU Zviwenxb †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i bvg GbGdwm (NFC-Near Field Communications): hv 2004 mv‡j mwb,
bwKqv I wdwjcm& KZ…©K cÖwZwôZ ÒNFC Forum” Gi cÖ‡Póvi dmj| GbGdwm ev wbqvi wdì KwgDwb‡Kkb n‡jv †iwWI wmMb¨vj e¨envi K‡i Lye
KvQvKvwQ `~i‡Z¡i (4 †mw›UwgUvi †_‡K m‡ev©”P 10 †mw›UwgUvi) `yBwU wWfvBm ev e¯‘ ci¯úi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Zviwenxb (Iq¨vi‡jm) †WUv †hvMv‡hvM Kivi
GK †mU cÖ‡UvKj|
wRMwe (Zigbee): wRMwe (Zigbee) n‡jv GKwU Zviwenxb cv‡mv©bvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev c¨vb (PAN) ‰Zwi Kivi IEEE 802.15.4-wfwËK Av`k©gv‡bi
cÖhyw³| GwU Ab¨vb¨ †eZvi ev Iqvi‡jm cv‡mv©bvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WPAN) ‡hgb eøyUz_ ev IqvB-dvB †_‡K mnR Ges Kg e¨qeûj|
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives of computer network)
▪ nvW©Iq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvi: †hgb, Awd‡mi 10wU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ 10wU g~j¨evb wcÖ›Uvi e¨envi bv K‡i GKwU wcÖ›Uvi †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g 10wU
Kw¤úDUvi †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
▪ mdUIq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvi: †hgb, Awd‡mi 10wU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ 10wU GKB mdUIq¨vi µq bv K‡i †bUIq¨v‡K©i GKwU Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨
10wU Kw¤úDUvi †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e mdUIq¨vi wi‡mvm© †kqvi K‡i LiP Kgv‡bv m¤¢e|
6 ICTLecture #02
▪ Bbdi‡gkb wi‡mvm© †kqvi: †hgb, GKwU e¨emv cÖwZôvb KvQvKvwQ ev `~ieZx© wbR¯^ ev m¤ú„³ cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ Bbdi‡gkb wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kivi
gva¨‡g `ªæZ Kv÷gvi mvwf©m cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i, hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ LiP Kgv‡Z cv‡i, KvMR Kj‡gi LiP Kgv‡Z cv‡i BZ¨vw`|
gvwjKvbv Abymv‡i †bUIqv‡K©i †kÖwYwefvM
cÖvB‡fU †bUIqvK© (Private network): cÖvB‡fU †bUIqvK© mvaviYZt †Kvb cÖwZôvb ev ms¯’vi gvwjKvbvaxb _v‡K| GwU GKwU wbqwš¿Z (Controlled)
‡bUIqvK© d‡j ‡h †KD PvB‡jB GB †bUIqvK© e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi wmwKDwiwU wm‡÷g AZ¨šÍ gReyZ| cÖvB‡fU †bUIqv‡K© UªvwdK bvB ej‡jB
P‡j| ZvQvov †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ wW‡j (Delay) I Kg nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc BUET, AIUB BZ¨vw`i wbR¯^ †bUIqvK©|
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© (Computer Network)
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©: wewfbœ Kw¤úDUvi †Kvb †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Øviv GKm‡½ hy³ _vK‡j Zv‡K e‡j Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©|
eøyUz_: eøyUz_ bvgwU †Wbgv‡K©i ivRv n¨v‡ivì eøyUz_ (Harold Bluetooth AD 940-985) Gi bvgvbymv‡i Kiv n‡q‡Q| Aí `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vbiZ `ywU Zviwenxb
wWfvB‡mi eøyUz_ Ackb mwµq Kiv n‡j wWfvBm `ywU G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ ¯^qswµqfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b j¨vcUc, U¨ve‡jU wcwm, wcwWG,
†gvevBj †dvb BZ¨vw` wWfvB‡m eøyUz_ weë-Bb _v‡K| †W¯‹Uc Kw¤úDUv‡i BDGmwe eøyUz_ A¨vWvÞv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ GB cÖhyw³
e¨envi Kiv hvq| mn‡R enb‡hvM¨ I åvg¨gvY wWfvB‡mi †¶‡Î GwU GKwU RbwcÖq KwgDwb‡Kkb †cÖv‡UvKj| eøyUz_ Gi ˆewkó¨-
1. eøyUz_ 2.45 GHzwd«Kz‡qw݇Z KvR K‡i|
2. Gi Kfv‡iR Gwiqv 10 wgUvi (†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î 100 wgUvi) ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
3. AwZ axiMwZ‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
4. BluetoothGi 1wU Standardi‡q‡Q| h_v 802.15|
5. G cÖhyw³‡Z GKwU wc‡Kv-†b‡Ui AvIZvq m‡e©v”P 8wU h‡š¿i g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
6. eøyUz_ ¯^qswµqfv‡e KbwdMvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ †gvevBj †_‡K †gvevB‡j, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv †_‡K j¨vcU‡c Z_¨ ¯’vbvšÍ‡i eøyUz_ e¨vcKfv‡e
e¨envi Kiv nq|
wc‡Kv‡bU: ¯^í `~iZ¡ Z_v e¨w³MZ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)ˆZwi‡Z GwU e¨eüZ nq hv Piconetwn‡m‡eI cwiwPZ|
†gvevBj †hvMv‡hvM (Mobile Communication): †gvevBj KwgDwb‡Kkb †bUIqv‡K©i cÖwZwU †m‡j GKwU A¨v‡›Ubv I wKQz wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwbK wWfvBm
wb‡q MwVZ Awdm‡K ejv nq †em †÷kb|
†mj wmMb¨vj Gb‡KvwWs (Cell Signal Encoding): wewfbœ UªvÝwgUvi †_‡K †cÖwiZ wmMb¨vj¸‡jv Avjv`v Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ Gb‡KvwWs c×wZ‡K ejv nq
†mj wmMb¨vj Gb‡KvwWs| †mj wmMb¨vj Gb‡KvwWs-Gi Rb¨ CDMA, GSMGes FDMAcÖhyw³i Dbœqb Kiv nq| FDMA (Frequency Division
Multiple Access)c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K †m‡j e¨eüZ UªvÝwgwUs I wiwmwfs wd«Kz‡qwÝ cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZ‡ekx †m‡j e¨eüZ wd«Kz‡qwÝ †_‡K Avjv`v|

†gvevBj †dvb cÖhyw³i cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Mobile Phone Technology): eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ †gvevBj †dvb cÖhyw³‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h_v-
1. wRGmGg (GSM-Global System for Mobile communication)
2. wmwWGgG (CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access)
wRGmGg (GSM-Global System for Mobile communication): wRGmGg n‡jv TDMA-Time Division Multiple AccessGes FDMA-
Frequency Division Multiple AccessGi mw¤§wjZ GKwU P¨v‡bj A¨vK‡mm c×wZ| TDMAc×wZ‡Z †¯úKUªv‡gi mKj wd«Kz‡qwÝ A_ev wd«Kz‡qwÝi
e„nr Ask wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ Ges FDMAc×wZ‡Z †¯úKUªv‡gi GKwU wbw`©ó Ask me mg‡qi Rb¨ eivÏ Kiv nq| GSM†gvevBj †dvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)KZ©„K cÖYxZ †mjyjvi wd«Kz‡qw݇K GSMwd«Kz‡qwÝ ev GSMwd«Kz‡qwÝ e¨vÛ ejv nq|
wmwWGgG (CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access): wewfbœ †iwWI KwgDwb‡Kkb cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g e¨eüZ GK ai‡bi P¨v‡bj A¨vK‡mm c×wZ
n‡jv CDMA| GwU GKvwaK e¨enviKvix‡K GKB wd«Kz‡qwÝ e¨vÛ †kqvi Kivi my‡hvM w`‡q _v‡K, hv gvwëcj A¨vK‡mm c×wZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
GSM GesCDMAGi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv:
wRGmGg (GSM) wmwWGgG (CDMA)

➢ GSM-Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Global System for ➢ CDMA-Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Code Division
Mobile Communication Multiple Access

➢ G‡Z Time DivisionGes Frequency ➢ G‡Z Code Divisionc×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
Divisionc×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|

➢ wewfbœ ai‡bi n¨vÛ‡mU e¨env‡ii myweav cvIqv hvq| ➢ me ai‡bi n¨vÛ‡mU e¨env‡ii myweav cvIqv hvq bv|

➢ †h‡Kv‡bv SIMKvW© e¨envi Kiv hvq| ➢ †h‡Kv‡bv SIMKvW© e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|

ICT Lecture # 02 7
 ➢ AvšÍR©vwZK †ivwgs myweav Av‡Q| ➢ AvšÍR©vwZK †ivwgs myweav †bB|

➢ †mj Kfv‡iR m‡e©v”P 35 wK.wg wba©vwiZ| ➢ †mj Kfv‡iR m‡e©v”P 110 wK.wg wba©vwiZ|
2.4.1 wewfbœ cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb (Different Generations of Mobile Phone): †Zvgiv GLb †h †gvevBj †dvbwU e¨envi KiQ, ïiæ‡ZB wK Zv
Ggb wQj? Aek¨B bv| wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖhyw³ Dbœq‡bi d‡j †gvevBj †dvb eZ©gvb iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| Dbœq‡bi GK GKwU chv©q ev avcB
†gvevBj †dv‡bi cÖRb¥ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| 1940 mv‡j wØZxq wek¦hy× PjvKvjxb hy³iv‡óªi †mbvevwnbx me©cÖ_g †gvevBj †dvb e¨envi ïiæ K‡i|
†m mgq †gvevBj †dv‡bi Kvh©¶gZv wQj LyeB Kg, `ye©j †bUIqvK© Ges mxwgZ GjvKvwfwËK| 1979 mv‡j Gwkqvi me©e„nr †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb †Kv¤úvwb
Rvcv‡bi NTTC (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation) evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ †gvevBj †dvb ev †mjyjvi †dvb Drcv`b ïiæ K‡i|
evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ Drcv`b †_‡K eZ©gvb ch©šÍ †gvevBj †dvb DbœwZi mgqKvj‡K PviwU cÖR‡b¥ fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v-
1. cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (First Generation–1G)
2. wØZxq cÖRb¥ (Second Generation – 2G)
3. Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ (Third Generation – 3G)
4. PZz_© cÖRb¥ (Fourth Generation – 4G)
cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (First Generation – 1G)(mgqKvj 1979-1990): 1979 mv‡ji c~e© ch©šÍ KvwiMwi mxgve×Zv I wbivcËvi ARynv‡Z †gvevBj †dvb
mvaviY RbM‡Yi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Db¥y³ wQj bv| 1979 mv‡j Gwkqvi me©e„nr †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb †Kv¤úvwb Rvcv‡bi NTTC (Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone Corporation)evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ †gvevBj †dvb ev †mjyjvi †dvb Drcv`b ïiæ K‡i| 1983 mv‡j hy³iv‡óª me©cÖ_g Motorola
DynaTACbv‡g n¨vÛ †nì †gvevBj †dvb e¨envi ïiæ nq|

‰ewkó¨-
➢ †iwWI wmMb¨vj wn‡m‡e A¨vbvjM wm‡÷‡gi e¨envi|
➢ Kg e¨v‡Ûi wmMb¨vj wd«Kz‡qwÝi e¨envi|
➢ P¨v‡bj A¨vK‡mm FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)c×wZi|
➢ Handset Interoperability bq|

wØZxq cÖRb¥ (Second Generation – 2G)(mgqKvj 1991-2000): A¨vbvjM UªvÝwgk‡bi cwie‡Z© wWwRUvj UªvÝwgk‡bi gva¨‡g wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj
†dvb Pvjy nq| G mg‡qi †gvevBj †UK‡bvjwRi cÖavb ‰ewkó¨ n‡jv GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) GesCDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access)| 1991 mv‡j GSM Gi myweav wb‡q
me©cÖ_g wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi m~Pbv| †gvevBj n¨vÛ †m‡Ui AvK…wZ I IRb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nv‡i Kg‡Z _v‡K| 1998 mv‡j wdbj¨v‡Û Ges 1999
mv‡j wdwjcvB‡b me©cÖ_g †gvevB‡ji gva¨‡g wewfbœ Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi KvR ïiæ nq|

‰ewkó¨-
➢ †bUIqv‡K©i †iwWI wmMb¨vj wn‡m‡e wWwRUvj wm‡÷‡gi e¨envi|
➢ †bUIqvK© GSMGes CDMA÷¨vÛvW©|
➢ mxwgZ Handset Interoperabilitymyweav|
➢ G cÖRb¥ †_‡KB wcÖ‡cBW wm‡÷g Pvjy nq|
➢ SMS, MMSGes f‡qm †gBj e¨env‡ii myweav|

Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ (Third Generation – 3G) (mgqKvj 2001-2008): 2001 mv‡j Rvcv‡bi NTT DoCoMo†Kv¤úvwb cix¶vg~jKfv‡e Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i
†gvevBj †dvb Pvjy K‡i| wØZxq cÖRb¥ †_‡K Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi cÖavb cÖhyw³MZ cv_©K¨ n‡jv mvwK©U myBwPs †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi cwie‡Z© c¨v‡KU
myBwPs †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi e¨envi|
Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU †gvevBj ÷¨vÛvW© n‡jv :
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evaluation)
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i ev 3G†gvevBj †dvb ˆewkó¨-
➢ †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi †¶‡Î c¨v‡KU myBwPs I mvwK©U myBwPs Dfq c×wZi e¨envi|
➢ c~‡e©i Zzjbvq D”P e¨v‡Ûi wmMb¨vj wd«Kz‡qwÝi e¨envi, †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU 2 MbpsGi †ewk|
➢ P¨v‡bj A¨vK‡mm TD-SCDMA, TD-CDMAc×wZi|
➢ †bUIqv‡K© GSM, EDGE, UMTS GesCDMA 2000÷¨vÛv‡W©i e¨envi|
➢ wfwWI K‡ji e¨envi ïiæ|

8 ICTLecture #02
 ➢ mnR Handoffms‡hvM _vKv Ae¯’vq e¨enviKvixi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b n‡j ms‡hvM Awew”Qbœ _vKv|

PZz_© cÖRb¥ (4G – Fourth Generation)(mgqKvj 2009 - eZ©gvb ch©šÍ): PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dv‡bi cÖavb cÖhyw³MZ •ewkó¨ n‡jv mvwK©U myBwPs
ev c¨v‡KU myBwPs †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi cwie‡Z© B›Uvi‡bU †cÖv‡UvKjwfwËK †bUIqv‡K©i e¨envi| d‡j LAN, WAN, VOIP, InternetcÖf…wZ wm‡÷‡g
c¨v‡KU myBwPs-Gi cwie‡Z© †cÖv‡UvKjwfwËK f‡qm †WUv UªvÝdvi m¤¢e n‡”Q|
‰ewkó¨-
❖ D”PMwZi Iq¨vi‡jm eªWe¨vÛ mvwf©m, cÖK…Z †WUv UªvÝdvi †iU m‡e©v”P 20 Mbps|
❖ wÎgvwÎK Qwe cÖ`k©‡bi e¨e¯’v|
❖ †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi †¶‡Î ïaygvÎ c¨v‡KU myBwPs c×wZi e¨envi|
❖ AvBwc wbf©i Iq¨vi‡jm †bUIqvK© wm‡÷g|
❖ Bluetooth, WLAN, GPS (Global Positioning System), WCDMA Ges GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) cÖf…wZ Iq¨vi‡jm
wm‡÷g mv‡cv‡U©i Rb¨ †bUIqv‡K© SDR (Software Defined Radio)cÖhyw³i e¨envi|
LAN, MAN I WANGi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
LAN MAN WAN

AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ GjvKv wb‡q MwVZ †bUIqvK©, GKwU kn‡ii g‡Zv we¯Í…Z GjvKv wb‡q MwVZ Gi we¯Í…wZ wbw`©ó mxgv‡iLv w`‡q Ave× bq,
ZvB Gi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q Local Area †bUIqvK©, ZvB Gi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q ZvB Gi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q Wide Area
Networkev LAN| Metropolitan Area Networkev MAN| Network evWAN|

we¯Í…wZ m‡e©v”P 1 wK.wg. Gi g‡a¨ n‡q we¯Í…wZ m‡e©v”P cÖvq 100 wK.wg. `~iZ¡ ch©šÍ n‡q we¯Í…wZ 100 wK.wg. Gi †ewk ev mviv
_v‡K| _v‡K| c„w_exe¨vcx n‡q _v‡K|

Zvihy³ gva¨g e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- UzB‡÷W Zvihy³ I Zviwenxb Dfq gva¨gB e¨eüZ Zvihy³ I Zviwenxb Dfq gva¨gB e¨eüZ
†cqvi K¨vej, AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej, nq| nq|
†Kv-Gw·qvj K¨vej e¨eüZ nq|

†WUv cÖev‡ni MwZ 10 Mbps†_‡K 100 G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i †WUv cÖev‡ni MwZ 10 †WUv cÖev‡ni MwZ 100 Mbps†_‡K 100
Mbpsch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| Mbps†_‡K 10 Gbpsch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| Gbpsch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|

mvwf©m cÖ`vb I wbqš¿Y KvVv‡gvi wfwˇZ: †bUIqv‡K© we`¨gvb wWfvBmmg~n Kxfv‡e wbqš¿Y n‡e Ges G‡`i mvwf©m g‡Wj †Kgb n‡e Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©‡K wb¤œiƒ‡c fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
1. wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi †bUIqvK© (Peer-to-Peer Network)
2. K¬v‡q›U-mvf©vi †bUIqvK© (Client-Server Network)
3. nvBweªW †bUIqvK© (Hybrid Network)
†÷v‡iR wgwWqv, †nv÷ I Uvwg©bvj (K¬v‡q›U/BDRvi/‡bvW) msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i K¬v‡q›U-mvf©vi †bUIqvK© Avevi `yfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
1. †m›UªvjvBRW †bUIqvK© (Centralized Network)
2. wWw÷ªweD‡UW †bUIqvK© (Distributed Network)
†bUIqvK© wWfvBm (Network Devices): Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© ˆZwii Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi QvovI †h mKj hš¿cvwZ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq †bUIqvK©
wWfvBm| G mKj hš¿cvwZ g~jZ †bUIqv‡K© †WUvi cÖevn wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges ms‡KZ I †WUv‡K Zvi mwVK MšÍ‡e¨ †cuŠQv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| G mKj hš¿cvwZi
g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ 1. g‡Wg 2. nve 3. ivDUvi 4. †MUI‡q 5. myBP 6. †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW© (NIC)7. weªR Ges 8. wiwcUvi

K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs-Gi aviYv (Concept of Cloud Computing): K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs n‡jv GK¸”Q wi‡gvU mvf©v‡ii Kw¤úDUvi wi‡mvm© †hgb− nvW©Iq¨vi,
mdUIq¨vi, †bUIqvK© BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi mvwf©m cÖ`vb Kiv|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi b¨vkbvj Bbw÷wUDU Ae ÷¨vÛvW©m A¨vÛ †Uw÷s-Gi msÁv Abymv‡i, wewfbœ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi wi‡mvm© †hgb-†bUIqvK©, mvf©vi, †÷v‡iR,
mdUIq¨vi I mvwf©m †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g †µZvi myweav Abymv‡i, PvwnevgvÎ I Pvwn`v Abymv‡i, mn‡R e¨envi Kivi my‡hvM cÖ`vb ev fvov †`Iqvi wm‡÷g‡K
ejv nq K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs| K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs-Gi ˆewkó¨ (Characteristics of Cloud Computing):K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs n‡jv †µZvi Z_¨ I wewfbœ
A¨vwcø‡Kkb‡K†Kv‡bv mvwf©m`vZvi wm‡÷‡g AvDU‡mvm© Kivi Ggb GKwU g‡Wj †hLv‡b cÖavb 3wU •ewkó¨ _vK‡e-
1. Resource Flexibility/Scalability- †QvU ev eo †h‡Kv‡bv †µZvi me iKg Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv n‡e, †µZv hZ PvB‡e mvwf©m`vZv ZZ cwigv‡Y mvwf©m
w`‡Z cvi‡e|
2. On Demand- †µZv hLbB PvB‡e mvwf©m`vZv ZLbB mvwf©m w`‡Z cvi‡e| †µZv hLb B‡”Q ZLb Zvi Pvwn`v evov‡Z ev Kgv‡Z cvi‡e|
3. Pay as you go- †µZv‡K Av‡M †_‡KB †Kv‡bv mvwf©m wiRvf© Ki‡Z n‡e bv| †µZv hZUzKz e¨envi Ki‡e, ïaygvÎ ZZUzKzi Rb¨B g~j¨ cwi‡kva
Ki‡e|

ICT Lecture # 02 9
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs c×wZ‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
cÖvB‡fU K¬vDW (Private cloud): cÖvB‡fU K¬vDW n‡jv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e GKwU GKK cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôvbwUi wbR¯^ e¨e¯’vcbvq wKsev _vW© cvwU©i e¨e¯’vcbvq
cwiPvwjZ nq Ggb GKwU K¬vDW AeKvVv‡gv, hv Af¨šÍixY ev evwn¨Kfv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi K¬vDW cwiPvjbv AZ¨šÍ e¨qeûj, Z‡e A‡bK eo
cÖwZôv‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv kvLvq †WUv †m›Uvi bv ewm‡q GKwUgvÎ K¬vDW †WUv †m›Uvi ¯’vcb Ki‡j cÖwZôvbwUi Rb¨ mvkªqx n‡e|
cvewjK K¬vDW (Public cloud):†h K¬vD‡Wi mvwf©m¸‡jv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g mshy³ mK‡ji e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Db¥y³ Zv‡K cvewjK K¬vDW e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î
mvwf©m¸‡jv (A¨vwcø‡Kkb, †÷v‡iR Ges Ab¨vb¨ wi‡mvm©) webvg~‡j¨ ev ¯^í e¨‡q e¨envi Kiv hvq| cvewjK K¬vDW mvwf©m cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb †hgb-Amazon,
Microsoft GesGoogleZv‡`i wbR¯^ †WUv †m›Uv‡i cvewjK K¬vD‡Wi AeKvVv‡gv ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv Kivi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi mvwf©m cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

nvBweªW K¬vDW (Hybrid cloud): `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK ai‡bi K¬vDW (cÖvB‡fU, cvewjK ev KwgDwbwU) Gi mswgkªYB n‡jv nvBweªW K¬vDW| wewfbœ ai‡bi
K¬vDW c„_K •ewk‡ó¨i n‡jI G‡ÿ‡Î GKB mv‡_ msNe×fv‡e KvR K‡i| nvBweªW K¬vDW GK ev GKvwaK K¬vDW mvwf©m‡K GKxf~Z K‡i GKwU K¬vDW
mvwf©‡mi ÿgZv ewa©Z K‡i ev mxgve×Zv AwZµg K‡i| GQvov K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs-Gi Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q KwgDwbwU K¬vDW (Community cloud),
wWw÷ªweD‡UW K¬vDW (Distributed cloud), gvwëK¬vDW (Multicloud), B›UviK¬vDW (Intercloud)BZ¨vw`|

K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs-Gi mvwf©m g‡Wj (Service Model of Cloud Computing): wewfbœ ai‡bi †g․wjK g‡Wj Abymv‡i K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs mvwf©m`vZv
cÖwZôvb wewfbœ ai‡bi mvwf©m cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| G mKj mvwf©m g‡Wj‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ 1. IaaS 2. PaaS 3.SaaS
‡bUIqv‡K©i cÖKvi‡f`
K. †fŠ‡MvwjK we¯Í…wZ ev AvKvi I we¯Í…wZ Abymv‡i †bUIqv‡K©i †kÖYxwefvM
1. cv‡mv©bvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev c¨vb (Personal Area Network = PAN): ‡Kvb e¨w³i wbKUeZx© wewfbœ Bbdi‡gkb †UK‡bvjwRi wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨
Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi †bUIqvK© wm‡÷g‡K cv‡m©vbvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (PAN) ejv nq| c¨vb Gi e¨vwß ev mxgv mvaviYZ 10 wgUv‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve×|
j¨vcUc, wcwWG, enb‡hvM¨ wcÖ›Uvi, †gvevBj BZ¨vw` c¨vb G e¨eüZ Bbdi‡gkb †UK‡bvjwR wWfvB‡mi D`vniY|
2. †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (Local Area Network = LAN): mvaviYZ 10 wKwg. ev Zvi Kg GjvKvi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz Kw¤úDUvi ev Ab¨ †Kvb †cwi‡divj
wWfvBm mshy³ K‡i †h †bUIqvK© ‰Zwi Kiv nq, Zv‡K †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (LAN) ejv nq| GwU mvaviYZ ¯‹zj-K‡jR K¨v¤úv‡m, †Kvb eo Awdm
wewìs‡q A_ev †Kvb e¨qeûj †cwi‡divj wWfvBm‡K A‡bK e¨enviKvix hv‡Z e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| LAN Gi ÷¨vÛvW© n‡j
IEEE 802.
3. †g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (Metropolitan Area Network = MAN): GKB kn‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wKQz Kw¤úDUvi ev wWfvBm wb‡q †h
†bUIqvK© MwVZ nq Zv‡K †g‡UªvcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ev MAN e‡j| GLv‡b UªvÝwgkb wgwWqv wn‡m‡e †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, g‡Wg ev †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î
gvB‡µvI‡qf e¨envi Kiv nq| MAN-Gi DrK…ó D`vniY n‡jv K¨vej wUwf †bUIqvK©|
4. IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (Wide Area Network = WAN): ‡hme †bUIqvK© `~ieZx© ¯’vbmg~‡ni gv‡S Kiv nq, Zv‡K IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ejv
nq| †hgb: XvKv, PÆMÖvg, wbDBqK© Ggb wZbwU kn‡ii g‡a¨ hw` †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ejv n‡e| WAN-Gi
DrK…ó D`vniY n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU| WAN ‡bUIqvK© mvaviYZ 100 gvB‡ji †ewk `yiZ¡ ch©šÍ †bUIqvK© Kfv‡iR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
L. †bUIqv‡K©i aib KvVv‡gv I mvwf©m cÖ`v‡bi aib Abymv‡i †bUIqv‡K©i †kÖbxwefvM:

K¬v‡q›U mvfv©i †bUIqvK© (Client Server Network)

‡Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUv‡i msiwÿZ wi‡mvm©mg~n hw` GKmv‡_ Ges GKB mg‡q A‡bK e¨enviKvix e¨envi Ki‡Z
cv‡i ev †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K mvf©vi (Server) ejv nq| e¨enviKvix ev K¬v‡q›U Uvwg©bvj `yB ai‡bi
nq| h_v-
1. Wv¤^ Uvwg©bvj (Dumb Terminal): ïaygvÎ Kx-‡evW© Ges gwbUi _v‡K| †Kvb cÖ‡mwms BDwbU _v‡K bv|
2. ¯§vU© Uvwg©bvj (Smart Terminal): Kx-‡evW©, gwbUi Ges wbR¯^ cÖ‡mwms BDwbU _v‡K|
GB c×wZi †bUIqvwKs Gi Rb¨ c„_K mdUIq¨vi e¨eüZ nq| †bUIqvK© Kv‡bKkb †Kv‡bv mgm¨v _vK‡j
wdiwZ †imcÝ cvIqv hv‡e bv|

wcqvi Uz wcqvi †bUIqvK© (Peer to Peer Network)

wcqvi Uz wcqvi †bUIqvK© c×wZ‡Z wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv mvfv©i _v‡K bv|
G‡Z mshy&³ mKj Kw¤úDUviB GB †cÖv‡UvKj Abymi‡Y mvf©vi ev K¬v‡q›U wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

10 ICTLecture #02
‡bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR (Network Topology)
U‡cvjwR n‡”Q †bUIqvK©fz³ Kw¤úDUvimgy‡ni Ae¯’vMZ Ges ms‡hvM web¨v‡mi KvVv‡gv
U‡cvjwR‡K ZvB mvaviYfv‡e †bUIqv‡K©i msMVb ev AvwK©‡UKPvi wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
†jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K©i cÖavb K‡qKwU msMVb n‡”Q-
evm msMUb (Bus Topology): evm msMV‡b †bUIqvK©fz³ mKj Kw¤úDUvi I Ab¨vb¨ hš¿vw`
GKwU †WUv PjvP‡ji c_ (evm) Gi m‡½ mshy³ _v‡K|

wis msMVb (Ring Topology)

wis †bUIqv‡K©i msMVb n‡”Q e„ËvKvi| G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi Zvi `yB w`‡Ki `ywU
Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ mshy³ _v‡K| †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †cÖwiZ †WUv ev ms‡KZ e„ËvKvi GK
Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K cieZx© Kw¤úDUvi Nyi‡Z _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K Kw¤úDUvi cwiågYiZ †WUv cixÿv K‡i
†`‡L|

÷vi msMVb (Star Topology)

÷vi msMV‡b GKwU †K›`ªxq wbqš¿YKvix Kw¤úDUvi ev †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi
mshy&³ _v‡K| G msMV‡bi †bUIqvK©fz³ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ mivmwi ms‡KZ ev †WUv
Av`vbcÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †K›`ªxq wbqš¿YKvix Kw¤úDKUvi ev †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g GK
Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ †_‡K †WUv ev ms‡KZ Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

kvLv-cÖkvLv msMVb (Tree Topology)

wUª †bUIqvK© cÖK…Zc‡ÿ ÷vi msMV‡biB m¤úªmvwiZ iƒc| G msMV‡b GK ev GKvwaK ¯Í‡ii
Kw¤úDUvi †nv÷ Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ mshy&³ _v‡K| wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡½ Avevi Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii
Kw¤úDUvi hy&³ _v‡K|

ci¯úi mshy³ msMVb (Mesh Topology)

ci¯úi mshy³ msMV‡bi †bUIqv‡K© cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi cvi¯úwiKfv‡e mshy³ _v‡K| G ai‡bi
†bUIqv‡K© †Kvb †K›`ªxq wbqš¿YKvix Kw¤úDUvi ev †nv÷ Kw¤úDUvi _v‡K bv| †bUIqvK©hy³ cÖ‡Z¨K
Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ †h †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ges ms‡KZ I †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi †bUIqvK©fz³ g‡a¨ ms‡hvM‡K c‡q›U Uz c‡q›U wjsK ejv nq|

msKi msMVb (Hybrid Topology)

÷vi, wis, evm BZ¨vw` †bUIqv‡K©i mgš^‡q †h †bUIqvK© MwVZ nq, Zv‡K nvBweªW †bUIqvK© e‡j|

ICT Lecture # 02 11